Chapter 1 Introduction to science
-
Upload
nor-hafiszah-binti-arifin -
Category
Documents
-
view
30 -
download
0
Transcript of Chapter 1 Introduction to science
CHAPTER 1
Introduction to Science
PN NOR HAPISZAH BINTI ARIPEN
What is Science???
Science is the systematic study of natural phenomena(fenomena alam)
What is natural phenomena?Natural phenomena that happen in our environment can be explained through science.
Example of natural phenomena that occur in everyday life
1. Ball falling to the ground ( bola jatuh ke bwh)2. Melting of ice (ais mencair)3. A baby growing into an adult 4. Evaporation of water (penyejatan air)5. Lightning strikes (kejadian kilat)6. Flowers blossoming (bunga berkembang)
CHECK YOUR UNDERSTANDING!!!!
1. Which of the following is a natural phenomenon?
A) Air pollutionB) Boiling of waterC) Formation of rainbowD) Information and communication technology
Importance of science (kepentingan sains)
1. Through science we get to know and understand the environment and ourselves.(dpt mempelajari & memahami alam di sekeliling dan diri kita).
2. Science enables us to develop new technologies.(memperkembangkan pelbagai teknologi baru)
3. Science has helped us to produce more food,new materials and more efficient appliances for our benefit.
Contributions of science and technology to the lives of human beings
(Sumbangan sains dan teknologi kpd manusia)
• Transport (pengangkutan)• Communication (perhubungan)• Entertainment (hiburan)• Agriculture (pertanian)• Comforts of life (keselesaan hidup)• Healt (kesihatan)• Space pioneering (penerokaan angkasa lepas)
Science covers a very wide area of study. It is divided into various fields, such as
• Biology : the study of living thing• Physics : the study of interaction of matter and
energy• Chemistry : the study of composition and chemical
properties of substances• Geology : the study of rocks and minerals• Astronomy : the study of the stars and planets• Meteorology : the study of weather and climate
Career in science (kerjaya dlm bidang sains)
• Science teacher (guru sains)
what else???• doctor• scientist• Engineer
exercise
1. Science is the
A. study of matterB. knowledge obtained from experimentsC. study of natural phenomenaD. the investigation of our environment
2. Which of the following is NOT a natural phenomenon?
A. PollutionB. EarthquakesC. RainbowsD. Eclipse of the sun and the moon
3. Which of the following is an example of natural phenomena?
A. Pollution in the waterB. A robot that can moveC. An object falling to the groundD. Factory that produces good quality canned
sardines
4. If Ali is interested in the study of planets and stars, which field of study should he take up
A. GeologyB. AstronomyC. MeteorologyD. Biochemistry
5. The following are some topics covered by an area of science.
• Matter• Energy• Force and motion
What is this area of science?A) Biology C) PhysicsB) Chemistry D) Meterology
6. A metereologist studies
A) Chemical properties of substances.B) Matter and energyC) Planets and starsD) Weather and climate
1.2 A SCIENCE LABORATORY
Laboratory Safety Rules and Precautions m/s 5
1. You should only enter a science laboratory with your teacher’s permission
2. You must not bring food and drinks into the science laboratory
3. You are not allowed to enter the preparation rooms and stores.
4. You must not take out apparatus or chemicals from the laboratory.
5. You should only use apparatus and chemicals with the teacher’s permission
6. All the apparatus and chemicals must only be used for the purpose instructed by the teacher
7. Materials must be handled correctly, for example, bottles should not be carried by the neck
8. You must not taste any chemicals unless your teacher instructs you to do so
9. You must always check the label on the bottle to make sure that you are using the correct chemical.
10. Should a chemical accidentally come into contact with your mouth, you should spit it out and wash your mouth with plenty of water.
11.Should a chemical come into contact with your skin or clothing, wash thoroughly with water.
12. You must report all accidents and injuries such as cuts and burns to your teacher immediately
13. You should NOT PLAY in the laboratory
14. You should NOT PLAY with apparatus and chemicals
Question
1. Which of the following is NOT a laboratory safety rule?A. You should not play in the laboratoryB. You can taste the chemicals in the laboratoryC. Enter a science laboratory with teacher’s permission onlyD. All accidents and injuries must be reported to the teacher immediately
COMMON LABORATORY APPARATUS
crucible
For heating chemicals
Test tube
To contain chemicals and solutions
Evaporating dish
For evaporating liquidFrom a solution
Cork / rubber stopper
TO USE AS A STOPPER FOR TEST TUBES OR
CONICAL FLASK
Test tube holder
To hold test tubes
Syringe
To transfer small quantitiesof liquids
Glass slide
To hold specimen forObservation under a
microscope
Stop watch
To measure time
beaker
To contain chemicals andliquids
Conical flask
TO CONTAIN CHEMICALS AND SOLUTIONS
Flat-bottomed flask
To contain chemicals usedIn preparing gases if the
Process requires no heating
Filter funnel
To filter mixtures of Solid and liquids
Tripod stand
To support apparatusduring heati ng
Bunsen burner
TO PROVIDE FLAME
Test tube rack
To hold the test tubes in a vertical position
Glass rod
To stir solutions in a container
Retort stand and retort clamp
To hold the apparatus whileexperiments are being done
burette
To measure a volume of Liquid to an accuracy of
0.1 cm3
Gas jar
To contain gas
Crucible tongs
To hold hot objects
pipette
To measure a specific volumeOf a liquid
Measuring cylinder
To measure a volume of Liquid to an accuracy of 1cm3
thermometer
To measure temperature
EXERCISE :Match the following apparatus to their general uses
apparatus use(a) Glass rod • to measure temperature(b) Gas jar • to stir solution in a
container(c) thermometer • to hold test tubes(d) beaker • to contain chemicals and
liquids(e) Test tube holder • to contain gas
Using a Bunsen burner
m/s 10
1. The Bunsen burner has an air-hole. The air-hole can be open or closed by turning the collar.(a) When the air-hole is open, the Bunsen burner gives a BLUE flame. This is called a non-luminous flame. The flame is very HOT because the gas is burned completely
b) When the air-hole is closed, the burner gives a YELLOW flame. This is easier to see and it is called a luminous flame. This flame is LESS HOT and produces a lot of black soot because the gas is not burned completely.
The correct way to light up a Bunsen burner is as follows:
(i) Close the air-hole by turning the collar(ii) Hold a lighted match or a lighter at the top of
the barrel(iii) Turn on the gas slowly. A yellow or luminous
flame will be obtained(iv) Open the air-hole to obtain a blue or non-
luminous flame.
Hazard symbols
Example : hydrogen peroxide, concentrated sulphuric acid and potassium hydroxide
• Example : white phosphorus , yellow phosphorus, petrol, kerosene, ethanol
• Example : sodium, potassium
• Example : mercury, lead , sodium cyanide, hydrogen sulphide
• Example : ammonia , bromine vapour, chloroform
• Example : uranium , thorium , radium
Exercise
1. Evaporating dish is used
A. to contain chemicalsB. for heating chemicals C. for evaporating a liquidD. to transfer small quantities of liquids
2. In some experiments, we need to stir solutions in the containers. What do we use to stir the solution?
A. PipetteB. SpatulaC. Glass rodD. Thermometer
3. Crucible is used
A. To contain gasB. For heating chemicalsC. To contain chemicals and liquidsD. To support apparatus and ensure even
heatingn
4. Diagram 1 shows an apparatus
The apparatus is used to A. Contain liquidsB. Measure temperatureC. Transfer small quantities of liquidsD. Measure fixed volume of solutions accurately
5. Diagram 2 shows an apparatus
The apparatus is used toA. Contain gasB. Measure volume of liquidsC. Contain chemicals and liquidsD. Filter mixtures of solids and liquids
6. What do we use in the science laboratory to measure time?
A. StopwatchB. Digital clockC. Cathode ray oscilloscopeD. The period of oscillation of a simple
pendulum
7. Diagram 3 shows a hazard symbol commonly found in a laboratory
The hazard symbol indicates the presence of all of the chemicals below except
A. UraniumB. SodiumC. ThoriumD. Radium
8. Diagram 4 shows a symbol shown on the label of bottle which contains a chemical
The hazard symbol is forA. SodiumB. PotassiumC. MercuryD. kerosene
1.3 The steps in scientific investigation(langkah-langkah penyiasatan saintifik)
1) Identify the problem (kenalpasti masalah)2) State the hypothesis (buat hipotesis)3) Plan the experiment (rancang eksperimen)4) Control the variables (kawal pembolehubah)5) Collect the data (kumpul data)6) Analyse the data (analisis data)7) Make a conclusion (buat kesimpulan)8) Prepare a report (buat laporan)
exercise
1. The steps of scientific investigation are given below. Rearrange them to show the correct order.
(a) drawing a conclusion(b) analysing the data(c) proposing a hypothesis(d) identifying the problem(e) plan the experiment(f) collecting the data(g) control the variables
2. Which of the following is the first step in the scientific method?
A. Controlling variablesB. Writing a reportC. Making a hypothesisD. Identifying the problem
3. The following information shows the procedures of a scientific experiment.
S – to make a hypothesisT – to make a conclusionU – to observe and record dataV – to analyse and interpret dataThe correct sequence isA) V , U , T , S C) U , V , S , TB) U , S , V , T D) S , U , V , T
4. Which of the following is known as making a smart guess to explain the problem before conducting an experiment?
A) A theoryB) A practicalC) A hypothesisD) A conclusion
5. What should be done after one has made a hypothesis?
A) Plan the experimentB) Analyze the data operatingC) Collect the dataD) Control the various variables
PEKA SCIENCE
1.4 Physical Quantities And Their Units
• Physical quantity is a quantity that can be measured. ( kuantiti fizik ialah kuantiti yg boleh diukur.)
• 5 physical quantities : length, mass, time, temperature, electric current
• Physical quantity is measured in the International System of Units ( SI units)
Physical quantities and their units
Physical quantity
SI unit Unit symbol
length metre mtime second smass kilogram kg
temperature kelvin KElectric current
ampere A
Question..
1. Name five physical quantities?
exercise
1) Match the physical quantity and its SI units
Physical quantity SI unit(a)Time • Kilogram(b) Mass • Ampere(c) Length • Kelvin(d) Temperature • Metre(e) Electric current • second
Prefixes
Prefixes are used when the values measured are either very small or very big
(imbuhan awal digunakan apabila nilai yg diukur adalah sgt kecil atau sgt besar)
PrefixesPrefix Symbol Numerical
value
Giga G 1000000000Mega M 1000000Kilo k 1000Deci d 0.1Centi c 0.01Milli m 0.001
Micro µ 0.000001
EXAMPLEValue of physical quantity
Prefix form
5000 000 K 5MK3000 g 3 kg0.008 m 8 mm0.000 006 A 6 µA
exercise
1. Write each of the following values in prefix form:(a) 0.08 m =(b) 6000 g =(c) 0.007 A =(d) 5 500 m = (e) 0.009 m =
answer
(a) 0.08 m = 8 cm(b) 6000 g = 6 kg(c) 0.007 A = 7 mA(d) 5 500 m = 5.5 km(e) 0.009 m = 9 mm
2. Write each of the following values in the scientific notation form.
(a) 0.0028 m = _______________mm(b) 7 700 m = ______________km(c) 0.310 g = ________________mg(d) 0.000005 m = _______________µm(e) 0.004 A = _____________mA(f) 80 000 000 K = __________________MK(g) 100 g = ____________kg(h) 3.3 m = _____________cm
3. Which of the following prefixes has the smallest value?
A. MegaB. MicroC. CentiD. Milli
4. Which of the following pairs is correct?
Value of physical quantity
Prefix form
A. 3 000 000 K 3MKB. 400 g 4 kgC. 0.7 m 7 mmD. 0.00008 A 8 µA
5. Which of the following is the correct numerical value of milli?
A) 0.01B) 0.000001C) 0.001D) 1000
6. Which of the following has the same values as 7 cm ?
A) 0.007 mB) 70mmC) 0.7 mD) 7000 km
7. 10 kg is the same as …………….
A) 0.001 gB) 1000 gC) 0.1 gD) 10 000 g
1.5 WEIGHT AND MASS
Mass1. The mass of an object is the quantity of matter in
an object.(jisim suatu objek adalah kuantiti jirim dlm suatu objek)
2. SI unit : kilogram (kg)3. Mass remains constant everywhere.(jisim kekal
tetap dimana-mana)4. Measuring tools : lever balance, beam
balance,electronic balance (neraca tuas,imbangan alur, penimbang elektronik)
Weight (berat)
1. Weight – the gravitational force acting on the object. (daya graviti yg bertindak pd objek)
2. SI unit : Newton (N)3. Not constant but varies from place to place
because gravitational force changes from place to place.(tdk tetap ttp berubah-ubah dr satu tmpt ke tmpt yg lain krn daya graviti berubah dr 1 tmpt dgn 1 tmpt yg lain)
4) Measuring tools : spring balance and compression spring balance. (neraca spring & neraca spring mampatan)
Differences between mass and weight
Mass (jisim) Weight (berat)SI unit is kilogram SI unit is Newton
Measured by using beam balance or lever balance
Measured by using spring balance or compression
balanceIt is a constant Its value varies from place
to placeThe amount of matter contained in an object
The pull of the Earth’s gravitational force on an
object
Lever balanceSPRING BALANCE
Exercise
1. The weight of an object is
A. the same as its massB. measured in kilogramC. the quantity of matter in the objectD. the pull of the Earth’s gravity on that object
2. Which of the following statements correctly describes mass and weight?
A) Mass and weight have the same SI unitB) The mass and weight of an object do not
change no matter where the object isC) An object that contains matter can have zero
mass or weight.D) Weight is a force whereas mass is not a force.
1.6 MEASURING TOOLSMeasurement of length
description unit Measuring tools
Distance between two points (jarak di antara dua titik)
Kilometre (km)Metre (m)Centimetre (cm)Millimetre (mm)Micrometre (µm)
Ruler, opisometer, external calipers, internal calipers, meter screw gauge, vernier calipers
Physical quantity Measuring toolStraight line less than 1 m Metre rule or half-metre
ruleStraight line more than 1 m
Measuring tape (pita pengukur)
curve String and a ruler or opisometer (pengukur peta)
External diameter External calipers and a ruler (angkup luar)
Internal diameter Internal calipers and a ruler (angkup dalam)
Measurement of areadescription unit Measuring toolsTotal surface covered within the edges of an object
Kilometre square (km2)Metre square (m2)Centimetre square (cm2)Millimeter square (mm2)
Using mathematical formulae (for regular shapes) and
check marks on graph paper (for irregular shapes)
regular shape
area = x × y y
x
area = ½ × x × y x
y
Estimating the area of irregular shape
• The area of this shape = ( 17 + 8 ) = 25
EUREKA TIN
Measurement of volumedescription unit Measuring toolsTotal space occupied by an object(isipadu suatu objek adlh ruang yg diisi oleh objek itu)
Cubic metre (m3)Cubic centimetre (cm3)Millilitre (ml)Litre (l)
Measuring cyclinder, burette , pipette, by water displacement method
1. Volume of regular and irregular solids can be estimated by using the water displacement method (KAEDAH SESARAN AIR)
2. The correct way to take the reading of the volume of water or mercury is at the meniscus level.
The importance of standard units
1. Make the communication and sharing of information among scientists easier.(memudahkan komunikasi dan perkongsian maklumat di kalangan saintis)
2. Simplify international trade. (memudahkan perdagangan antarabangsa)
Question
1. The diameter of a ping-pong ball can be measured by using
A. internal calipers and a rulerB. external calipers and a rulerC. string and a rulerD. measuring tape
2. The area of irregular objects can be estimated by using
A. RulerB. CalipersC. Grid paperD. Measuring cylinder
3. The area of an irregular shaped of cardboard can be measured by
A) Metre ruleB) Measuring tapeC) Graph paperD) Eureka can
TEST YOURSELF!!!
• PLAY THE GAME IN GROUPING• ONE GROUP HAVE 4 MEMBER
1 2 3 4 56 7 8 9 10
11 12 13 14 1516 17 18 19 20
NUMBER
WIN!!!
1) The distance between points is known as
A) length C) CelsiusB) area D) seconds
back
2) Which of the following is NOT an SI unit?
A) mB) kgC) secondD) inch
back
3) What is the standard unit of measurement for mass?
A) MetresB) KilogramsC) SecondsD) kilometres
back
4) Science is the study of
A) Human beingB) Natural phenomenaC) Discoveries and inventionD) Living things
BACK
5) Which of the following is the first step in the scientific method?
A) Controlling variablesB) Writing a reportC) Making a hypothesisD) Identifying the problem
BACK
6) What is the SI unit for length?
A) CentimetreB) MetreC) KilometreD) millimetre
back
7) Which of the following pairs of physical quantities and their SI unit is correct?
Physical quantity
SI unit
A) temperature CelsiusB) time hourC) Weight KilogramD) electrical current
Ampere
back
8) Which of the following pairs of prefix and symbol is correct?
prefix SymbolA) kilo kB) centi ctC) micro mD) milli ml
back
9) Figure shows a hazardous symbol found on a chemical bottle.
The symbol shows that the chemical isA) Poisonous D) flammableB) IrritatingC) corrosive
back
10)Which of the following represents the prefix value of milli?
A) 0.1B) 0.01C) 0.001D) 0.0001
back
11. Name the field of study of planets and stars.
A. GeologyB. MeteorologyC. AstrologyD. Astronomy
back
12. Write 760 000 g using the prefix of kilo.
A. 7.6 kgB. 76 kgC. 760 kgD. 7600 kg
back
13. Which of the following pairs of prefix and symbol is correct?
Prefix SymbolA. kilo KB. centi CtC. micro mD. milli ml
back
14. Which of the following pairs of prefix and value is correct?
Prefix ValueA. mega 10 000B. kilo 1 000C. centi 0.1D. milli 0.01
back
15. Which of the following is usually the last step in a scientific investigation?
A. Writing a reportB. Collecting dataC. Forming a hypothesisD. Conducting an experiment
back
16. Three basic SI measurements are
A. Length, mass and timeB. Length, weight and timeC. Length, volume and areaD. Energy, force and volume
back
17. Mass of empty beaker = 200 gMass of beaker with water = 260 g
What is the mass of water?A. 60 gB. 140 gC. 230 gD. 460 g
back
18. Which of the following is not a scientific studies?
A. GeologyB. MeteorologyC. EconomicsD. Physics
back
19. The following shows the steps of a scientific investigation.
• P : Plan the experiment• Q : Identify the problem• R : Make a conclusion• S : Make a hypothesis
The correct sequence of these steps is
A. P S Q RB. Q S P RC. R P S QD. R Q S P
back
20. The table shows some physical quantities and their respective units. Which one is correct?
Physical quantity SI unit
A. Length Kilometre
B. Temperature Kelvin
C. Time Minute
D. Mass gram
back
CONGRATULATION…
BACK
GOOD!!!
BACK
VERY GOOD!!!
BACK
GOOD!!!
ANSWER IS RIGHT
BACK
EXCELLENT!!!
BACK
Sorry!!!
TRY AGAIN!!!
BACK
SORRY!!!
DON’T GIVE UP!!TRY AGAIN
BACK
ANSWER IS WRONG!!!
TRY AGAIN
BACK
WRONG!!!
BACK