Chapter 03 ppt

Copyright © 2012 Wolters Kluwer Health | Lippincott Williams & Wilkins

Chapter 3: Health and the Global Environment


Chapter Highlights

• Definitions of global health and global burden of disease

• Indicators of health

• Health and human rights

• Factors that affect health globally

• Framework for improving world health

• Millennium Development Goals


Question

Is the following statement True or False?

Global health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.


Answer

False

Rationale: Global health is health issues, and concerns that transcend national boundaries and may best be addressed by cooperative actions and solutions. Health is a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity.


Definition of Health

• Health—a state of complete physical, mental, and social well-being, not merely the absence of disease or infirmity


Definition of Public Health• Science and art of preventing disease prolonging life

• Promoting physical health and efficiency through organized community efforts for the sanitation of the environment

• Control of community infections

• Education of the individual in principles of personal hygiene

• Organization of medical and nursing service for the early diagnosis and preventive treatment of disease

• Development of the social machinery that will ensure to every individual in the community a standard of living adequate for the maintenance of health


Definition of Global Health

• Health issues and concerns that transcend national boundaries and may best be addressed by cooperative actions and solutions


Four Models of Health

• Clinical model

• Role performance model

• Adaptive model

• Eudaimonistic model


Determinants of Health

• Physical environment

• Social environment

• Health behaviors

• Individual health


Question

What is an epidemiologic transition?

A. High fertility and high mortality, resulting in slow population growth

B. Improvement in hygiene and nutrition, leading to a decreased burden of infectious disease

C. Mortality declines, and fertility later declines

D. High and fluctuating mortality, due to poor health, epidemics, and famine


Answer

D. High and fluctuating mortality, due to poor health, epidemics, and famine

Rationale: Epidemiologic transition includes high and fluctuating mortality, due to poor health, epidemics, and famine. Demographic transitions include high fertility and high mortality, resulting in slow population growth; improvement in hygiene and nutrition, leading to a decreased burden of infectious disease; mortality declines, and fertility later declines.


Demographic Transitions

• High fertility and high mortality, resulting in slow population growth

• Improvement in hygiene and nutrition, leading to a decreased burden of infectious disease

• Mortality declines, and fertility later declines

• Relative proportion of elderly population increases


Epidemiologic Transitions

• High and fluctuating mortality, due to poor health, epidemics, and famine

• Progressive declines in mortality, as epidemics become less frequent

• Further declines in mortality, increasing life expectancy and predominance of non-communicable diseases


Question


Risk factors are personal habits and behaviors, environmental conditions, or inborn or inherited characteristics that are known to affect a health-related condition.


Answer

True

Rationale: Risk factors are personal habits and behaviors, environmental conditions, or inborn or inherited characteristics that are known to affect a health-related condition.


Global Burden of Disease

• Risks to health and health outcomes in different demographic populations and social settings

• The burden of disease is growing disproportionately in the world and is largely affected by climate, public policy, age of the population, socioeconomic conditions, and risk factors.


What Risk Factors Affect the Disease Burden?

• Risk factors are defined as personal habits and behaviors, environmental conditions, or inborn or inherited characteristics that are known to affect a health-related condition.

• Childhood and maternal malnutrition

• Other nutrition-related risk factors and inactivity

• Addictive substances

• Sexual and reproductive health

• Environmental risks


Health Indicators

• Morbidity and mortality

• Risk factors

• Health service coverage

• Health system resources


The Millennium Development Goals

• The right to health

• Achieving the Millennium Development Goals


Other Factors That Affect Global Health

• Economics and politics

• Factors associated with health care systems


Question


Health worker migration increases the burden to care for a society and results in the need to task shift primarily to primary care providers and community health workers.


Answer

False

Rationale: Health worker migration increases the burden to care for a society and results in the need to task shift primarily to nurses and community health workers.


Effective Management of Health Workforce Shortages

• Increased investment in education and training

• National health workforce plans

• More efficient use of existing human resources

• Protection and fairer treatment of health workers

• Access to HIV prevention and treatment for health workers in affected countries


Effective Management of Health Workforce Shortages (cont.)

• Attracting women to professions and addressing retirement

• Comprehensive preparedness for a workforce response to outbreaks and emergencies in every country

• Career incentives to attract health workers to rural and disadvantaged areas

• Health promotion and prevention strategies to reduce demand for health services

Chapter 03 ppt

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