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Transcript of Chap17
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© Prentice Hall, 2005 1 - 1
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ObjectivesObjectivesObjectivesObjectives1.A definition of the term group as used in the context of management
2.A thorough understanding of the difference between formal and informal groups
3.Knowledge of the types of formal groups that exist in organizations
4.An understanding of how managers can determine which groups exist in an organization
5.An appreciation for what teams are and how to manage them
6.Insights into managing corporate culture to enhance organizational success
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GroupsGroupsGroupsGroupsGroup is any number of people who:
(1) interact with one another
(2) are psychologically aware of one another
(3) perceive themselves to be a group
Why managers should study groups:
1. Exist in all kinds of organizations
2. Form in all facets of organizational existence
3. Cause either desirable or undesirable consequences
4. Raise the probability of causing desirable consequences
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Kinds of Groups in OrganizationsKinds of Groups in OrganizationsKinds of Groups in OrganizationsKinds of Groups in OrganizationsFormal Groups
Kinds of Formal Groups
Command groups
Task groups
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Kinds of Groups in OrganizationsKinds of Groups in OrganizationsKinds of Groups in OrganizationsKinds of Groups in Organizations
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Kinds of Groups in OrganizationsKinds of Groups in OrganizationsKinds of Groups in OrganizationsKinds of Groups in OrganizationsFormal Groups (continued)
Examples of Formal GroupsCommittees
Reasons for establishing committees:1. Allow organization members to exchange ideas
2. Generate suggestions and recommendations
3. Develop new ideas for solving existing organizational problems
4. Assist in the development of organizational policies
Why Managers Should Use Committees Improve quality of decision making Encourage expression of honest opinions Increase members’ participation in decision-making Ensure representation of important groups in decision-making process
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© Prentice Hall, 2005 1 - 7
Kinds of Groups in OrganizationsKinds of Groups in OrganizationsKinds of Groups in OrganizationsKinds of Groups in Organizations
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Kinds of Groups in OrganizationsKinds of Groups in OrganizationsKinds of Groups in OrganizationsKinds of Groups in OrganizationsFormal Groups (continued)
Examples of Formal Groups (continued)Committees (continued)
What Makes Committees Successful Procedural Steps
Define goals clearly, preferably in writing Specify authority Determine optimum size Select chairperson Appoint permanent secretary Distrubute agenda and support material before meeting Start meetings on time-announce ending time at outset
People-Oriented Guidelines. Rephrasing ideas already expressed Bringing all members into active participation Stimulating further thought by members
Groupthink
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Kinds of Groups in OrganizationsKinds of Groups in OrganizationsKinds of Groups in OrganizationsKinds of Groups in OrganizationsFormal Groups (continued)
Examples of Formal Groups (continued)Work Teams
Special-Purpose and Self-Managed Teams
Stages of Formal Group DevelopmentThe Acceptance StageThe Communication and Decision-Making StageThe Group Solidarity StageThe Group Control Stage
Members function as a unit Members participate effectively in group effort Members are oriented toward a single goal Members have equipment, tools, and skills necessary to attain goals Members exchange suggestions, opinions, and information
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Kinds of Groups in OrganizationsKinds of Groups in OrganizationsKinds of Groups in OrganizationsKinds of Groups in OrganizationsInformal Groups
Kinds of Informal Groups
Interest groups
Friendship groups
Benefits of Informal Group Membership
1. Perpetuation of social and cultural values
2. Status and social satisfaction
3. Increased ease of communication
4. Increased desirability of the overall work environment
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© Prentice Hall, 2005 1 - 11
Kinds of Groups in OrganizationsKinds of Groups in OrganizationsKinds of Groups in OrganizationsKinds of Groups in Organizations
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Managing Work GroupsManaging Work GroupsManaging Work GroupsManaging Work GroupsDetermining Group Existence
Sociometric Analysis
Applying the Sociogram Model
Understanding the Evolution of Informal Groups
Homans’ Model
Applying the Homans Model
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Managing Work GroupsManaging Work GroupsManaging Work GroupsManaging Work Groups
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Managing Work GroupsManaging Work GroupsManaging Work GroupsManaging Work Groups
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TeamsTeamsTeamsTeamsGroups Versus Teams
Group consists of any number of people who:Interact with one anotherAre psychologically aware of one anotherThink of themselves as a group
Team is a group whose members:Influence one another toward the accomplishment of objective(s)
Types of Teams in OrganizationsProblem-Solving Teams
Self-Managed Teams
Cross-Functional Teams
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TeamsTeamsTeamsTeams
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TeamsTeamsTeamsTeamsStages of Team Development
Forming
Storming
Norming
Performing
Adjourning
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TeamsTeamsTeamsTeamsTeam Effectiveness
People-related steps:
1. Trying to make the team’s work satisfying
2. Developing mutual trust among team members andbetween the team and management
3. Building good communication
4. Minimizing unresolved conflicts and power struggles within the team
5. Dealing effectively with threats toward and within the team
6. Building the perception that the jobs of team members are secure
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TeamsTeamsTeamsTeams
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TeamsTeamsTeamsTeamsTeam Effectiveness (continued)
Organization-related steps:
1. Building a stable overall structure team members view as secure
2. Becoming involved in team events anddemonstrating interest in team progress and functioning
3. Properly rewarding and recognizing teams for accomplishments
4. Setting stable goals and priorities for the team
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TeamsTeamsTeamsTeamsTeam Effectiveness (continued)
Task-related steps:
1. Developing clear objectives, directions, and project plans for the team
2. Providing proper technical direction and leadership for the team
3. Establishing autonomy for team and challenging work within the team
4. Appointing experienced and qualified team personnel
5. Encouraging team involvement
6. Building visibility within the organization for the team’s work
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TeamsTeamsTeamsTeamsTrust and Effective Teams
Communicate often to team members
Show respect for team members
Be fair to team members
Be predictable
Demonstrate competence
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Corporate CultureCorporate CultureCorporate CultureCorporate CultureStatus Symbols
Traditions and History
Physical Environment
The Significance of Corporate CultureMechanisms for developing and reinforcing desired corporate culture:
What leaders pay attention to, measure, and control Leaders’ reactions to critical incidents and organizational crises Deliberate role modeling, teaching, and coaching Criteria for allocation of rewards and status Criteria for employee recruitment, selection, promotion, and retirement
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QuestionsQuestions