Chapter 1

7th Grade

Section 1.1Societies of North America

The First People in America

Scientists believe that the first Americans migrated, or moved, to the Americas from Asia.

Some ancient people may have crossed a land bridge,

known as Beringia, that joined Asia and North

America during the last Ice Age 12,000 years ago.

• Pre-Columbian

time period.• First

Americans came from

Asia• Crossed the Bering Strait during an Ice

Age• Following a

food source• Gradual migration

Clovis PeopleoIs the name given to the first peoples to settle North AmericaoDates from 13,000 to 11,000 for their arrivaloClovis people left behind many artifacts that have been scientifically dated

Clovis People Continued…oThere are many sites throughout North America Identified as “Clovis sites”oSites are identified usually by the types of arrowheads found oThey lived by hunting big game, most of which is now extinct

AFTER CLOVISoPrevailing theory is that Clovis People are the ancestors of all Native American groupsoThe Clovis way of life ended with the extinction of the animals they huntedoDifferent groups split off from one another, forming their own cultures in different locations throughout North America oGenetic study suggests that all Native American groups can be linked to a single “founding population”

Maybe there were other ways people migrated to what we now call North and South America.

Some scientists believe humans came to the Americas much earlier than 12,000 years ago.

Two young men, Will Thomas and Dave Deacy, discovered Kennewick Man’s skull at Columbia Park in Kennewick, Washington while sneaking into a hydroplane race on July 28, 1996.

• Anthropologist James (Jim) Chatters was assigned to investigate the bones.

• U.S. Army Corps of Engineers originally had legal custody of Kennewick Man.

• Confederate Tribes of the Umatilla Indians, whose ancestors had lived in the area, wanted to gain custody of Kennewick Man.

Controversy

• DNA was inconclusive but radiocarbon testing indicated he had lived approximately 9,500 years ago.

• Umatilla Confederacy wanted to rebury Kennewick Man according to their culture’s traditions.

• Chatters believed Kennewick Man predated Umatilla and that reburial without study would disrespect his people’s proper place in human history.

Controversy

Three skull shapes representing three major races is concept from 1800’s, considered too simplistic and out of date by modern anthropologists.

Modern peoples often look different from their ancestors. Even by studying Kennewick Man’s skull shape, physical anthropologists cannot place him in any modern-day racial or ethnic category.

What is Race?

Testing the Skeleton

• Scientists tried DNA testing to find out how closely he is or is not related to other ancient populations.

• DNA can be found in teeth and bones, but much more easily in blood, urine, hair, skin tissue and organs.

• Cell matter degrades over. Also, if bones come in contact with other DNA (others handling bones or animals contacting bones) tests can be sabotaged.

• Thus far, efforts to test Kennewick Man’s DNA has been unsuccessful.

• Other tests and observation of skeleton have led scientists to other conclusions.

What you can determine from a skull:

Proportional arrangements of facial features

Approximate age Sex Teeth-individual characteristics and

conditions Injuries, malnutrition and some

illnesses Approximate weight Possible indicators of ancestry

What you cannot determine from a skull:

Skin color and freckles or other markings

Wrinkles or other lines on skin Hair color, type and style Facial hair (mustache, beard) Eyebrows and eyelid structure Eye color Shape and length of nose Shape of ears Shape of lips and mouth

Scientist Findings (as of 12/2011)

• Kennewick Man had been about 5’9” or 5’10” tall.

• Bone mass showed he had been very muscular and strong.

• He had arthritis in both knees as well as in his right elbow and in some vertebrae.

• Had been hit in the front of the hip by an assailant throwing a spear, but not fatal.

• Hip bone had grown back around the spear point.

Other Theories and FindingsMost scientists believe Kennewick Man most closely related to ancient Polynesians or Ainu, generally light-skinned (not Caucasian) people from Asia. People that migrated to America’s during last ice age, either by land bridge or by boat.

Kennewick Man’s Tool Kit1. Lump of red ocher to make

designs on bodies or rocks, decorate deceased before burial or as insect repellant.

2. Crescent (fragment here; archaeologists don’t know purpose.

3. 3a and 3b-scrapers for shaping bone and wood.

4. Bone needle for sewing.5. Bola-set of stones tied together

to stun or snare birds and long-legged animals.

Kennewick Man’s Tool Kit

6. 6a-d- spear points for killing game animals (and also sometimes used as knives for cutting). 6e is set to a foreshaft with sinew or animal tendon.

7. Barbed harpoon point, possibly for spearing fish. May have fastened to foreshaft to use as spear.

Currently, Kennewick Man is in special protective storage at the Burke Museum in Seattle.

Artifacts have been found in South

America that tests show to be 30,000

years old.

Some scientists believe that people came to

the Americas by many routes, including by

boat, over thousands of years.

The Emergence of Civilizations

About 1200 B.C., the Olmec arose in a region from central Mexico to present-day Nicaragua. The thrived for 800 years and

built large cities and earthen mounds shaped like pyramids. Then, around 400 B.C. they mysteriously vanished. Then 650 years later, the Maya had developed a

great civilization. They abandoned many of their cities.

Olmec Head No. 3 from San Lorenzo Tenochtitlan 1200–900 BCE El Castillo, the most

iconic Mayan pyramid

Early Native American Civilizations

•The Hohokam used Irrigation to alter their dry environment to make farming possible.

Culture area

Beginning about 100 A.D. , the Anasazi lived in what is now Utah, Arizona, Colorado, and New Mexico. They were mainly farmers, but around 1300, drought or warfare caused the Anasazi to leave their homes.

Cliff dwellings could be 600 feet above the canyon floor.

See next slide for the ladder they could pull up to avoid attacks.

Peoples of the North and WestThe Aleut (uh-LOOT)

The Inuit (in-you-it)

Peoples of the North and West cont.Pueblo Indians – Like their ancestors, the Anasazi and Hohokam, they used irrigation for farming.

Navajo and Apache-nomadic hunter, gatherers

Geronimo

Peoples of Mexico

Aztecs

Capital of Tenochtitlan located on an island in Lake Texcoco.

Aztecs created a great civilization in what is now

central Mexico.

In 1325, the Aztecs began to build their

capital city, Tenochtitlan, on islands in Lake

Texcoco.

Peoples of the Great Plains and East

There were many nomadic tribes that lived on the Great Plains.

Four hundred years ago, Iroquois people were slash-and-burn farmers, who cut and burned clearings in the forest for their longhouse villages and farm fields.

Section 1.2Societies of West Africa and Europe

Africa in 1500Show Empires of Africa on Disc. Ed. And start at 43:15.

Ghana and Islam

•Ghana became the first West African kingdom to grow rich by controlling the trade of salt and gold.

Mali and Songhai

By the 1200’s, another West African kingdom, Mali, had taken over most of Ghana’s territory. Its wealth also came

from control of gold and salt.

Then its leader died and the power of Mali decreased. The Songhai people living near the Niger River broke

away from the empire’s control and created their own empire.

As these empires rose and fell, a number of social changes were occurring in Europe-changes that would

push them to explore the world.

Europe Undergoes Great Change

The Middle AgesLife in the Middle Ages Disc. Ed

FeudalismThe Rise of Feudalism on Disc. Ed in My Content

If time…Show Feudalism and the Manor System Teacher Board on Disc. Ed. In My Content

http://www.history.com/topics/crusades/videos/the-crusades

The Crusades

The Renaissance and Reformation

Exploring the Renaissance on Disc. Ed.

Changes in Trade

https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=O0kJunDHk8Y

The Chemistry of Pepper: The Spice that Changed the World - Reactions

Trade existed between the Middle East and Asia, but the Middle East merchants acted as middlemen

Section 1.3Early European Explorers

Exploration 1450-1700

Exploration-In a Nutshell

• When: 1450-1700• What: Exploration, Conquest, Colonization• Who: Portugal, Spain, France, the Dutch,

England and other European countries• Where: Africa, the Americas, Asia• Result: Diffusion of ideas

and cultural forces that reshaped the global environment

Order of Exploration by Country

• Portugal • Spain• France • The

Dutch• England

Order of Exploration by Country

• Portugal • Spain• France • The

Dutch• England

The Order That Conquest and Colonization Happened

• Explorers • Conquistadors• Missionaries• Permanent Settlers• Official European Colony

Major Explorers and Their Voyages

• Bartholomeu Dias’ voyage (1487)• Christopher Columbus’ first voyage (1492-1493)• Christopher Columbus’ second voyage (1493-1496)• Vasco da Gama’s voyage to India (1497-1499)• John Cabot’s first voyage (1497)• John Cabot’s second voyage (1498)• Christopher Columbus’ third voyage (1498)• Amerigo Vespucci's first voyage (1499-1500)• Christopher Columbus’ fourth voyage (1502-1503)• Magellan’s voyage around the world (1519-1522)

A Map of the Known World Before 1492

What Encouraged Exploration?

• Marco Polo took the Silk Road, returned 23 years later to Venice with the goods and ideas he had brought back from China.

The Three G’s

• Gold-Wealth of all kind• Glory-More land meant glory for their

kingdoms• God- Convert the native people to

Christianity After the Reformation there was competition between the Catholics and Protestants to win converts

The Portuguese Prince Henry “The Navigator”

Not an explorer but was a patron and sponsor

Created a navigation school at Sagres, Portugal to encourage exploration

Portugal was the first country to launch large-scale voyages of exploration

What Prince Henry the Navigator Wanted

• Prince Henry gathered scientists, cartographers-mapmakers- and other experts at his navigation school

• Goal: to find a water route to Asia to allow Portugal to trade directly with the East

• He died before the route was found.• Portugal learned a lot about the African coast

line including that gold and slaves were plentiful!

New Maritime Technology

Hartman Astrolabe1532

Mariner’s Compass

Caravel: Faster, more economical. Could navigate shallow coastalwaters and rivers.Lateen Sail: triangular sail

Improvements in Navigation• Better maps: follow coasts at first, used

compass• Better ships: Caravels- square sails and new

hull design, heavy enough to carry canon• Astrolabe- magnetic compass to sail by the

stars• Knowledge of wind patterns

The astrolabe was used to determine latitude, the north-south position on the globe, by measuring the height or altitude of celestial bodies over the horizon and making a calculation using the known declination of the star.

The Portuguese Go To

Africa and to Asia

Bartolomeu Dias• Portuguese sailed for Portugal. • First European to round the

Cape of Good Hope in 1488-did not make it to Asia

• Named the Cape of Good Hope because he hoped they had found a route to Asia.

• Died in heavy seas off the African coast May 29, 1500.

Columbus’s PlanItalian Sailor

Plan: Sail West across the Atlantic

Mistakes:

1. Relied on writings of Marco Polo and Paolo Toscanelli, who were wrong about the size of Asia and they claimed that Asia stretched farther from west to east than it really did.

2. He Underestimated the Distance around the globe. He thought it was only 2/3 as large as it actually is!

3. Therefore, the Atlantic must be small

Asked King of Portugal to finance voyage, King’s advisors argued Columbus had miscalculated the distance to Asia, and reminded the King of the progress Portuguese explorers were making down the coast of Africa looking for a route to Asia. So Columbus asked Spain.

Columbus’s Plan

• King Ferdinand and Queen Isabella agreed to fund Columbus and they wanted to share the riches he found.

• However, there was war with Muslims• Queen wanted to spread Christianity• Columbus had waited for years to get the go

ahead, so he wanted the name Admiral of the Ocean Sea and rule the discovered land

Setting Sail

• Nina, Pinta, and the Santa Maria• 90 men• Kept two logs. One he kept secret, and had the truth about

the record of the day’s sailing.

Two Months Later…

• Men lost confidence in Columbus and wanted to return to Spain

• Men agreed to sail for three more days• “Tierra! Tierra!” from the Pinta• Thought he reached the SE Asia (Indies), but

was in the Caribbean • Called the Native people Indian

Reaching the Americas

• Named the island San Salvador• He left the island (leaving men behind) to go

to Japan• Gone for three (3) months• He reached Espanola (Hispaniola)

– Found Pearls; he thought he was in Asia– Returned home and came back to find his men

dead

JOURNALS

Reaching the AmericasThe geographic knowledge Christopher Columbus brought back to Spain changed European views of the world because he found continents previously unknown to Europe.

http://www.history.com/topics/exploration/exploration-of-north-america

2:08

An Expanding Horizon

• Made three (3) more voyages (see map next slide), but never brought back treasures

• Queen was upset with the Native treatment and not spreading Christianity

• Spain refused to finance more voyages• The ocean was no longer seen as a

barrier. It became a “bridge” that connected Europe.

Vasco da Gama

• Portuguese-sailed for Portugal

• Opened a new water route for trade between Europe and Asia

• 1497-98, the first to travel around the southern most tip of Africa, the Cape of Good Hope and reach India.

Vasco da Gama

• Very profitable voyage- returned with a cargo of spices and made a profit of several thousand percent.

• Died of an illness in India on December 24, 1524

Vasco da Gama First Voyage 1497–1499

Cape of Good Hope

The Explorers: Christopher Columbus: Voyager to a New Worldin My Content on Disc. Ed.