Chapter 1 · 1.40 1.293 kg m 105k m s 1.73 x 1.34 x 10 ms 2.40 x 10-2 W m 2K 287.05 J kg-I hts...
Transcript of Chapter 1 · 1.40 1.293 kg m 105k m s 1.73 x 1.34 x 10 ms 2.40 x 10-2 W m 2K 287.05 J kg-I hts...
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Chapter 1
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Characteristics of the atmosphere
• Thin film of fluid, under influence of
–Gravity
–Earth’s rotation
–Differential solar heating
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Characteristics of the
atmosphere
• Density decreases ~exponentially
with altitude
• Falling by a factor e every ~7km
• ~80% of the mass below 10km
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Characteristics of the
atmosphere
• Temperature changes with altitude
–Decreases in the troposphere
• Adiabatic expansion
–Increases in the stratosphere
• Absorption of UV radiation by ozone
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• Land covers ~30% of the globe
• NH covers ~70% of total
• Thermal contrasts + topography
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Characteristics of the
atmosphere
• A column of air with the surface density
and ~7-8km thick will excert a pressure
equivalent to 1 atmosphere
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Characteristics of the
atmosphere
• Below ~80km
– The mean free path short and molecular
collisions frequent
– The atmosphere can be regarded as
• a continuum fluid
• in local thermodynamic equilibrium (LTE)
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Dry air
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Dry air
• State variables: p, ρ, T
• Necessary to know only two of them
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• Air is compressible (as opposed to liquids)
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Moist air
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Moist air
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• Moisture content decays
rapidly with height
• The tropics more moist
than polar regions
• Clouds form and
precipitation occurs when
moist air is cooled
– Rising air (clouds)
– Radiative cooling (fog)
Moist air
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