Chapter 008
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Transcript of Chapter 008
The Human Body in Health and Illness, 4th edition
Barbara Herlihy
Chapter 8:Skeletal System
Lesson 8-1 Objectives
• List the functions of the skeletal system.• Describe the structure of a long bone.• Compare compact and spongy bone.• Describe how bones grow.• Describe the roles of osteoblasts and
osteoclasts.
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Skeletal System Overview
• The skeletal system is composed of– Bones– Joints– Cartilage– Ligaments
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Functions of the Skeletal System
• Supports body weight• Supports and protects soft organs• With muscles, enables body movement• Stores important minerals, including calcium
and phosphorus• Contains bone marrow, which produces blood
cells
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Sizes and Shapes of Bones
• Long• Short• Flat• Irregular
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Two Types of Bone
• Compact or hard– Osteons– Shafts: Long bones
• Spongy or soft– Trabecular plates– Swiss cheese– Bone marrow
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Parts of Long Bone • Diaphysis• Epiphysis• Epiphyseal disc• Medullary cavity• Endosteum• Periosteum• Articular cartilage• Marrow
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Two Types of Ossification
• Intramembranous ossification– Replacement of thin connective tissue membrane
with bone– In flat bones
• Endochondral ossification– Replacement of fetal cartilage skeleton with bone– In long, irregular, and short bones
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Ossification in the Fetus
• Intramembranous ossification– In flat bones of skull
• Endochondral ossification– In all other bones
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Bones Growing Taller
• Occurs at the epiphyseal disc– Osteoblasts invade cartilage in disc.– They mature into osteocytes (bone).
• Affected by hormones– Growth hormone– Estrogen– Testosterone
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Bones Growing Wider
• Sculptor (osteoclasts) hollows bone.
• Builder (osteoblasts) deposits bone on outer surface.
• Osteoclastic activity is called resorption.
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Bone Markings: Projections• Condyle: Large knob• Epicondyle: Enlargement near a condyle• Head: Enlarged, rounded end • Facet: Small flattened surface• Crest: Ridge • Spine: Sharp projection• Tuberosity: Knoblike projection• Trochanter: Large tuberosity only on femur
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Bone Markings: Depressions and Openings
• Foramen: Opening, usually passage for nerves, blood vessels, ligaments
• Fossa: Groove• Meatus: Tunnel or tubelike passageway• Sinus: Cavity or hollow space
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Types of Fractures
• Simple• Compound• Greenstick
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Lesson 8-2 Objectives
• List the bones of the axial skeleton.• List the bones of the appendicular skeleton.• Label important landmarks for selected bones
on the skeleton.
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Bones of the Axial Skeleton
• Skull: Cranium, facial, middle ear bones
• Hyoid• Vertebral column• Thoracic cage: Ribs,
sternum, thoracic vertebrae
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Bones of the Skull• Cranial
– Held together by sutures
– Little movement
• Facial– Mandible contains
only movable joint
• Middle ear bones
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Special Markings • Temporal bone
– External auditory meatus
– Zygomatic process– Styloid process – Mastoid process
• Occipital bone– Foramen magnum– Occipital condyles
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Paranasal Sinuses
• Frontal• Ethmoidal• Sphenoidal• Maxillary
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Fetal Skull and Fontanels• Fontanels are
soft spots– Not yet
converted to bone
– Covered with fibrous tissue
– Allow for cranial growth
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Vertebral Column• Sections
– Cervical – Thoracic – Lumbar – Sacrum and coccyx
• Curves– Cervical– Thoracic– Lumbar– Sacral
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Vertebrae • Atlas (C1): Nods “yes”• Axis (C2): Rotates
“no”• Other vertebral parts
– Vertebral foramen– Body– Lamina– Spinous process– Padded by
intervertebral discs
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Disorders of the Vertebral Column
• Scoliosis: Lateral curve
• Kyphosis: Hunchback
• Lordosis: Swayback
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Thoracic Cage• Sternum
– Manubrium– Body– Xiphoid process
• Ribs (12 pairs)– Seven pairs of true ribs– Five pairs of false ribs,
including two pairs of floating ribs
• Thoracic vertebraeCopyright © 2011, 2007 by Saunders,
an imprint of Elsevier Inc. All rights reserved.
24
Landmarks of Thoracic Cage
• Xiphoid process• Suprasternal notch• Sternomanubrial joint• Costal angle• Costal margin
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Bones of the Appendicular Skeleton
• Pectoral girdle – Scapulae– Clavicles
• Upper limbs• Pelvic girdle
– Coxal bones
• Lower limbs
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Pectoral Girdle and Upper Limb• Pectoral girdle
– Clavicle– Scapula
• Upper limb– Humerus – Radius and ulna – Carpals – Metacarpals – Phalanges
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Pelvic Girdle: Coxal Bones• Functions
– Weight bearing– Attachment for
lower limbs– Protection of organs
• Coxal bone – Ilium– Ischium– Pubis
• Acetabulum• Symphysis pubis
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Lower Limb• Thigh
– Femur ( with trochanters)
• Leg bones– Patella– Tibia (with medial
malleolus)– Fibula (with lateral
malleolus)
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Lower Limb: Ankle and Foot
• Foot bones– Tarsals – Metatarsals – Phalanges
• Arches– Form instep
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Lesson 8-3 Objectives
• List the main types and functions of joints.• Describe the types of joint movement.
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reserved.31
Types of Joints
• Immovable• Slightly movable• Freely movable
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Structure of Freely Movable Joints• Articular cartilage• Joint capsule• Synovial membrane• Synovial fluid• Cartilage• Some joints also have
– Bursae– Ligaments
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Types of Freely Movable Joints• Hinge: Elbows, knees• Ball-and-socket: Shoulders,
hips• Pivot: Atlas-axis joint• Saddle: Carpometacarpal• Gliding: Wrist• Condyloid: Knuckles
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Joint Names: Articulating Bones• Tibiofemoral
– Tibia and femur• Humeroulnar
– Humerus and ulna• Metacarpophalangeal
– Metacarpal bone and phalange
• Glenohumeral– Glenoid cavity and humerus
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reserved.35
Types of Joint Movement• Flexion-extension• Inversion-eversion• Supination-pronation• Abduction-adduction• Dorsiflexion-plantar
flexion• Hyperextension• Circumduction
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reserved.36