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ObjectivesObjectivesObjectivesObjectives1.An understanding of the classical approach to management

2.An appreciation for the work of Frederick W.Taylor, Frank and Lillian Gilbreth, Henry L. Gantt, and Henri Fayol

3.An understanding of the behavioral approach to management

4.An understanding of the studies at the Hawthorne Works and the human relations movement

5.An understanding of the management science approach to management

6.An understanding of how the management science approach has evolved

7.An understanding of the system approach to management

8.Knowledge about the learning organization approach to management

9.An understanding of how triangular management and the contingency approach to management are related

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The Classical ApproachThe Classical ApproachThe Classical ApproachThe Classical ApproachLower-Level Management Analysis

Frederick W.Taylor (1856–1915)Work at Bethlehem Steel Co.

Frank Gilbreth (1868–1924) and Lillian Gilbreth (1878–1972)Motion study

“The Right Way“The Wrong Way”

Henry L. Gantt (1861–1919)Scheduling InnovationRewarding Innovation

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The Classical ApproachThe Classical ApproachThe Classical ApproachThe Classical Approach

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The Classical ApproachThe Classical ApproachThe Classical ApproachThe Classical Approach

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The Classical ApproachThe Classical ApproachThe Classical ApproachThe Classical ApproachComprehensive Analysis of Management

Henri Fayol (1841–1925) 1. Division of work 2. Authority 3. Discipline 4. Unity of command 5. Unity of direction 6. Subordination of individual interests to the general interests 7. Remuneration 8. Centralization 9. Scalar chain10. Order11. Equity12. Stability of tenure of personnel13. Initiative14. Esprit de corps

Limitations of the Classical Approach

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The Behavioral ApproachThe Behavioral ApproachThe Behavioral ApproachThe Behavioral ApproachThe Hawthorne Studies

The Relay Assembly Test Room Experiments

The Bank Wiring Observation Room Experiment

Recognizing the Human Variable

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The Behavioral ApproachThe Behavioral ApproachThe Behavioral ApproachThe Behavioral ApproachThe Human Relations Movement

Understand:PhysiologicalSafetySocialEsteemSelf-actualization

People can be:Self-directedAccept responsibilityConsider work to be as natural as play

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The Management Science ApproachThe Management Science ApproachThe Management Science ApproachThe Management Science ApproachThe Beginning of the Management Science Approach

1. Observe

2. Construct

3. Deduce

4. Test

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The Management Science ApproachThe Management Science ApproachThe Management Science ApproachThe Management Science ApproachManagement Science Today

Characteristics of Management Science Applications

1) Problems studied are complicated

2) Economic implications as guidelines

3) Mathematical models to investigate the decision situation

4) Use of computers

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The Contingency ApproachThe Contingency ApproachThe Contingency ApproachThe Contingency Approach1. Perceiving organizational situations as they actually exist

2. Choosing the management tactics best suited to those situations

3. Competently implementing those tactics

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The System ApproachThe System ApproachThe System ApproachThe System ApproachTypes of Systems

Closed

Open

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The System ApproachThe System ApproachThe System ApproachThe System ApproachSystems and “Wholeness”

1. The whole should be the main focus of analysis

2. Integration is the key variable in wholeness analysis

3. Modifications weighed in relation to effects on every other part

4. Each part has some role to perform

5. Part and its function determined by its position in the whole

6. All analysis starts with the existence of the whole

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The System ApproachThe System ApproachThe System ApproachThe System ApproachThe Management System

Information for Management System Analysis

Triangular management

1. Classical approach

2. Behavioral approach

3. Management science approach

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The System ApproachThe System ApproachThe System ApproachThe System Approach

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The System ApproachThe System ApproachThe System ApproachThe System Approach

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Learning Organization:A New Approach?Learning Organization:A New Approach?Learning Organization:A New Approach?Learning Organization:A New Approach?1. Systems Thinking

2. Shared Vision

3. Challenging of Mental Models

4. Team Learning

5. Personal Mastery

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QuestionsQuestions