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CHAPTER 1
GENERAL INTRODUCTION
Family Atyidae De Haan, 1849 under the order Decapoda Latreille, 1802 is
one of the species rich families in the infraorder Caridea Dana, 1852. The order
Decapoda comes under superorder Eucarida Calman (1904), subclass
Eumalacostraca Grobben (1892) and Class Malacostraca Latreille (1802).
The species coming under Class Malacostraca are characterized by:
crustaceans generally with a “5-8-6 (7)” body plan: 5 cephalic, 8 thoracic and 6
abdominal segments (7 somites in some), most of them bear paired appendages (7th
devoid of appendages); a pre-antennular region bearing compound eyes and a post-
anal region, the telson; the cephalic and thoracic somites covered by carapace;
antennule, antenna, mandible, maxillula and maxilla comprise cephalic appendages;
1st to 3rd maxillipeds, 1st to 5th pereiopods comprise thoracic; 1st to 5th pleopods and
uropods constitute abdominal appendages; male gonadial openings on the inner
aspect of coxa of 5th pereiopods whereas the female genital openings on the inner
region of coxa of 3rd pereiopods.
The Class Malacostraca Latreille (1802) is divided into three subclasses,
namely, Phyllocarida Packard, 1879, Hoplocarida Calman, 1904 and
Eumalacostraca Grobben, 1892. The Phyllocarida contains Nebaliids, Nebaliopsids
and Paranebaliids. The Hoplocarida includes Stomatopodids (Squilla).
Eumalacostraca is a large group containing diverse groups of organisms like
Bathynellaceans, Anaspidaceans, Spelaeogriphaceans, Thermosbaenaceans,
Lophogastrids, Mysidaceans, Mictaceans, Amphipods, Isopods, Tanaidaceans,
Cumaceans and Eucarids. Among these, Eucarids are highly advanced forms with 3
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orders, namely, Euphausiacea Dana, 1852, Amphionidacea Williamson, 1973 and
Decapoda Latreille, 1802. Since the crustaceans under investigation belong to the
order Decapoda, a widely accepted broad outline classification is given below in
order to get the exact taxonomic position of the family Atyidae (based on Martin &
Davis, 2001).
Order Decapoda Latreille, 1802
Suborder Dendrobranchiata Bate, 1888 (2 superfamilies & 7
families)
Suborder Pleocyemata Burkenroad, 1963
Infraorder Stenopodidea Claus, 1872 (2 families)
Infraorder Caridea Dana, 1852
Superfamily Procaridoidea Chace & Manning, 1972
Family Procarididae Chace & Manning, 1972
Superfamily Galatheacaridoidea Vereshchaka, 1997
Family Galatheacarididae Vereshchaka, 1997
Superfamily Pasiphaeoidea Dana, 1852
Family Pasiphaeidae Dana, 1852
Superfamily Oplophoroidea Dana, 1852
Family Oplophoridae Dana, 1852
Superfamily Atyoidea De Haan, 1849
Family Atyidae De Haan, 1849
Superfamily Bresilioidea Calman, 1896
Family Agostocarididae Hart & Manning, 1986
Alvinocarididae Christoffersen, 1986
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Bresiliidae Calman, 1896
Disciadidae Rathbun, 1902
Mirocarididae Vereshchaka, 1997
Superfamily Nematocarcinoidea Smith, 1884
Family Eugonatonotidae Chace, 1937
Nematocarcinidae Smith, 1884
Rhynchocinetidae Ortmann, 1890
Xiphocarididae Ortmann, 1895
Superfamily Psalidopodoidea Wood-Mason & Alcock,
1892
Family Psalidopodidae Wood-Mason & Alcock,
1892
Superfamily Stylodactyloidea Bate, 1888
Family Stylodactylidae Bate, 1888
Superfamily Campylonotoidea Sollaud, 1913
Family Bathypalaemonellidae de Saint Laurent,
1985
Campylonotidae Sollaud, 1913
Superfamily Palaemonoidea Rafinesque, 1815
Family Anchistioididae Borradaile, 1915
Desmocarididae Borredaile, 1915
Euryrhynchidae Holthuis, 1950
Gnathophyllidae Dana, 1852
Hymenoceridae Ortmann, 1890
Kakaducarididae Bruce, 1993
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Palaemonidae Rafinesque, 1815
Typhlocarididae Annandale & Kemp, 1913
Superfamily Alpheoidea Rafinesque, 1815
Family Alpheidae Rafinesque, 1815
Barbouriidae Christoffersen, 1987
Hippolytidae Dana, 1852
Ogyrididae Holthuis, 1955
Superfamily Processoidea Ortmann, 1890
Family Processidae Ortmann , 1890
Superfamily Pandaloidea Haworth, 1825
Family Pandalidae Haworth, 1825
Thalassocarididae Bate, 1888
Superfamily Physetocaridoidea Chace, 1940
Family Physetocarididae Chace, 1940
Superfamily Crangonoidea Haworth, 1825
Family Crangonidae Haworth, 1825
Glyphocrangonidae Smith, 1884
Infraorder Astacidea Latreille, 1802 (5 superfamilies & 7
families)
Infraorder Thalassinidea Latreille, 1831 (3 superfamilies & 11
families)
Infraorder Palinura Latreille, 1802 (2 superfamilies & 4
families)
Infraorder Anomura MacLeay, 1838 (4 superfamilies & 13
families)
Infraorder Brachyura Latreille, 1802 (2 sections, 24
superfamilies & 71 families)
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The order Decapoda Latreille, 1802 is characterized by: presence of
cephalothorax; carapace covers all thoracic somites and extends to the sides
covering gills in the branchial chamber as branchiostegite; exopodite of the 2nd
maxilla is a well developed scale; 1st to 3rd thoracic appendages are modified as
maxillipeds, and the rest are pereiopods, some of which may be chelate; pleopods
biramous; three kinds of branchiae present, namely, podobranchiae, arthrobranchiae
and pleurobranchiae; statocyst on the proximal most segment of the antennule.
It has 2 suborders viz., Dendrobranchiata Bate, 1888 and Pleocyemata
Burkenroad, 1963. The 2 suborders are distinguished based on the form of gill and
incubatory habit of females.
The suborder Dendrobranchiata Bate, 1888 is characterized by: presence of
dendrobranchiate gills; females are free spawners, releasing eggs into water and
hatch out as nauplius larva. Suborder Dendrobranchiata Bate, 1888 contains 2
subfamilies and 7 families. The characteristics of suborder Pleocyemata
Burkenroad, 1963 include Phyllobranchiate (caridean shrimps and brachyuran crabs
except dromiids) and trichobranchiate (lobsters and cray fishes) gills and incubatory
nature of females.
The suborder Pleocyemata Burkenroad, 1963 is further subdivided into 7
infraorders (see outline classification). The infraorder Caridea Dana, 1852 is
diagnosed by: abdomen generally with a sharp bent at the 3rd segment; pleurae of
2nd abdominal somite overlapping those of 1st and 3rd segments; mandibular palp, if
present, straight; third pereiopods never chelate; gills phyllobranchiate; eggs
attached to the pleopods of female.
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The infraorder Caridea Dana, 1852 contains 16 superfamilies, of which
Superfamily Atyoidea De Haan, 1849 is one among them and is characterized by:
first and second pairs of pereiopods with fingers of chelae usually terminating in
tufts of setae; second maxilliped with terminal segment broadly crescent shaped or
sub-semicircular, attached by curved margin to slender, sickle-shaped extension
from preceding segment; pereiopods with or without exopods; second pair of
pereiopods with carpus entire, not articulate; third maxilliped slender, pereiopod-
like, not broad or operculate, with exopod; first maxilliped with endite overreaching
exopod proper, exopod with lash, caridean lobe prominent; second maxilla with
distal endite incised near distal margin, palp not vestigial, scaphognathite narrowly
produced proximally; first maxilla with distal endite not unusually large, proximal
endite not reduced or absent; mandible without palp, incisor and molar processes
separated by sinuous, setose margin.
Atyidae De Haan, 1849 is the only family reported under the Superfamily
Atyoidea De Haan, 1849. The transfer of the Genus Xiphocaris Von Martens, 1872
to Xiphocarididae under the superfamily Nematocarcinoidea Smith, 1884 paved
way to establish Atyidae as a homogenous assemblage identifiable by anterior
pereiopods and mouthparts (Chace, 1992). Family Atyidae De Haan, 1849 is
characterized by: rostrum inflexibly attached to rest of carapace; carapace without
longitudinal lateral ridges or suture and without cardiac notch in posterior margin;
eyes well developed or reduced without pigments; antennule with 2 flagella, neither
with accessory branch; mandible without palp, with sub-truncate molar process not
distinctly separated from incisor process; pereiopods usually with strap-like epipods
on at least three anterior pairs or rarely absent; two anterior pairs of pereiopods
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similar, with fingers of chela usually terminating in tufts of setae; 2nd pereiopod
with carpus usually not articulated; pereiopods with or without exopods.
Holthuis (1986) divided the family Atyidae into 4 subfamilies namely
Atyinae De Haan, 1849; Caridellinae Holthuis, 1986; Paratyinae Holthuis, 1986
and Typhlatyinae Holthuis, 1986. However, recent studies by Sket & Zakšek
(2009) have synonymized the subfamily Typhlatyinae Holthuis, 1986 with
Paratyinae Holthuis, 1986 and hence resulted in three valid subfamilies which are:
Atyinae De Haan, 1849; Paratyinae Holthuis, 1986 and Caridellinae Holthuis,
1986.
The characters mostly used to separate genera are branchial complement,
presence or absence of exopods and extent of eye development. Both Chace (1992)
and Holthuis (1993) used the presence of exopods as distinguishing character to
separate genera in several families of caridean shrimps. The subfamilies coming
under the family Atyidae can be identified based on the key provided below.
Global distribution pattern of Atyidae is given in Fig. 1 and the symbols used to
represent genera are given on the left side of each genus for clarity, and legend to
symbols is appended along with the figure.
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1.1 Key for the identification of subfamilies under the family
Atyidae De Haan, 1849
1. Arthrobranchiae absent from at least the last four pereiopods, variable on 1st
pereiopod. Pereiopods with or without exopods. --------------------2
Pereiopods without exopods. First pereiopod with an arthrobranch. --------
Atyinae De Haan, 1849
2. Exopods present on some or all pereiopods. Eyes well developed or reduced
without or with a little pigment in the cornea. ----------------------------------------
Paratyinae Holthuis, 1986
Pereiopods without exopods (except Caridinides Calman, 1926) and
arthrobranchiae. Eyes generally well developed and with pigment. ---------------
Caridellinae Holthuis, 1986
1.2 Subfamily Paratyinae Holthuis, 1986
Paratyinae Holthuis, 1986, Zool. Med., 60 (7): 103
Synonym: Série Paratyienne Bouvier, 1925; Typhlatyinae Holthuis, 1986
Diagnosis:
• Supraorbital spines either present or absent
• Exopodites on some or all pereiopods.
• One or two lateral spines on uropodal diaeresis.
Remarks: As on the date 11 genera have been reported under the subfamily
Paratyinae Holthuis, 1986. Essential details of each genus, such as, diagnostic
characters, synonyms, type species, remarks and distribution are given below. This
subfamily has not been represented in Indian waters.
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1.2.1 Diagnosis of genera recorded under the subfamily Paratyinae
Holthuis, 1986
Genus: Atyaephyra De Brito Capello, 1867
Type species: Atyaephyra rosiana De Brito Capello, 1867
Gender: Feminine
Atyaephyra De Brito Capello, 1867, Mem. Acad. R. Sci. Lisboa, Sci. math. phys.
nat. (n. ser.), 4(1) (7): 5
Synonyms: Symethus Rafinesque, 1814; Hemicaridina Ortmann, 1890;
Symathus Rafinesque, 1815 (erroneous spelling); Acilius Rafinesque, 1815
(substitute name); Symaethus Agassiz, 1846 (invalid emendation); Atyephyra Von
Martens, 1868 (erroneous spelling); Atyephira Ishikawa, 1885 (erroneous spelling);
Lemicaridina Matzdorff, 1894 (erroneous spelling); Atyaëphyra Ortmann, 1895
(erroneous spelling); Athejaephira Magri, 1923 (erroneous spelling); Athejëphira
Magri, 1923 (erroneous spelling); Atyaephira Ferrer Galdiano, 1924 (erroneous
spelling); Atyaephrya Hertzog, 1930 (erroneous spelling); Athyaephyra Werner,
1938 (erroneous spelling); Atyalphyra Birstein, 1939 (erroneous spelling);
Athyaepora Sterk, 1950 (erroneous spelling) (Holthuis, 1955 for complete
synonymy).
Diagnosis:
• Eyes well developed, with pigment.
• Carapace without pterygostomian spine.
• Supraorbital spines present.
• Third maxilliped without arthrobranch.
• Pereiopods I, II with exopodites.
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Remarks: Atyaephyra is related to Dugastella Bouvier, 1912; Palaemonias
Hay, 1901; Paratya Miers, 1882; Syncaris Holmes, 1900; Troglocaris Dormitzer,
1853 and Gallocaris Sket & Zakšek, 2009 in the presence of a supraorbital spine on
the carapace. So far 3 species have been reported under this genus.
Distribution: Coimbra, Portugal; southern and western France- Corsica
Island, Sicily, Italy; Dalmatia, Croatia; Iran; western and northern Greece; Belgium;
Alabama, U.S.A.; Turkey and Czech Republic.
Genus: Dugastella Bouvier, 1912
Type species: Dugastella marocana Bouvier, 1912
Gender: Feminine
Dugastella Bouvier, 1912, C. R. Acad. Sci. Paris, 155: 993
Synonym: Nil
Diagnosis:
• Eyes well developed, with pigment.
• Carapace with supraorbital, suborbital and pterygostomian spines.
• Carpus of both first and second legs anteriorly hollowed.
• Pereiopods I to III or more with exopodites, 5th leg generally with a
rudimentary exopod.
Remarks: Resembles Antecaridina Edmondson, 1954; Palaemonias Hay,
1901; Stygiocaris Holthuis, 1960; Typhlatya Creaser, 1936; Typhlocaridina Liang
& Yan, 1981; Paracaridina Liang, Guo & Tang, 1999; Halocaridina Holthuis,
1963 and Halocaridinides Fujino & Shokita, 1975 in having a deep excavation in
the carpus of 1st and 2nd pereiopods. It also resembles Gallocaris Sket & Zakšek,
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2009 in having supraorbital and suborbital spines on the carapace. Two species
have been reported under this genus so far.
Distribution: Morocco and Spain.
P Genus: Palaemonias Hay, 1901
Type species: Palaemonias ganteri Hay, 1901
Gender: Masculine
Palaemonias Hay, 1901, Proc. Biol. Soc. Wash., 14: 179
Synonyms: Palemonias J. Roux, 1915 (erroneous spelling); Palaemonies
Giovannoli, 1933 (erroneous spelling); Poiotmonias Birstein, 1939 (erroneous
spelling); Pataemonias – Anonymous, 1904 (erroneous spelling); Paleomonetes
Poulson, 1964 (lapsus for palaemonetes).
Diagnosis:
• Eyes generally reduced, without pigment.
• Carapace with supraorbital and pterygostomian spines.
• Carpus of both first and second legs anteriorly hollowed.
• Exopods present on 1-4 pereiopods.
Remarks: Resembles Antecaridina Edmondson, 1954; Dugastella Bouvier,
1912; Stygiocaris Holthuis, 1960; Typhlatya Creaser, 1936; Typhlocaridina Liang
& Yan, 1981; Paracaridina Liang, Guo & Tang, 1999; Halocaridina Holthuis,
1963 and Halocaridinides Fujino & Shokita, 1975 in having a deep excavation in
the carpus of 1st and 2nd pereiopods. It shows similarities with Syncaris Holmes,
1900 in having supraorbital and pterygostomian spines on the carapace. Two
species have been reported under this genus.
Distribution: Kentucky and Alabama, U.S.A.
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Genus: Paratya Miers, 1882
Type species: Ephyra compressa De Haan, 1844
Gender: Feminine
Paratya Miers, 1882, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., (5) 9: 194
Synonyms: Xiphocaridina Bouvier, 1909; Xiphatyoida J. Roux, 1915;
Xyphatyoida J. Roux, 1926 (erroneous spelling); Xiphicaridina Edmondson, 1935
(erroneous spelling).
Diagnosis:
• Eyes well developed, cornea pigmented.
• Carapace without pterygostomian spine, supraorbital spines present.
• All pereiopods with exopods, no arthrobranchiae on pereiopods.
• 3rd maxilliped with a single arthrobranch, epipods on 1-4 pereiopods.
Remarks: It shows similarity to Antecaridina Edmondson, 1954;
Stygiocaris Holthuis, 1960 and Typhlatya Creaser, 1936 in the presence of exopods
on all pereiopods. So far 15 species have been reported under this genus.
Distribution: Australia; eastern Siberia; Korea to the Lesser Sunda Islands
(southern Indonesia); New Zealand and nearby Islands; Ryukyu Islands and
southern Japan.
Genus: Syncaris Holmes, 1900
Type species: Miersia pacifica Holmes, 1895
Gender: Feminine
Syncaris Holmes, 1990, Occ. Pap. Calif. Acad. Sci., 7: 211
Synonym: Nil
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Diagnosis:
• Eyes well developed and pigmented.
• Rostrum long, slender with at least one ventral tooth; with or without
dorsal teeth and terminally appearing minutely bifid.
• Carapace with well developed supraorbital, antennal and
pterygostomian spines.
• Carpus of second legs without, that of first legs with an anterior
excavation.
• Carpus and merus of pereiopods 3-5 each with a pair of strong spines on
ventral or ventrolateral border.
• Exopods present on maxillipeds 2 and 3, variable on pereiopods 1-4,
always absent on pereiopod 5.
• Epipods present on pereiopods 1-4.
• Uropodal diaeresis weakly developed, terminating in one movable spine
and one immovable lateral point.
Remarks: Syncaris is related to Dugastella Bouvier, 1912; Palaemonias
Hay, 1901; Paratya Miers, 1882; Atyaephyra De Brito Capello, 1867; Troglocaris
Dormitzer, 1853 and Gallocaris Sket & Zakšek, 2009 in the presence of a
supraorbital spine on the carapace. Two species have been recorded under this
genus.
Distribution: California.
Genus: Troglocaris Dormitzer, 1853
Type species: Palaemon anophthalmus Kollar, 1848 (= Troglocaris schmidti
Dormitzer, 1853)
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Gender: Feminine
Troglocaris Dormitzer, 1853, Lotos Prague, 3: 85
Synonyms: Xiphocaridinella Sadovsky, 1930; Troglocaridella Babiě, 1930.
Diagnosis:
• Eyes greatly reduced, without pigment.
• Carapace without pterygostomian spine.
• Supraorbital spines present.
• Adult specimens with exopods on the first four or five legs. Third
maxilliped with arthrobranch.
• Appendix masculina having spines or setae much shorter than appendix
diameter.
Remarks: It shows affinities with Palaemonias Hay, 1901; Gallocaris Sket
& Zakšek, 2009; Antecaridina Edmondson, 1954; Stygiocaris Holthuis, 1960 and
Typhlatya Creaser, 1936 in having strongly reduced eyes with a little or without
pigmentation. Three species are present in this genus.
Distribution: Southern Europe from France and Italy to the vicinity of the
Caspian and Black Seas; Caves of Carniola; Caves of Kumpole and Gurk, southern
Slovania; Croatia; Bosnia and Herzegovina.
Genus: Gallocaris Sket & Zakšek, 2009
Type species: Troglocaris schmidti inermis Fage, 1937
Gender: Feminine
Gallocaris Sket & Zakšek, 2009, Zool. J. Linn. Soc., 2009: 786
Synonyms: Troglocaris schmidti inermis Fage, 1937; Troglocaris inermis
Holthuis, 1956.
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Diagnosis:
• Eyeless.
• Very short rostrum lacking teeth.
• Supra and suborbital spines present on the carapace.
• Maxilliped I exopodital lobe gradually narrowed distally, flagellum
short (shorter than width of lobe).
• Pereiopods I-III or more with exopodites.
• Dactylus of pereiopod V not comb-like.
• Males having appendix masculina shorter than appendix interna in
pleopod II.
Remarks: It is related to Antecaridina Edmondson, 1954 in having reduced
eyes and appendix interna of male 2nd pleopod longer than appendix masculina.
Only one species has been reported under this genus.
Distribution: Caves of southern France.
Genus: Antecaridina Edmondson, 1954
Type species: Mesocaris lauensis Edmondson, 1935
Gender: Feminine
Antecaridina Edmondson, 1954, Pacific Sci., 8: 368
Synonym: Mesocaris Edmondson, 1935
Diagnosis:
• Eyes reduced without or with a little pigment in the cornea.
• Rostrum unarmed.
• Pterygostomian and antennal spines present.
• Third maxilliped with 2 arthrobranchiae.
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• Epipods on 1st four pereiopods.
• 1st and 2nd pereiopods with carpus anteriorly excavated.
• Exopods present on all the legs; appendix interna of male 2nd pleopod
longer than appendix masculina.
• Live body colour usually bright red.
Remarks: This genus shows affinities with Dugastella Bouvier, 1912;
Palaemonias Hay, 1901; Stygiocaris Holthuis, 1960; Typhlatya Creaser, 1936;
Typhlocaridina Liang & Yan, 1981; Paracaridina Liang, Guo & Tang, 1999;
Halocaridina Holthuis, 1963 and Halocaridinides Fujino & Shokita, 1975 in
having a deep excavation in the carpus of 1st and 2nd pereiopods. It also resembles
Paratya Miers, 1882, Stygiocaris Holthuis, 1960 and Typhlatya Creaser, 1936 by
the presence of exopods on all pereiopods. Only one species has been reported.
Distribution: Hawaiian Islands; Ryukyu Islands, Kuroshima Island, Japan;
Lau Islands, Namuka Island, Wangava Island, Fiji; Europa Island; Sinai Peninsula;
Red Sea; Solomon Islands; Bohol, Philippines and Guam.
$ Genus: Stygiocaris Holthuis, 1960
Type species: Stygiocaris lancifera Holthuis, 1960
Gender: Masculine
Stygiocaris Holthuis, 1960, Crustaceana, 1: 47
Synonym: Nil
Diagnosis:
• Eyes strongly reduced, bullet shaped and without any pigment.
• Carapace without supraorbital spines.
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• 3rd maxilliped with a single arthrobranch.
• A single pleurobranch at the base of each of the pereiopods, which bear
no arthrobranchiae.
• Exopods on all pereiopods.
• The carpus of the 1st and 2nd pereiopods deeply excavated.
• The diaeresis of the uropodal exopod bears no spinules.
Remarks: It is closely related to Typhlopatsa Holthuis, 1956 from which it
differs in the presence of a podobranch on the 2nd maxilliped and in the presence of
an epipod on the 4th pereiopod. Two species have been reported.
Distribution: N. W. Australia.
Genus: Typhlatya Creaser, 1936
Type species: Typhlatya pearsei Creaser, 1936
Gender: Feminine
Typhlatya Creaser, 1936, Publ. Carnegie Inst. Wash., 457: 128
Synonyms: Typhlata Cárdenas F., 1950:157 (erroneous spelling); Typhatya
Monod, 1975 (erroneous spelling).
Diagnosis:
• Eyes reduced, with or without pigment in the cornea.
• Rostrum unarmed.
• Carapace without spines.
• 3rd maxilliped with a single arthrobranch.
• 1st to 4th pereiopods with epipods.
• 1st and 2nd pereiopods with carpus anteriorly excavated.
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• Exopods present on all the legs, that on 5th sometimes rudimentary or
absent.
Remarks: It shows affinities with Dugastella Bouvier, 1912; Palaemonias
Hay, 1901; Stygiocaris Holthuis, 1960; Antecaridina Edmondson, 1954;
Typhlocaridina Liang & Yan, 1981; Paracaridina Liang, Guo & Tang, 1999;
Halocaridina Holthuis, 1963 and Halocaridinides Fujino & Shokita, 1975 in having
a deep excavation in the carpus of 1st and 2nd pereiopods. It also resembles Paratya
Miers, 1882; Stygiocaris Holthuis, 1960 and Antecaridina Edmondson, 1954 in the
presence of exopods on all pereiopods. Seventeen species have been reported under
this genus.
Distribution: Anchialine caves around the Caribbean, Bermuda, Galapagos
Islands, Ascension Island; Spain; Mexico; Bahamas; Cuba; Dominican republic;
Honduras; Puerto Rica; Caico Islands and France.
T Genus: Typhlopatsa Holthuis, 1956
Type species: Typhlopatsa pauliani Holthuis, 1956
Gender: Masculine
Typhlopatsa Holthuis, 1956, Vie et Milieu, 7 (1): 43
Synonym: Nil
Diagnosis:
• Eyes strongly reduced, without pigment.
• No podobranch on the 2nd maxilliped.
• Third maxilliped with an arthrobranch.
• Epipods on 1st to 3rd pereiopods.
• Exopods on all pereiopods.
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• Carpus of 1st and 2nd pereiopods deeply excavated.
• Uropodal diaeresis bears no spinules.
Remarks: The genus shows affinities to Limnocaridella Bouvier, 1913;
Limnocaridina Calman, 1899; Halocaridina Holthuis, 1963 and Halocaridinides
Fujino & Shokita, 1975 in lacking a podobranch on the 2nd maxilliped. It is a
monotypic genus.
Distribution: S. W. Madagascar
1.3 Subfamily Atyinae De Haan, 1849
Atyinae Bouvier, 1925, Encycl. entomol. (A) 4: 1-370
Synonym: Série Caridinienne Bouvier, 1925
Diagnosis:
• Eyes generally well developed and with pigment.
• First pereiopod with an arthrobranch.
• Exopods absent on pereiopods.
Remarks: Subfamily Atyinae De Haan, 1849 was dealt by Bouvier under
the name Série Caridinienne. Later it became the nominate subfamily Atyinae De
Haan, 1849, as it contains the genus Atya Leach, 1816. Among the three subfamilies, only
the subfamily Atyinae De Haan, 1849 has been reported from India. So far 11
genera have been reported under this subfamily.
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1.3.1 Diagnosis of genera recorded under the subfamily Atyinae De
Haan, 1849
Ω Genus: Atya Leach, 1816
Type species: Atys scaber Leach, 1815
Gender: Feminine
Atya Leach, 1816, Suppl. 4th – 6th eds. Encycl. Brit., 1: 421
Synonyms: Atys Leach, 1815 (invalid junior homonym); Atia Latreille, 1817
(erroneous spelling); Atyoida Randall, 1839; Evatya Smith, 1871; Euatya Koelbel,
1884 (invalid emendation); Ortmannia Rathbun, 1902; Alya Bouvier, 1904
(erroneous spelling); Pseudatya J. Roux, 1928; Vanderbiltia Boone, 1935;
Orthmannia Sawaya, 1946 (erroneous spelling).
Diagnosis:
• 3rd maxilliped with 2 arthrobranchiae.
• 1st pereiopod with a single arthrobranch.
• 1st and 2nd pereiopods with chelae completely divided, lacking palm;
carpus of both appendages excavated distally, much shorter than broad.
• 3rd pereiopods are longer than the 4th and 5th pairs; merus of the 3rd
pereiopod is longer than the combined lengths of carpus, propodus and
dactylus (to base of claw).
• Pereiopods without exopods.
Remarks: The genus resembles Atyopsis Chace, 1983, Atyella Calman,
1906, Micratya Bouvier, 1913, and Australatya Chace, 1983 in having
monomorphic chela and an excavation in the carpus of 1st and 2nd pereiopods.
Thirteen species have been recorded under this genus.
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Distribution: Indonesia (Sumatra, Java, Bacan, Bali, Celebes, Saleyer,
Flores, Amboina, Timor, Halmahera); Samar, Philippine Islands; Caroline Islands;
Fiji Islands; New Calidonia; western Nicaragua; Hayti, West Indies; Cuba;
Republic of Trinidad and Tobago; Brazil; Baja California, Mexico to the north of
Peru and Republic of Colombia; Republic of Ecuador; Philippines; New Guinea;
Japan; Myanmar; Sri Lanka; Ghana; Republic of Cameroun; Democratic Republic
of Congo; Republic of Angola; Bolivia; Pacific coast of America (California,
Oregon, Washington, Alaska and Hawaii) and Martinique (eastern Caribbean Sea).
♥ Genus: Potimirim Holthuis, 1954
Type species: Caridina mexicana De Saussure, 1857
Gender: Feminine
Potimirim Holthuis, 1954, Zool. Verh. Leiden, 23: 2
Synonym: Nil
Diagnosis:
• Rostrum short, unarmed above, but with teeth below.
• Carpus of 1st pereiopod excavated anteriorly.
• Arthrobranch only at the base of the 1st pereiopod.
• Epipods at the bases of 1st to 3rd or 4th pereiopods.
• Palmar portion of chelae very small; dactylus of these chelae almost as
long as the propodus.
• Pereiopods without exopods.
Remarks: With respect to the very small palmar portion of the chelae of 1st
and 2nd pereiopods Potimirim can be easily separated from other atyid genera. So
far four species have been reported worldwide.
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Distribution: Jamaica; West Indies; Brazil; Cuba; Republic of Trinidad; El
Salvador; Nicaragua; north-eastern Mexico and Florida, U.S.A.
Genus: Atyoida Randall, 1840
Type species: Atyoida bisulcata Randall, 1840
Gender: Feminine
Atyoida Randall, 1840, J. Aca. Nat. Sci. Phil., 8: 106
Synonyms: Atyoidea Gibbes, 1850 (erroneous spelling); Ortmannia
Rathbun, 1901; Pseudatya Roux, 1928; Vanderbiltia Boone, 1935.
Diagnosis:
• 1st and 2nd pereiopds with chelae heteromorphic; carpus of both
appendages excavated anteriorly.
• Pereiopod 3 elongate, merus equal in length or shorter than combined
lengths of carpus, propodus and dactylus (to base of claw).
• Pereiopods without exopods.
• Branchial complement consists of 5 pleurobranchiae, 3 arthrobranchiae,
1 podobranch, 5 epipods and 5 mastigobranchs.
• Endopod of 1st pleopod of male tapers gradually to form distally a
narrow appendix interna with retinacula; possibly protandrous.
Remarks: This genus is related to Australatya Chace, 1983 and Archaeatya
Villalobos, 1960 in having protandrous development. It also resembles Atya Leach,
1816; Atyopsis Chace, 1983; Australatya Chace, 1983; Typhlocaridina Liang &
Yan, 1981; Atyella Calman, 1906; Micratya Bouvier, 1913; Paracaridina Liang,
Guo & Tang, 1999; Halocaridina Holthuis, 1963 and Halocaridinides Fujino &
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Shokita, 1975 in having an excavation in the carpus of 1st and 2nd pereiopods. Two
species have been reported under this genus.
Distribution: Itajahy, Brazil; Oahu, Hawaiian Islands; Tahiti, eastern
Australia; New Zealand; Madagascar; Mauritius; Seychelles; Indonesia (Flores,
Timor, Sumatra); Philippines; New Guinea; Mariana Islands; Caroline Islands;
Solomon Islands; New Calidonia; Fiji Islands and French Polynesia (Mangareva,
Marquesas, Gambier Islands).
Genus: Atyopsis Chace, 1983
Type species: Atya spinipes Newport, 1847
Gender: Feminine
Atyopsis Chace, 1983, Smith. Contri. Zoo., No. 384: 1-54
Synonyms: Altya Roux, 1971 (erroneous spelling); Atyia Roux, 1932
(erroneous spelling).
Diagnosis:
• Rostrum without dorsal spines.
• Pterygostomian margin dentate or angular.
• Third maxilliped terminating in numerous stout setae, lacks the single
terminal spine.
• Pereiopods without exopods.
• 1st and 2nd pereiopods with chelae monomorphic (without palm), carpus
of both appendages excavated distally.
• Branchial complement consists of 5 pleurobranchiae, 3 arthrobranchiae,
1 podobranch, 5 epipods (reduced on 3rd and 4th pereiopods).
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• 2nd pleopod of male with appendix masculina spinose over entire length
distal to base of appendix interna.
• Telson with posterolateral angles overreaching setigerous posterior
margin.
Remarks: The genus shows affinities with Atya Leach, 1816; Atyella
Calman, 1906; Micratya Bouvier, 1913 and Australatya Chace, 1983 in having
monomorphic chela and an excavation in the carpus of 1st and 2nd pereiopods. Two
species have been reported under this genus.
Distribution: Fiji Islands; Philippines; Taiwan; Ryukyu Islands, Japan;
Samoa Islands; Sri Lanka; Indonesia (Sumatra, Java, Bali, Sulawesi, Borneo); New
Guinea; New Calidonia and Malasia.
Genus: Australatya Chace, 1983
Type species: Atya striolata McCulloch & McNeill, 1923
Gender: Feminine
Australatya Chace, 1983, Smith. Contri. Zool., No.384: 1-54
Synonyms: Atya McCulloch & McNeill, 1923; Atyoida Smith & Williams,
1982.
Diagnosis:
• Rostrum without dorsal spines; pterygostomian margin broadly
rounded.
• Pereiopods without exopods.
• 1st and 2nd pereiopods with chelae monomorphic; carpus of both
appendages excavated distally.
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• Branchial complement consists of 5 pleurobranchiae, 3 arthrobranchiae,
1 podobranch, 5 epipods (reduced on 3rd and 4th pereiopods).
• 2nd pleopod of male with appendix masculina spinose on less than distal
third of length, possibly protandrous.
Remarks: It is related to Atyoida Randall, 1840 and Archaeatya Villalobos,
1960 in having protandrous development. It also resembles Atya Leach, 1816;
Atyopsis Chace, 1983; Atyoida Randall, 1840; Typhlocaridina Liang & Yan, 1981;
Atyella Calman, 1906; Micratya Bouvier, 1913; Paracaridina Liang, Guo & Tang,
1999; Halocaridina Holthuis, 1963 and Halocaridinides Fujino & Shokita, 1975 in
having an excavation in the carpus of 1st and 2nd pereiopods. Only one species has
been reported under this genus.
Distribution: Rivers and streams along the east coast of Australia.
Genus: Sinodina Liang & Cai, 1999
Type species: Caridina gregoriana Kemp, 1923
Gender: Feminine
Sinodina Liang & Cai, 1999, Raff. Bull. Zoo., 47 (2): 577-590
Synonym: Caridina Kemp, 1923
Diagnosis:
• One arthrobranch each on 3rd maxilliped and 1st pereiopod.
• 3rd and 4th pereiopods sexually dimorphic, male with propodus dilated
distally at flexor margin, armed with numerous small spinules, dactylus
long, about half as long as propodus, with 15-30 spines at flexor
margin; female with propodus not dilated, dactylus long, flexor margin
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with 10-21 spines. 3rd pereiopod of male distinctly longer than that of
female.
• Podobranch only a single lamella.
• No exopods on pereiopods.
• Epipods on 3rd maxilliped and 1st to 4th pereiopods.
Remarks: With respect to the branchial complement this genus resembles
Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 and Neocaridina Kubo, 1938. Twelve species
have been reported in this genus.
Distribution: Southern China.
Genus: Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837
Type species: Caridina typus H. Milne Edwards, 1837
Gender: Feminine
Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837, Hist. nat. Crust., 2: 362
Synonyms: Caradina Bate, 1863 (erroneous spelling); Carinida Filhol,
1886 (erroneous spelling); Caridine Urita, 1921 (erroneous spelling); Cardina
Hora, 1933 (erroneous spelling); Caradrina Carvalho, 1936 (erroneous spelling);
not Caridina Rathbun, 1906; Edmondson, 1929; Banner &Banner, 1960.
Diagnosis:
• Eyes well developed or reduced with a little pigment.
• Rostrum generally serrated on both the margins.
• Carapace with antennal spine, pterygostomian spine in a few species.
• Carpus of 2nd pair of legs longer than broad, generally not very deeply
excavated anteriorly.
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• Palmar portion of chelae distinct, dactylus of these chelae much shorter
than the propodus.
• Epipods on 1st to 4th pereiopods.
• 3rd maxilliped with 2 arthrobranchiae.
• 1st pereiopod with a single arthrobranch.
• Pereiopods without exopods.
Remarks: This is the only genus represented in India and is distributed
widely. So far 279 species (De Grave et al., 2009) have been reported worldwide
and from India 25 species have been recorded. During the present study 15 species
were collected and presented, of which three are new to science.
Distribution: Islands of Indian Ocean and Indo-Malaysia; Mauritius;
Seychelles; Indonesia (Saleyer, Celebes, Amboina, Flores, Sumatra, java); Loo-
choo islands; Commonwealth of Dominica; Japan (Bonin Islands, Ryukyu Islands);
Zulu Island, South Africa; Iran; east Africa to eastern Australia; Dar es Salaam,
Tanzania; Queensland; Egypt; Auckland, New Zealand; Sudan; Uganda;
Democratic Republic of Congo; Hong Kong; China; Taiwan; Fiji Islands; Santo
Island, Republic of Vanuatu; Sri Lanka; India; Myanmar; Singapore and Vietnam.
♣ Genus: Typhlocaridina Liang & Yan, 1981
Type species: Typhlocaridina lanceifrons Liang & Yan, 1981
Gender: Feminine
Typhlocaridina Liang & Yan, 1981, Acta. Zootaxon. Sin., 6 (1): 31
Synonym: Nil
Diagnosis:
• Eyes without pigment.
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• Rostrum compressed, with dorsal teeth concentrated on anterior part of
carapace behind the orbit.
• Carpus of 1st and 2nd chelipeds deeply excavated anteriorly.
• No exopods on pereiopods.
• Endopod of male 1st pleopod ends in a slender appendix interna.
Remarks: This genus shows similarities with Caridinopsis Bouvier, 1912,
in common both the genera possess dorsal rostral teeth which are concentrated on
the proximal carapace behind the orbit. Three species have been recorded
worldwide.
Distribution: Guangxi, China.
N Genus: Neocaridina Kubo, 1938
Type species: Caridina denticulata sinensis Kemp, 1918
Gender: Feminine
Neocaridina Kubo, 1938, J. Imp. Fish. Inst. Tokyo, 33
Synonym: Caridina Kemp, 1918
Diagnosis:
• Endopod of male 1st pleopod pear-shaped or palm shaped.
• Appendix masculina of male 2nd pleopod dilated.
Remarks: Resembles Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 in branchial
formula and general characteristics. So far 23 species have been reported under this
genus.
Distribution: Oahu, Hawaiian Islands; Korea; China; Ryukyu Islands, Japan
and Taiwan.
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Genus: Jonga Hart, 1961
Type species: Ortmannia serrei, 1961; Bouvier, 1909
Gender: Feminine
Jonga Hart, 1961, Notulae Naturae (Philadelphia), 342: 3
Synonyms: Ortmannia Bouvier, 1909; Ortmannia Schmidt, 1935;
Potimirim Holthuis, 1951.
Diagnosis:
• Rostrum without dorsal teeth, ventral margin dentate but not finely
serrate.
• Orbital margin armed dorsally with row of denticles.
• Pereiopods without exopods.
Remarks: The row of denticles on the dorsal rostral margin distinguishes it
from other atyid genera. So far only one species has been reported under this
genus.
Distribution: Jamaica.
Genus: Atydina Cai, 2010
Type species: Caridina atyoides, Nobili, 1900
Gender: Feminine
Atydina Cai, 2010, Zootaxa, 2372: 75
Synonym: Caridina atyoides, Nobili, 1900
Diagnosis:
• Robust 3rd and 4th pereiopods.
• Inflated cylindrical appendix masculina on the male second pleopod.
Remarks: Atydina is related to Atyopsis Chace, 1983 and Caridina H. Milne
Edwards, 1837. So far only one species has been reported under this genus.
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Distribution: Indonesia.
1.4 Subfamily Caridellinae Holthuis, 1986
Caridellinae Holthuis, 1986, Zool. Med., 60 (7): 103
Synonym: Série Caridellienne Bouvier, 1925
Diagnosis:
• Eyes generally well developed and with pigment.
• Pereiopods without exopods and arthrobranchiae.
Remarks: So far 20 genera have been reported under this subfamily.
1.4.1 Diagnosis of genera recorded under the subfamily
Caridellinae Holthuis, 1986
A Genus: Atyella Calman, 1906
Type species: Atyella brevirostris Calman, 1906
Gender: Feminine
Atyella Calman, 1906, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1906 (1): 201
Synonym: Nil
Diagnosis:
• Anterolateral angle of basal segment of antennular peduncle with a
slender tooth, reaching midlength of 2nd segment. Several teeth of
dorsal rostral series placed behind the orbit.
• 3rd maxilliped with a rudimentary arthrobranch.
• Chelae monomorphic, carpus of the 1st and 2nd pereiopods anteriorly
excavated.
• Pereiopods without exopods and arthrobranchiae.
• Pleurobranchiae on somites bearing 4 anterior pairs of pereiopods.
• Epipods on 1st to 3rd pairs of pereiopods.
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Remarks: The genus resembles Caridella Calman, 1906 in having a
rudimentary arthrobranch at the base of the 3rd maxilliped and pleurobranchiae only
on the 1st to 4th pereiopods. Three species have been reported under this genus.
Distribution: Lake Tanganyika, Zambia.
Genus: Caridella Calman, 1906
Type species: Caridella cunningtoni Calman, 1906
Gender: Feminine
Caridella Calman, 1906, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1906 (1): 198
Synonym: Nil
Diagnosis:
• A rudimentary arthrobranch at the base of the 3rd maxilliped.
• No pleurobranch on the 5th somite.
• Carpus of only the 1st pereiopod anteriorly excavated.
• Chelae with a distinct palmar portion.
• Pereiopods without exopods and arthrobranchiae.
Remarks: It shows similarities to Atyella Calman, 1906 in branchial
complement but differs in having a chela with a distinct palmar portion. Three
species are present under this genus.
Distribution: Lake Tanganyika, Zambia.
♠ Genus: Caridinides Calman, 1926
Type species: Caridinides wilkinsi Calman, 1926
Gender: Masculine
Caridinides Calman, 1926, Ann. Mag. nat. Hist., (9) 17: 242
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Synonym: Nil
Diagnosis:
• Exopod present at the base of the 1st pereiopod.
• Carpus of 2nd pair of legs longer than broad, generally not very deeply
excavated anteriorly.
• Epipods only on the 1st and 2nd pereiopods.
Remarks: It is the single genus in the subfamily Caridellinae having an
exopod on the 1st pereiopod. So far only one species has been reported under this
genus.
Distribution: Australia.
§ Genus: Caridinopsis Bouvier, 1912
Type species: Caridinopsis chevalieri Bouvier, 1912
Gender: Masculine
Caridinopsis Bouvier, 1912, Bull. Mus. Hist. nat. Paris, 18: 300
Synonym: Nil
Diagnosis:
• Rostrum rather long, but the dorsal spines concentrated behind the orbit,
no spines or teeth on the dorsal margin of the rostrum proper.
• Carpus of the 1st pereiopod not excavated anteriorly.
• Epipods present on 1st to 4th pereiopods.
• All pereiopods with pleurobranchiae; 3rd maxilliped with two
arthrobranchiae.
• Pereiopods without exopods and arthrobranchiae.
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Remarks: Resembles Typhlocaridina Liang & Yan, 1981 in the position of
the rostral teeth, but can be distinguished by the branchial complement. Only one
species under this genus.
Distribution: French Guinea and West Africa.
Genus: Edoneus Holthuis, 1978
Type species: Edoneus atheatus Holthuis, 1978
Gender: Masculine
Edoneus Holthuis, 1978, Zoo. Mede. Uit. door het. Rij. van Nat. Hist. Lei.,
53 (19): 209
Synonym: Nil
Diagnosis:
• Eyes developed or reduced.
• Carapace without supraorbital or any other spines, pterygostomian
margin broadly rounded.
• No arthrobranch on pereiopods, no arthrobranch or a rudimentary
arthrobranch on 3rd maxilliped; podobranch vestigial or less developed.
• Epipods on 1-4 pereiopods; pleurobranchiae on all pereiopods.
• Pereiopods without exopods.
• The outermost spine of uropodal diaeresis distinctly longer than lateral
angle.
Remarks: It is closely allied to Limnocaridella Bouvier, 1913 in its
branchial complement. Four species have been reported under this genus.
Distribution: Philippines.
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≬ Genus: Lancaris Cai & Bahir, 2005
Type species: Caridina singhalensis Ortmann, 1894
Gender: Feminine
Lancaris Cai & Bahir, 2005, Raff. Bull. Zoo., 12: 39
Synonym: Caridina Ortmann, 1894
Diagnosis:
• Rostrum depressed, sharp, unarmed ventrally.
• Second maxilliped with a laminar shaped podobranch.
• 3rd maxilliped with an arthrobranch.
• Pereiopods without arthrobranchiae.
• Epipods on 1st to 4th pereiopods.
• Diaeresis with 22-35 movable spinules, lateral angle much shorter than
mesial spines.
• Distal margin of telson with intermediate pairs of setae much longer
than lateral pairs of spines.
Remarks: It shows similarities with Caridina H. Milne Edwards, 1837 but
can be differentiated by the branchial complement and the laminar shaped
podobranch on the 2nd maxilliped. This species is related to Parisia Holthuis, 1956
under the subfamily Caridellinae in having a vestigial podobranch and a single
arthrobranch on the 3rd maxilliped. Two species have been recorded under this
genus.
Distribution: Sri Lanka.
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Limnocaridella Bouvier, 1913
Type species: Limnocaridina alberti Lenz, 1910
Gender: Feminine
Limnocaridella Bouvier, 1913, Bull. Soc. Entom. France, 1913: 180
Synonym: Nil
Diagnosis:
• Carpus of the 1st pereiopod not or not noticeably excavated anteriorly.
• A rudimentary arthrobranch present at the base of the 3rd maxilliped.
• Pereiopods without exopods and arthrobranchiae.
• Epipods present on 1st to 3rd pereiopods.
• Pleurobranch on the 5th leg generally absent; no podobranch on the 2nd
maxilliped.
Remarks: It shows similarities to Limnocaridina Calman, 1899 in lacking a
podobranch on the 2nd maxilliped and having pleurobranchiae only on the 1st to 4th
pereiopods. Only one species has been reported under this genus.
Distribution: Central Africa.
Genus: Limnocaridina Calman, 1899
Type species: Limnocaridina tanganyikae Calman, 1899
Gender: Feminine
Limnocaridina Calman, 1899, Proc. Zool. Soc. Lond., 1899: 704
Synonym: Nil
Diagnosis:
• No podobranch on the 2nd maxilliped.
• No arthrobranch on the 3rd maxilliped.
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• Carpus of the 1st pereiopod not or not noticeably excavated anteriorly.
• Pereiopods without exopods and arthrobranchiae.
• No epipods on any of the pereiopods.
• Pleurobranch on the 5th leg generally absent.
Remarks: This genus resembles Limnocaridella Bouvier, 1913, but can be
distinguished by the absence of epipods on the pereiopods and arthrobranch on the
3rd maxilliped. So far eight species have been reported under this genus.
Distribution: Lake Tanganyika, Zambia.
Z Genus: Marosina Cai & Ng, 2005
Type species: Marosina brevirostris Cai & Ng, 2005
Gender: Feminine
Marosina Cai & Ng, P.K.L., 2005, Crustaceana, 78 (2): 129
Synonym: Nil
Diagnosis:
• Eyes strongly reduced, without pigment.
• No arthrobranch at the base of the 1st pereiopod.
• Epipods present on 1-4 pereiopods.
• 3rd pereiopod terminating in one long claw, with one or two accessory
spines.
• Appendix interna of male 2nd pleopod reaching to end of appendix
masculina.
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Remarks: It shows similarities with Parisia Holthuis, 1956 in the form of
endopod, telson and branchial formula. Two species have been reported under this
genus.
Distribution: Sulawesi, Indonesia.
U Genus: Micratya Bouvier, 1913
Type species: Atya poeyi Guérin Méneville, 1856
Gender: Feminine
Micratya Bouvier, 1913, Bull. Soc. Entom. France, 1913: 181
Synonyms: Calmania Bouvier, 1909 (invalid junior homonym of Calmania
Laurie, 1906); Balssiola Strand, 1922 (substitute name for Calmania Bouvier,
1909).
Diagnosis:
• All dorsal rostral teeth confined to the rostrum proper.
• Anterolateral angle of basal segment of antennular peduncle without
tooth.
• 3rd maxilliped with one well developed and one rudimentary
arthrobranch.
• Chelae monomorphic, carpus of the 1st and 2nd pereiopods excavated
anteriorly.
• Pereiopods without exopods and arthrobranchiae.
• Pleurobranchiae on somites bearing 4 anterior pairs of pereiopods,
mastigobranchs on 4 anterior pairs of pereiopods.
• Epipods on 1_ 3 pairs of pereiopods.
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Remarks: It resembles Atyopsis Chace, 1983; Atyella Calman, 1906, Atya
Leach, 1861 and Australatya Chace, 1983 in having monomorphic chela and an
excavation in the carpus of 1st and 2nd pereiopods. So far only one species has been
recorded under this genus.
Distribution: Jamaica; Costa Rica and Panama.
β Genus: Archaeatya Villalobos, 1960
Type species: Archaeatya chacei Villalobos, 1960
Gender: Feminine
Archaeatya Villalobos, 1960, Ana. del Insti. de Biol. Uni. Nac. Auto. Mex.,
30 (1-2): 31
Synonym: Nil
Diagnosis:
• Rostrum without median dorsal spines.
• Pterygostomian margin of carapace rounded.
• Third maxilliped with 2 arthrobranchiae.
• Epipods on 4 anterior pairs of pereiopods, mastigobranchs on all 5
pereiopods, pleurobranchiae on all 5 somites bearing pereiopods.
• No exopods and arthrobranchiae on pereiopods.
• Propodus and carpus of 3rd pereiopod are densely covered by small,
strong spines.
• Endopod of 1st pleopod of male tapering from base to tip, possibly
protandrous.
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Remarks: It is related to Australatya Chace, 1983 and Atyoida Randall,
1840 in having protandrous development. Only one species has been reported
under this genus.
Distribution: Costa Rica; Cocos Island; Perlas Archipelago and Gulf of
Panama.
s Genus: Puteonator Gurney, 1987
Type species: Puteonator iraqiensis Gurney, 1987
Gender: Masculine
Puteonator Gurney, 1987, Crustaceana, 53 (2): 160
Synonym: Nil
Diagnosis:
• Eyes reduced; rostrum short, unarmed.
• Antenna 2 with finger-like process arising from inner margin of basal
segment.
• 2 arthrobranchiae on 3rd maxilliped.
• Propodus of male pereiopods 3 and 4 widened distally with inner
margin convex and many marginal and sub-marginal spines.
• Pleurobranchiae present on all pereiopods.
• Epipods on all maxillipeds and 1-4 pereiopods.
• Appendix interna of male pleopod 1 arising at apex of endopod, with
retinacula at tip.
Remarks: With respect to branchial formula, Puteonator shows affinities
with Archaeatya Villalobos, 1960; Potimirim Holthuis, 1954 and Caridinopsis
Bouvier, 1912. So far 4 species have been recorded under this genus.
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Distribution: Southern Iraq.
D Genus: Paracaridina Liang, Guo & Tang, 1999
Type species: Caridina longispina Guo et He, 1992
Gender: Feminine
Paracaridina Liang, Guo & Tang, 1999, J. Fish. China, 23: 69
Synonym: Caridina Liang & Yan, 1986
Diagnosis:
• Supraorbital spine absent.
• Two arthrobranchiae on 3rd maxilliped.
• No arthrobranch on the first pereiopod.
• 1st and 2nd pereiopods with carpus anteriorly excavated, fingers with
brushes of setae.
• Epipods on 1- 4 pereiopods.
Remarks: Resembles Caridina H. M. Edws., 1837 in general characteristics
but differs in lacking an arthrobranch in the 1st pereiopod. So far 5 species have
been recorded under this genus.
Distribution: Southern China.
Genus: Mancicaris Liang, Guo & Tang, 1999
Type species: Mancicaris sinensis Liang, Guo & Tang, 1999
Gender: Feminine
Mancicaris Liang, Guo & Tang, 1999, J. Fish. China, 23: 69
Synonym: Nil
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Diagnosis:
• Eyes without pigment.
• Supraorbital spine absent.
• Exopod of the 1st maxilliped has no flagellum.
• No arthrobranch on the first pereiopod, two on the 3rd maxilliped.
• Epipods on 1st to 4th pereiopods.
Remarks: The absence of flagellum in the exopod of the 1st maxilliped
distinguishes it from other atyid genera. So far only one species has been reported.
Distribution: China.
Genus: Parisia Holthuis, 1956
Type species: Parisia macrophthalma Holthuis, 1956
Gender: Feminine
Parisia Holthuis, 1956, Vie et Milieu 7: 43
Synonym: Nil
Diagnosis:
• Eyes sometimes reduced, if reduced with or without a small pigment
spot.
• Carapace without supraorbital or pterygostomian spines.
• 2nd maxilliped with a vestigial podobranch.
• 3rd maxilliped with a distinct arthrobranch and sometimes with
rudiments of a second.
• Pereiopods without exopods and arthrobranchiae.
• Epipods on 1st to 4th pereiopods.
Remarks: Eight species have been reported under this genus so far.
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Distribution: Australia; Madagascar; Zanzibar Island; Tanzania; Luzon and
Philippines.
Ψ Genus: Pycneus Holthuis, 1986
Type species: Pycneus morsitans, 1986
Gender: Masculine
Pycneus Holthuis, 1986, Zool. Med., 60 (7): 103
Synonym: Nil
Diagnosis:
• Eyes degenerated, without pigment.
• Rostrum very short, wider than long, depressed, unarmed.
• Carapace without spines.
• 3rd maxilliped with a small arthrobranch.
• Pleurobranchiae on 1-4 pereiopods.
• Epipods on 1st to 3rd pereiopods.
• Pereiopods without exopods and arthrobranchiae.
• Fingers of chelipeds with sharp hooked tips and relatively few hairs.
Remarks: Resembles Atyella Calman, 1906; Caridella Calman, 1906;
Halocaridina Holthuis, 1963; Halocaridinides Fujino & Shokita, 1975;
Limnocaridella Bouvier, 1913 and Limnocaridina Calman, 1899 in having
pleurobranchiae at the base of the 1st to 4th pereiopods. Only one species has been
reported under this genus.
Distribution: Western Australia.
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Genus: Halocaridina Holthuis, 1963
Type species: Halocaridina rubra Holthuis, 1963
Gender: Masculine
Halocaridina Holthuis, 1963, Zool. Med., 38 (16): 261
Synonyms: Caridina Rathbun, 1906; Caridina Edmondson, 1929; Caridina
Banner & Banner, 1960.
Diagnosis:
• Eyes reduced, with pigment.
• Rostrum unarmed, carapace without spines.
• Pleurobranchiae on pereiopods 1 to 4, no other branchiae present.
• Epipods on 1st to 3rd pereiopods.
• Carpus of 1st and 2nd chelipeds deeply excavated anteriorly.
• Exopods absent from all pereiopods.
• 1st pleopod of male ending in a narrow appendix interna.
• Diaeresis with 1 or 2 spines.
Remarks: In the reduced number of branchiae Halocaridina resembles
Limnocaridina Calman, 1899; Limnocaridella Bouvier, 1913; Atyella Calman, 1906
and Caridella Calman, 1906. Two species have been recorded under this genus.
Distribution: Hawaiian Islands.
H Genus: Halocaridinides Fujino & Shokita, 1975
Type species: Halocaridina (Halocaridinides) trigonophthalma Fujino & Shokita,
1975
Gender: Masculine
Halocaridinides Fujino & Shokita, 1975, Bull. Sci. Eng. Div., Uni. Ryukyu, 18: 93
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Synonyms: Palauatya Hart, 1980; Caridina Rathbun, 1906; Caridina
Edmondson, 1929; Caridina Banner & Banner, 1960.
Diagnosis:
• Cornea very small, pigmented.
• Rostrum unarmed, carapace without spines.
• Pleurobranchiae on pereiopods 1 to 4, no other branchiae present.
• Epipods on 1-3 pereiopods; exopods absent on pereiopods.
• Carpus of 1st and 2nd pereiopods excavated anteriorly.
• No appendix interna on the endopod of male 1st pleopod.
• Exhibits sexual dimorphism, in males propodus of the 3rd and 4th legs
widened distally and forms a subchela with the dactylus.
Remarks: Fujino & Shokita created a subgenus Halocaridinides under the
genus Halocaridina. Later Holthuis (1982) revised the subgenus Halocaridinides
and elevated to the genus level. He has also synonymized the genus Palauatya
Hart, 1980 to this genus. Two species have been recorded under this genus.
Distribution: Ryukyu Islands, Okinawa Island, Japan; Palau district, West
Caroline Islands; Guam and Philippines.
W Genus: Pycnisia Bruce, 1992
Type species: Pycnisia raptor Bruce, 1992
Gender: Feminine
Pycnisia Bruce, 1992, Invertebrate Taxonomy, 6 (3): 553
Synonym: Nil
Diagnosis:
• Eyes small with reduced pigmentation.
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• Rostrum extremely small, acute, much wider than long.
• 3rd and 4th pereiopods developed into massive raptorial appendages.
• Exopodites absent from all pereiopods.
Remarks: Two species have been reported worldwide.
Distribution: Australia.
∞ Genus: Jolivetya Cals, 1986
Type species: Jolivetya foresti Cals, 1986
Gender: Feminine
Jolivetya Cals, 1986, P. Acad. Sci., 303(10): 387
Synonym: Nil
Diagnosis:
• Eyes degenerated and non-pigmented.
Remarks: Only one species has been reported.
Distribution: Australia and Madagascar.
Delclosia Rabadá, 1993
Delclosia, the only fossil genus under the family Atyidae, has been reported
from Spain. So far two species namely, Delclosia martinelli Rabadá, 1993 &
Delclosia roselli (Via, 1971) have been reported.
1.5 Global distribution pattern of genera under the Family Atyidae
The global distribution pattern of the 43 genera discussed above are shown
in Fig. 1. It reveals that wide range of distribution has been noticed in Caridina and
Atya and narrow distributional range has been reported in the cases of Pycnisia,
Halocaridina, Pycneus, Mancicaris, Paracaridina, Puteonator, Marosina,
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Limnocaridina, Limnocaridella, Lancaris, Edoneus, Caridinopsis, Caridinides,
Caridella, Atyella, Atydina, Jonga, Typhlocaridina, Sinodina, Australatya,
Typhlopatsa, Stygiocaris, Gallocaris and Syncaris. With respect to species richness
Caridina contains the maximum number of species whereas Gallocaris,
Antecaridina, Typhlopatsa, Australatya, Jonga, Atydina, Caridinides, Caridinopsis,
Limnocaridella, Micratya, Archaeatya, Mancicaris, Pycneus and Jolivetya are
monotypic genera. Maximum congregation of genera has been reported between
30°N and 30°S and the distributional range extends up to 47°N and 47°S.
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Legend to Symbols
Global distribution pattern of genera under the family Atyidae
1 Atyaephyra 23 A Atyella
2 Dugastella 24 Caridella
3 P Palaemonias 25 ♠ Caridinides
4 Paratya 26 § Caridinopsis
5 Syncaris 27 Edoneus
6 Troglocaris 28 ≬ Lancaris
7 Gallocaris 29 Limnocaridella
8 Antecaridina 30 Limnocaridina
9 $ Stygiocaris 31 Z Marosina
10 Typhlatya 32 U Micratya
11 T Typhlopatsa 33 β Archaeatya
12 Ω Atya 34 S Puteonator
13 ♥ Potimirim 35 D Paracaridina
14 Atyoida 36 Mancicaris
15 Atyopsis 37 Parisia
16 Australatya 38 Ψ Pycneus
17 Sinodina 39 Halocaridina
18 Caridina 40 H Halocaridinides
19 ♣ Typhlocaridina 41 W Pycnisia
20 N Neocaridina 42 ∞ Jolivetya
21 Jonga 43 Delclosia
22 Atydina
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