Sections 3-Life on the Home Front Section 3-Life on the Home Front.
Chapter 1: Interactions of Life Sections 1 & 3 Life Science.
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Transcript of Chapter 1: Interactions of Life Sections 1 & 3 Life Science.
Chapter 1: Interactions of Life
Sections 1 & 3
Life Science
Ecology is the study of interactions among living things and their environments.
Ecologists are scientists who study those interactions.
What is a Biosphere? Biosphere- part of the Earth that
supports life.
Biosphere is made up of different Environments that are home to many different kinds of organisms.
What is an Ecosystem??? Ecosystems- consist of all the living
organisms and the non-living things in their environment.
Living Things Biotic Factors – a living thing
in an ecosystem
Abiotic Factor Abiotic Factors – any physical or
chemical part of an ecosystem that living things NEED to survive.– Sunlight– Water– Air– Soil, Sand, Rocks, etc.– Proper Temperature
iPads!!! Create your own Ecosystem using the
LINO APP!
Populations Populations- made up of all the
organisms in an ecosystem that belong to the same species.
Example- Human Population!
Community Community- all the populations in an
ecosystem.
Example- – Arctic Community: fish, seals, polar
bears.
Habitat- the place in which organisms live– Provides: food & shelter, proper
temperature, and Living space theorganism NEEDS to survive.- Example – Pond
Niche – an organism’s role or job in the habitat.
Section 3: Interactions with Communities
What is a Community?
Where does all the Energy come from?
SUN!
What is affected? How?
Energy from the sun is stored in chemical bonds that holds together Atoms.
When these chemical bonds are broken, what must be released?
All organisms need energy in one way or another….
PRODUCERSProducers: organisms that
use a source of energy to make food
Example: Plants use sun for Photosynthesis
What if organisms can’t receive sunlight?
Chemosynthesis – is when bacteria produces food using heated chemicals released from underwater vents.
CONSUMERS Consumers: Organisms that cannot
make their own food AKA - Heterotrophs
1. Herbivores- “vegetarians” plant eaters
Ex- Rabbits, Deer, Cows
2. Carnivores- animal eaters Ex- Lions, Coyotes
3. Omnivores- eats plants & animals Ex- Humans, Bears
4. Decomposers- consume waste & dead organisms
Ex- Earthworms, Mushrooms, Mold, Fungi
- help recycle once-living matter
Scavenger – an organism that feeds off of once-living organisms– Ex – turkey vulture
What are some things that organisms depend on other organisms for?
FOOD CHAIN Food Chain- a model to show the
feeding relationships between a single producer and a chain of consumers
FOOD WEB Food Web – model of the feeding
relationships between many overlapping food chains
ENERGY PYRAMID -shows the amount of Energy
available at each feeding level.
STOP HERE
What are some “cycles” in nature?
Section 2 Cycles – Picture Notes (see Binder)
BIOMES – Section 4 See Biome Project in Binder
Chapter 2: Interactions Within
Ecosystems
Life Science
Habitats & Niches
Habitat- the place in which organisms live– Provides: food & water, shelter, proper
temperature, and Living space theorganism NEEDS to survive.- Example – Pond
Niche – an organism’s role or job in the habitat.
Niches What is a Niche?
Niches- how an organism survives, how it obtains food and shelter, how it finds a mate and cares for its young, how it avoids danger.– Special adaptations that improve survival
are often part of an organism’s niche.
Patterns Exist in Populations
Patterns in SPACE - how animals or plants place themselves, depends on how they meet their needs to survive.– Space is needed for food or water.
Examples – School of fish, herd of elephants
Patterns in Populations Patterns in TIME
– Population sizes change depending on climate.
– Examples – Cicadas emerge every 17 years, bears hibernate, birds migrate, jelly fish in August!
Population sizes can also
depend on predators.
SECTION 2.2
Symbiotic Relationships
Symbiotic Relationship – means a close relationship between two species
MUTUALISM
1. Mutualism- where both species benefit
Example: Bee and Flower
Explain…
COMMENSALISM
2. Commensalism- where one organism benefits and the other is not affectedExample: Clown Fish and Anemones
Explain…
PARASITISM
3. Parasitism- where one organism benefits, and the other is harmed
Example- Dogs and Ticks
PREDATOR/PREY Predator- consumers that capture
and eat other consumers
– Predators can limit the size of populations
– Predators can also increase & decrease the number of different organisms in an ecosystem.
PREDATOR/PREY Prey- organism that is captured by a
consumer (or predator)
Competition Competition- two or more organisms
that seek the same resource at the same time.
Effects of Competition Competition for food, living space, or
other resources can LIMIT the population.– Prevents Pop. Growth
Competition is most intense among individuals of the same species.
Measuring Pop. Methods
1. Count the # of species
2. Trap-Mark-Release
3. Sample Count (used to estimate the sizes of larger populations)
Population Size Pop. Size- indicates whether
population is healthy and growing.
Population Density- the size of a population that occupies a specific area
Limiting Factor- anything that restricts the # of individuals in a population.– Can be living or nonliving– Can affect other populations
Carrying Capacity- the largest # of individuals of one species that an ecosystem can support.
What if the Carrying Capacity exceeds?
Not enough resources, death occurs, species are forced to move.
What Affects Pop. Size? List some things that can affect
Population Sizes…
Exponential Growth Exponential Growth- the LARGER a
population becomes, the FASTER it grows.
Changing in Pop. Populations can change in size when
new members enter or exit the pop.
BIRTH RATE- # of births in a given time
DEATH RATE- # of deaths in a given time