Inquiry Based Science: Doing What Scientists Do Science at Stanley.
Chapter 1 Introduction to Science. What is Science? Science is what scientists do Science is what...
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Transcript of Chapter 1 Introduction to Science. What is Science? Science is what scientists do Science is what...
Chapter 1Chapter 1
Introduction to ScienceIntroduction to Science
What is Science?What is Science? Science is what scientists doScience is what scientists do Science is trying to explain the Science is trying to explain the
world around usworld around us Science is a way of thinkingScience is a way of thinking ““Science is a system of Science is a system of
knowledge based on facts or knowledge based on facts or principlesprinciples
Book talks about “social science”Book talks about “social science” We prefer social We prefer social studiesstudies
BiologicalScience
EarthScience
PhysicalScience
Branches of ScienceBranches of Science
Science
BiologicalScience
EarthScience
PhysicalScience
Branches of ScienceBranches of Science
Science of living things
Science
Zoology
Botany
Ecology
BiologicalScience
EarthScience
PhysicalScience
Branches of ScienceBranches of Science
Science of matter and energy
Science
Chemistry
Physics
Astronomy
Meteorology
BiologicalScience
EarthScience
PhysicalScience
Branches of ScienceBranches of Science
The systems of the earth
Science
Geology
Branches of ScienceBranches of Science There are many more branches to There are many more branches to
biological and earth sciencesbiological and earth sciences The three categories overlapThe three categories overlap BiochemistryBiochemistry AstrobiologyAstrobiology GeophysicsGeophysics
Science and TechnologyScience and Technology Pure Science - search for scientific Pure Science - search for scientific
knowledgeknowledge Technology – application of Technology – application of
sciencescience Two are interrelatedTwo are interrelated Technology develops new tools Technology develops new tools
for investigating nature for investigating nature New science leads to new New science leads to new
applicationsapplications
Scientific TheoryScientific Theory A reasoned explanation tested by A reasoned explanation tested by
many observations and many observations and experimentsexperiments
Tells Tells whywhy things are things are Three thingsThree things–Must explain clearly and simplyMust explain clearly and simply–Must be repeatableMust be repeatable–Must be able to make predictionsMust be able to make predictions
Theories can be changed or Theories can be changed or modified by new evidencemodified by new evidence
Scientific LawsScientific Laws Describe Describe whatwhat happens happens Quantitative – use numbers and Quantitative – use numbers and
equations to describeequations to describe Often equations are part of the Often equations are part of the
lawlaw Mathematics is a universal Mathematics is a universal
languagelanguage
Law vs. TheoryLaw vs. Theory
Law Theory
Describes how
Explains why
Summarizes observations
Agrees with observations
Usually an equation
Predicts new discoveries
ObservationsObservations Qualitative – describe with wordsQualitative – describe with words– Hot , red, largeHot , red, large
Quantitative – describe with Quantitative – describe with numbersnumbers– 100° , 10 meters, 3.46 grams100° , 10 meters, 3.46 grams
Scientists prefer quantitativeScientists prefer quantitative Easy to agree uponEasy to agree upon No personal bias No personal bias
ModelsModels A representation of some object A representation of some object
or eventor event Made to better understand itMade to better understand it Often used if real thing is too big, Often used if real thing is too big,
small or complex.small or complex. Come in a variety of formsCome in a variety of forms– Physical modelsPhysical models– DiagramsDiagrams– Computer modelsComputer models
The Scientific MethodThe Scientific Method A way of thinking about and A way of thinking about and
solving problemssolving problems It is a logical methodIt is a logical method You do it all the timeYou do it all the time
The Scientific MethodThe Scientific Method Starts with observation- can be Starts with observation- can be
anythinganything Question – what do you want to Question – what do you want to
know?know? Gather data- what is already knownGather data- what is already known Form Form hypothesishypothesis- a possible - a possible
explanationexplanation Design experiment to test Design experiment to test
hypothesishypothesis– This is the hard partThis is the hard part
The Scientific MethodThe Scientific Method Experiments generate more Experiments generate more
observationsobservations Allow us to draw conclusions Allow us to draw conclusions
about hypothesisabout hypothesis– Support the hypothesis or notSupport the hypothesis or not– If not modify hypothesisIf not modify hypothesis
The Scientific MethodThe Scientific MethodObserv
eCollectdata
Formhypothesis
Experimenttests hypothesis
Observation
Observation
Observation
Formulatea question
DrawConclusions
The Scientific MethodThe Scientific Method Does not always work this way, Does not always work this way,
but gives a way of guiding our but gives a way of guiding our thinkingthinking
Hard part is testing only one Hard part is testing only one variable at a time.variable at a time.
Changing only one thing at a timeChanging only one thing at a time If you change more than one, you If you change more than one, you
don’t know which one is the don’t know which one is the causecause
MeasurementMeasurement A number without a unit is A number without a unit is
meaninglessmeaningless It is 4 longIt is 4 long 4 what?4 what? Scientists use the metric system or Scientists use the metric system or
SI for SI for le System Internationale le System Internationale d’Unitsd’Units
Makes sharing data easierMakes sharing data easier
Metric SystemMetric System Measurements have two partsMeasurements have two parts Base unit and prefixBase unit and prefix Prefixes multiply or divide the Prefixes multiply or divide the
base units by multiples 10base units by multiples 10 Prefixes are the same for all unitsPrefixes are the same for all units
Base UnitsBase UnitsQuantity Unit Abbreviatio
nLength meter m
Mass gram g
Temperature
kelvin K
Electric current
ampere A
Amount of substance
mole mol
Luminous intensity candela
cd
PrefixesPrefixesPrefix Symbol Meanin
gAs a numberkilo- k thousan
d1,000
mega-
M million 1,000,000
giga- G billion 1,000,000,000deci- d tenth 0.1
centi- c hundredth
0.01
milli- m thousandth 0.001
micro-
millionth 0.000 001
TablesTables Organizing data into groups Organizing data into groups Putting those groups into rows Putting those groups into rows
and columnsand columns Gives us an easy way to compare Gives us an easy way to compare
datadata
GraphsGraphs Give a visual representation of dataGive a visual representation of data Summarizes data.Summarizes data. Two types of variablesTwo types of variables– Independent variableIndependent variable the thing the thing
you have control over you have control over – Dependent variableDependent variable the thing that the thing that
you don’t have control over.you don’t have control over. Three types of graphs line, bar, and Three types of graphs line, bar, and
circlecircle
33%
25%
42%
Buildings
Transportation
Industrial
Circle GraphsCircle Graphs Often called a pie Often called a pie
chartchart divided into partsdivided into parts easy to compare easy to compare
to whole amountto whole amount.. Use several to Use several to
show changes show changes over timeover time
0
2
4
6
8
10
12
Production of Energy pergram
CarbohydratesProteinsFats
Bar GraphsBar Graphs Bar Graphs- Bar Graphs-
wide columns wide columns used things like used things like weight, height , weight, height , and length. and length.
Compare Compare quantitiesquantities
Line GraphsLine Graphs Line Graphs- compares sets of Line Graphs- compares sets of
data, show change and patterns data, show change and patterns over time.over time.
0
5
10
15
20
25
30
35
J F M A M J J A S O N D
New YorkSan DiegoSalina Cruz
Graphs includeGraphs include A titleA title Labeled axesLabeled axes A consistent scale.A consistent scale.
Metric conversionsMetric conversions Changing the unitChanging the unit Does not change the size of the Does not change the size of the
measurementmeasurement If the unit gets bigger the number gets If the unit gets bigger the number gets
smallersmaller If the unit gets smaller the number If the unit gets smaller the number
gets biggergets bigger Math with multiples of 10Math with multiples of 10 We will cancel out units to make sure We will cancel out units to make sure
we set the problem up rightwe set the problem up right
Metric conversionsMetric conversions A common race is the 5 K, which is 5 A common race is the 5 K, which is 5
km. How many meters is this?km. How many meters is this? Given unit -kmGiven unit -km Unit wanted –mUnit wanted –m The unit gets smaller, so the number The unit gets smaller, so the number
must get biggermust get bigger 1000 m = 1 km1000 m = 1 km
Metric conversionsMetric conversions
Distance in m = 5 km
Distance in m = 5000 m
1000 m
1 km x
Metric conversionsMetric conversions The recommended daily The recommended daily
requirement of vitamin C is 500 requirement of vitamin C is 500 mg. How many grams is this?mg. How many grams is this?
mass in g = 500 mg
mass in g = 0.5 m
1 g
1000 mg
x
Measuring lengthMeasuring length Use a rulerUse a ruler Line up from zero not the end of the rulerLine up from zero not the end of the ruler Small divisions are millimetersSmall divisions are millimeters
0 1 2 3 4
VolumeVolume Liter a common unitLiter a common unit 1 L about 1/4 of a gallon - a quart1 L about 1/4 of a gallon - a quart 1 mL is about 20 drops of water 1 mL is about 20 drops of water
or 1 sugar cubeor 1 sugar cube
Measuring VolumeMeasuring Volume Use a graduated Use a graduated
cylinder.cylinder. The water will The water will
curve in the curve in the cylinder.cylinder.
Hold it level with Hold it level with your eye.your eye.
Read the bottom Read the bottom of the curve.of the curve.
Measures in Measures in milliliters mL.milliliters mL.
10
20
30
MassMass weight is a force, is the amount of weight is a force, is the amount of
matter. matter. 1gram is defined as the mass of 1 1gram is defined as the mass of 1
cmcm33 of water at 4 ºC. of water at 4 ºC. 1 kg = 1 L of water1 kg = 1 L of water 1 kg = 2.5 lbs1 kg = 2.5 lbs 1 g = 1 paper clip1 g = 1 paper clip 1 mg = 10 grains of salt or 2 1 mg = 10 grains of salt or 2
drops of water.drops of water.
Measuring MassMeasuring Mass Use a triple beam balanceUse a triple beam balance First balance it at zero.First balance it at zero. Then put item onThen put item on Then move one weight at a timeThen move one weight at a time When balanced, add up the When balanced, add up the
weightsweights
0 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
0 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 1000 10 20 30 40 50 60 70 80 90 100
0 100 200 300 400 500