Chapter 05. Building Proteins DNA’s instructions are translated into thousands of proteins that do...
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Transcript of Chapter 05. Building Proteins DNA’s instructions are translated into thousands of proteins that do...
![Page 1: Chapter 05. Building Proteins DNA’s instructions are translated into thousands of proteins that do a cell’s work Protein molecules communicate and coordinate.](https://reader037.fdocuments.net/reader037/viewer/2022110211/56649f055503460f94c1a613/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Chapter 05
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Building Proteins
• DNA’s instructions are translated into thousands of proteins that do a cell’s work
• Protein molecules communicate and coordinate activities to perform life’s functions
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Roles of ProteinsEnzymes:• Catalysts• Have specific
shapes that recognize specific molecules (active sites)
• Remain unchanged in reactions – can be used over again
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Roles of Proteins
Transporters• Located in cell
membrane• Function as
tunnels and pumps – allow material to pass in and out of cell
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Transport Proteins
Facilitated Diffusion (top) and Active
Transport (bottom)
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Roles of ProteinsMovers
• Protein chains can change shape in response to energy (ATP)
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Roles of ProteinsSupporters• Long chains of
folded or coiled proteins
• Form sheets or tubes
• Help support and shape the cell
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Types of Support Fibers Found in Cells
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Roles of ProteinsRegulators• Enzymes that
respond to feedback
• Notice when enough final product accumulates and stop assembly cycle
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Roles of ProteinsDefenders• Antibodies –
recognize and bind to foreign substances so that scavenger cells can destroy them
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Structure of an
Antibody Molecule
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Roles of Proteins
Communicators
• Example – hormones
• Act as cell’s chemical messengers
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How Peptide Hormones Work
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Proteins at WorkExample: Actin and Myosin
• Make muscles work • Small molecular changes produce large effects
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Proteins at Work
• Actin and myosin line up and use ATP to shorten and lengthen themselves
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Proteins at Work
• Muscle contraction is collective action of millions of actin-myosin combinations
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Actin Microfilaments
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Proteins
• Chains of amino acids linked by strong covalent bonds
• 20 different amino acids
• Shape and function of protein are determined by amino acid sequence
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Proteins
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Amino Acids
• All twenty contain carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen
• Two contain sulfur• Ten have electrically charged side
groups that are attracted to water – cluster on surface of protein
• Ten have no electrical charge – cluster on inside of protein
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Some Common
Amino Acids
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Protein Folding• Weak bonds
between amino acids in a chain allow protein to fold
• Weak bonds are easily broken and reformed – provide flexibility and mobility
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Protein Folding• Water environment:
fat-liking amino acids fold inside protein molecule, water-liking amino acid face out
• Fat environment: water-liking amino acids inside, fat-liking amino acids face out
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Amino Acid Sequence
Determines Protein Shape
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Translation
• DNA is a chain of nucleotides
• Nucleotide triplets are translated into one of twenty different amino acids
• Average gene = 1200 nucleotides – translates into protein 400 amino acids long
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Nucleotide Triplets are Translated into Amino
Acids
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How To Read the Genetic Code
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Overview of Protein Synthesis
• Copy nucleotide sequence of a gene into messenger RNA (transcription)
• Attach amino acids to transfer RNA• Bring transfer RNA with amino acids
and messenger RNA to ribosome (protein synthesis factory)
• Ribosome links amino acids to make a protein
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Overview of Protein Synthesis
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TranslationEnergizing Amino Acids and Linking Them to Transfer RNA
Key Players:• Amino Acid• Transfer RNA
(adaptor)• ATP• Activating Enzyme
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Transfer RNA
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TranslationEnergizing Amino Acids and Linking Them to Transfer RNA
1. ATP and an amino acid dock on the activating enzyme and bond with each other
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TranslationEnergizing Amino Acids and Linking Them to Transfer RNA
2. The amino acid is energized
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TranslationEnergizing Amino Acids and Linking Them to
Transfer RNA3. Transfer RNA (adaptor) docks at a nearby site on the enzyme
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TranslationEnergizing Amino Acids and Linking Them to Transfer RNA
4. The transfer RNA and the amino acid are joined. The spent ATP is released.
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TranslationEnergizing Amino Acids and Linking Them to Transfer RNA
5. The transfer RNA is released with the amino acid attached
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TranslationAssembling the Protein Chain
Key Players:Ribosomes-• Organelles
where proteins are manufactured
• Consists of two subunits
• Some attached to rough endoplasmic reticulum, others bound to cytoskeletal fibers
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TranslationAssembling the Protein Chain
1. Messenger RNA attaches to the smaller subunit of the ribosome
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TranslationAssembling the Protein Chain
2. The first transfer RNA matches the messenger RNA’s first three nucleotides
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TranslationAssembling the Protein Chain
3. The larger ribosome subunit joins with the smaller subunit
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TranslationAssembling the Protein Chain
4. The second transfer RNA the second dock on the messenger RNA
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TranslationAssembling the Protein Chain
5. The backbones of the first two amino acid link
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TranslationAssembling the Protein Chain
6. The messenger RNA shifts to the right and the first transfer RNA drops off
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TranslationAssembling the Protein Chain
7. The next transfer RNA arrives to add the next amino acid
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TranslationAssembling the Protein Chain
8. One by one, triplets are read and the protein chain grows
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TranslationAssembling the Protein Chain
9. The final triplet signals “stop”. No transfer RNA fits here.
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TranslationAssembling the Protein Chain
10. The ribosome separates and drops off the messenger RNA
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TranslationAssembling the Protein Chain
11. For efficiency, the messenger RNA is read by more than one ribosome simultaneously
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Translation Overview
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Overview of Protein Synthesis
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The Flow of Information
DNA’s message is transcribed into
RNA and RNA is translated into
protein.
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The Unity of Biology
All living creatures - • Use DNA and RNA to store and replicate
information• Make nucleotides using similar pathways• Translate nucleotide chains into proteins
using the same twenty amino acids and the same genetic code
• Use similar translation apparatus• Have similar proteins
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Examples of Nature’s Unity
Locomotion• The cilia that propel
many single cell creatures also serve to protect our lungs by sweeping up dirt particles.
Bones• A bone that was
once part of a reptile’s jaw has evolved into a device in the ear for transmitting sound waves.