CHAPTER 1

Chemistry

What is Chemistry?

Natural Sciences

Chemistry -

Study of composition, structure, and properties of substances and the changes they undergo

Biological Sciences

• Concerned with living things

Physical Sciences

• Non-living things

• CHEMISTRY!!

What is Chemistry?

Chemistry Study of the composition, structure, and

properties of matter and the changes it undergoes Chemical

Any substance that has a specific composition Examples – sucrose, carbon dioxide, water

Branches of Chemistry Organic

Study of substances containing carbon Inorganic

Study of substances that do not contain carbon Physical

Study of interrelationships between energy and matter Biochemistry

Study of processes that occur in living things Analytical

Identification of substances and determination of the composition Theoretical

Uses math and computers to explain and make predictions

Types of Research

Basic Research Increasing knowledge How? Why?

Applied Solve a problem

Technological Development Production and use of products that improve our

quality of life

Basic Building Blocks of Matter

Atom Smallest unit of an element that maintains the properties of

that element Smallest “piece” of matter

Element A pure substance made up of only one kind of atom

Weight Measure of the Earth’s gravitational pull for matter Use a scale

Mass Measure of the amount of matter in a substance Use a balance

Basic Building Blocks of Matter

Matter Anything that has mass and takes up space

Inertia Resistance to change in motion

Law of Conservation of Mass Matter cannot be created or destroyed in ordinary

chemical reactions

Properties

Extensive property Depends on the amount of matter Volume, mass, shape, state

Intensive property Does NOT depend on amount of matter Density, melting point, boiling point

Properties

Physical property Can be observed or measured without

altering identity of substance Color, weight

Physical change Any change that does NOT change identity

of substance Melting, cutting wire

Properties Change of state

Physical change from one state to another States of matter

Solid Definite volume, definite shape; closely packed Rotational motion of particles

Liquid Definite volume, indefinite shape; Not as closely packed Rotational and Vibrational motion

Gas Indefinite volume and shape; Widely spaced particles Rotational, Vibrational and Translational motion

Plasma High temperature state in which atoms lose electrons http://public.lanl.gov/alp/plasma/ubiquitous.html

Properties

Chemical property Ability of a substance to undergo a change that alters its

identity

Chemical change A change in which new, different substance are formed (a

change to its identity) Reactant

Substances that undergo a change Product

Substances that are formed Reactants Products

Evidence of a chemical change Test products

Only way to have proof! Gives of heat and/or light

Chemiluminescence – gives off light Start video at 1:15

Exothermic Rxn – gives off heat

Endothermic Rxn – takes in heat

Production of a gas (bubbles) Formation of a precipitate

Precipitate – a solid that separates from solution

Quiz

http://www.quia.com/quiz/303980.html Demos

Hot/Cold Packs Vinegar/Baking Soda “Beverage” simulation Chemiluminescence Stop Light Reaction Oscillating Color

Energy

Ability to cause change or ability to do work Examples – chemical, electrical, mechanical,

sound, thermal, light, and more… Classification

Kinetic Energy of motion

Potential Stored energy

Energy

Law of Conservation of Energy Energy can be converted from one form to

another; cannot be created or destroyed Law of Conservation of Mass (matter) and

Energy Matter and energy cannot be created or

destroyed

Classification of Matter Two types of matter

Mixture – blend of 2 or more kinds of matter; each keeps own properties; can be separated physically Heterogeneous – not uniform throughout

Salt and pepper, pizza, granite Homogeneous – uniform in composition; solution

Salt water

Pure substance – same composition; cannot be separated by physical means (you lose all original properties when separating) Element – cannot be decomposed by ordinary change

Au, Fe, Na Compound – can be decomposed into 2 or more simpler

substances - chemically H2O, sugar

Classification of Matter

=SAME THROUGHOUT

(Text – Pg 15)

Matter

Law of Definite Composition A chemical compound contains the same

elements in exactly the same proportion by mass regardless of size

Elements

They are the building blocks of matter They are organized on the Periodic Table Group/Family

Vertical columns (1-18) Elements very similar to each other in a family

Period Horizontal rows (1-7)

Elements

Types of elements Metals

Left side of Periodic Table Good conductor or heat/electricity, luster, ductile, malleable

Nonmetals Right side of table Poor conductor Noble Gases – group 18, non-reactive, very stable

Metalloids Along step ladder Semiconductors – Si, Ge

Elements

KNOW THE COMMON ELEMENT NAMES AND SYMBOLS!!! THESE WILL NOT GO AWAY. YOU ARE GOING TO NEED THEM ALL YEAR LONG!!!

PERIOD

GROUP/FAMILY

METALS

NONMETALS

METALLOIDS