Chapter 1 Health and Fitness Trends

Chapter 1Health and Fitness

Trends

Exercise Testing and Prescription: A Health-Related Approach by Nieman. McGraw-Hill.

Health and Wellness

• Health– “Absence of Disease”– “A state of complete physical, mental, and social well-

being, not just the absence of disease or infirmity.”

• Wellness– “Attention to lifestyle behaviors to achieve optimal

levels of physical, mental, social, and spiritual health.”– Emphasis on individual responsibility for well-being

through practice of health-promoting lifestyle behaviors.

Social Health

Mental Health

Physical Health

Health

Dimensions of Health

Figure 1.1 Exercise Testing and Prescription: A Health-Related Approach by Nieman. McGraw-Hill.

Mental Health The absence of mental disorders (e.g., depression, anxiety, drug dependence) and the individual’s ability to negotiate the daily challenges and social interactions of life without experiencing mental, emotional, or behavioral problems.

Physical Health The absence of physical disease (e.g., premature heart disease or cancer), while having the energy and vigor to perform moderate to vigorous levels of physical activity without undue fatigue and the capability of maintaining such ability throughout life.

Social Health The ability to interact effectively with other people and the social environment (e.g., social groups and networks), engaging in satisfying personal relationships.

Dimensions of Health

Exercise Testing and Prescription: A Health-Related Approach by Nieman. McGraw-Hill.

Health Death

High-risk behaviorSmoking, high-fat, low-fiber diet; inactivity; high stress,

alcohol-drug abuse; reckless driving; unsafe sex

Early diseaseCHD, cancer, stroke,accidents, diabetes,AIDS, obesity, HBP,

alcoholism, cirrhosis,osteoporosis

Physical, mental,

spiritual well-being; positive lifestyle habits

The Health Continuum

Figure 1.2

Healthy People Initiative

• Today, chronic disease accounts for about two-thirds of all deaths.– In 1900, only 1 in 10 people died from these causes

• Refer to figure 1.3, p. 5.• Healthy People is a set of national health

objectives, emphasizing 22 areas for health improvement, and three overall goals:– Increase years of healthy life– Reduce disparities in health among different

population groups– Achieve access to preventative health services to all.

Year 1900

PneumoniaTuberculosis

Diarrhea/enteritisHeart DiseaseLiver Disease

InjuriesCancerSenility

Diphtheria

0 2 4 6 8 10 12

Percent of all deaths: Year 2000

Heart DiseaseCancerStrokeCOPD

InjuriesPneumonia/Influenza

DiabetesSuicide

Kidney DiseaseLiver Disease

0 5 10 15 20 25 30 35

Figure 1.3

The Surgeon General’s Report on Physical Activity and Health

• People of all ages, both male and female, benefit from regular physical activity. • Significant health benefits can be obtained by including a moderate amount of physical

activity (e.g., 30 minutes of brisk walking or raking leaves, 15 minutes of running, or 45 minutes of playing volleyball) on most, if not all, days of the week. Through a modest increase in daily activity, most Americans can improve their health and quality of life.

• Additional health benefits can be gained through greater amounts of physical activity. People who can maintain a regular regimen of activity that is of longer duration or of more vigorous intensity are likely to derive greater benefit.

• Physical activity reduces the risk of premature mortality in general, and of coronary heart disease, hypertension, colon cancer, and diabetes mellitus in particular. Physical activity also improves mental health and is important for the health of muscles, bones, and joints.

• More than 60 percent of American adults are not regularly physically active. In fact, 25 percent of all adults are not active at all.

• Nearly half of American youths 12-21 years of age are not vigorously active on a regular basis. Moreover, physical activity declines dramatically during adolescence.

• Daily enrollment in physical education classes has declined among high school students from 42 percent in 1991 to 25 percent in 1995.

• Research on understanding and promoting physical activity is at an early stage, but some interventions to promote physical activity through schools, worksites, and health care settings have been evaluated and found to be successful.

The Surgeon General’s Report on Physical Activity and Health

• Go to the report’s website and print out the executive summary.– http://www.cdc.gov/nccdphp/sgr/summ.htm

Current Activity Levels of Americans• 1. Approximately 23 percent of U.S. adults engage regularly (3 times a week for at least 20 minutes) in vigorous

physical activity during leisure time.• 2. Approximately 15 percent of adults engage regularly (5 times a week for at least 30 minutes) in sustained physical

activity of any intensity during leisure time.• 3. About 40 percent of adults report no physical activity at all in their leisure time.• 4. Physical inactivity is more prevalent among women than men, among blacks and Hispanics than whites, among

older than younger adults, and among the less affluent than the more affluent.• 5. The most popular leisure-time physical activities among adults are walking and gardening or yard work.• Adolescents and Young Adults• 1. Only about one-half of U.S. young people (ages 12–21 years) regularly participate in vigorous physical activity.

One-fourth report no vigorous physical activity.• 2. Approximately one-fourth of young people walk or bicycle (i.e., engage in light to moderate activity) nearly every

day.• 3. About 14 percent of young people report no recent vigorous or light-to-moderate physical activity. This indicator of

inactivity is higher among females than males and among black females than white females.• 4. Males are more likely than females to participate in vigorous physical activity, strengthening activities, and walking

or bicycling.• 5. Participation in all types of physical activity declines strikingly as age or grade in school increases.• 6. Among high school students, enrollment in physical education remained unchanged during the first half of the

1990s. However, daily attendance in physical education declined from approximately 42 percent to 25 percent.• 7. The percentage of high school students who were enrolled in physical education and who reported being

physically active for at least 20 minutes in physical education classes declined from approximately 81 percent to 70 percent during the first half of this decade.

• 8. Only 19 percent of all high school students report being physically active for 20 minutes or more in daily physical education classes.

Obesity Trends* Among U.S. AdultsBRFSS, 1985

Source: Mokdad A H, et al. J Am Med Assoc 1999;282:16, 2001;286:10.

Prevalence of overweight among children and adolescents ages 6-19 years, for

selected years 1963-65 through 1999-2000

• 1 Excludes pregnant women starting with 1971-74. Pregnancy status not available for 1963-65 and 1966-70.

• 2 Data for 1963-65 are for children 6-11 years of age; data for 1966-70 are for adolescents 12-17 years of age, not 12-19 years.

• http://www.cdc.gov/nchs/ products/pubs/pubd/hestats/overwght99.htm

• Compare to figure 1.12, p. 16.

Age1 1963-65

1966-702

1976-80

1976-80

1988-94

1999-2000

6-11 4 4 7 11 15

12-19 5 6 5 11 15

Strategies to increase physical activity and overcome overweight and obesity

in America.• PRINCIPLES:• Overweight and obesity have reached nationwide epidemic proportions. Both• the prevention and treatment of overweight and obesity and their associated health• problems are important public health goals. To achieve these goals, The Surgeon• General’s Call To Action To Prevent and Decrease Overweight and Obesity is• committed to five overarching principles:

– • Promote the recognition of overweight and obesity as major public health problems.– • Assist Americans in balancing healthful eating with regular physical activity to achieve and

maintain a healthy or healthier body weight.– • Identify effective and culturally appropriate interventions to prevent and treat overweight

and obesity.– • Encourage environmental changes that help prevent overweight and obesity.– • Develop and enhance public-private partnerships to help implement this vision.

• http://www.surgeongeneral.gov/topics/obesity/calltoaction/CalltoAction.pdf

Chapter 1 Health and Fitness Trends

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