Chap. 44: Controlling the Internal Environment AP Biology Mr. Orndorff March 2004.
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Transcript of Chap. 44: Controlling the Internal Environment AP Biology Mr. Orndorff March 2004.
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Chap. 44: Controlling the Internal Environment
AP Biology
Mr. Orndorff
March 2004
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Homeostasis
• External environment tends to vary or be different from the internal environment of:– a cell (cytoplasm) in aquatic environment
– a multicellular organism in aquatic or terrestrial environment:
• an animal (interstitial fluids)
• a plant (apoplast, vascular spaces, and intercellular spaces)
• Homeostasis is the maintainance of a dynamic but relatively stable internal environment.
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Heat exchange between organism and environment (Fig. 44.1)
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Endotherm vs.
ectotherm (Fig. 44.2)
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Thermoregulation in moths
(Fig. 44.5)
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Thermoregulation in large active fishes (Fig. 44.6)
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Skinas an organ of
thermoregulation (Fig. 44.7)
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Feedback in human thermo-
regulation (Fig. 44.8)
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Excretory system functions
• Maintains a balance between gain and loss of water needed to maintain proper volume of body fluids.
• Maintains proper concentration of specific ions and other molecules in body fluids.
• Removes by-products of metabolism so they do not build up to toxic levels.
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Key functions of excretory system
(Fig. 44.14)
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Intercellular junctions in animals (Fig. 7.30)
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Salt-excreting glands in
birds (Fig. 44.9)
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Nitrogenous wastes
(Fig. 44.10)
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Ammonia as a nitrogenous waste
• Ammonia is very soluble in water and pass easily through membranes.
• Extremely toxic and tolerable only in very dilute solutions.
• Used mainly by aquatic organisms to excrete nitrogenous wastes through gills and body surface.
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Urea as a nitrogenous waste
• Formed by combining ammonia with carbon dioxide (requires ATP).
• 100,000 times less toxic than ammonia.
• Reduces water loss in excreting nitrogenous wastes.
• Used mainly by mammals, adult amphibians, many marine fish and turtles.
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Uric Acid as a nitrogenous waste
• 1000 times less soluble in water than urea or ammonia
• Precipitates out of solution and excreted in pastelike form.
• Used by snails, insects, birds, and many reptiles which reproduce using shelled eggs.
• Shelled eggs are not permeable to liquids.
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Osmoconformers vs osmoregulators
• Isoosmotic with saltwater environment
• No energy required to maintain osmolarity
• Includes most marine invertebrates and hagfish (jawless vertebrates).
• Not isoosmotic with environment.
• Requires energy to maintain osmotic gradient.
• Includes all terrestrial animals, freshwater animals, and many marine animals.
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Osmoregulation in marine and freshwater bony fish (Fig. 44.11)
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Water balance in two terrestrial mammals (Fig. 44.13)
Water loss in human
60%
36%
4%
UrineEvaporationFeces
Water loss in kangaroo rat
23%
73%
4%
UrineEvaporationFeces
Water gain in kangaroo rat
10%
90%
Ingested in food
Derived frommetabolism
Water gain in humans
60%
30%
10%
Ingested in liquid
Ingested in food
Derived frommetabolism
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Protonephridia (Fig. 44.15)
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Metanephridia (Fig. 44.16)
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Malpighian tubules (Fig. 44.17)
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Human excretory system (Fig. 44.18)
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Nephron and
collecting duct
(Fig. 44.19)
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Two solute model
(Fig. 44.20)
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Regulating blood osmolarity (Fig. 44.21a)
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Regulating blood volume (Fig. 44.21b)
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Regulating blood volume (cont.)
• Atrial natriuretic factor (ANF) = hormone released by heart atria in response to increased blood volume (and blood pressure).
• Effects of ANF:– Inhibits release of renin from JGA– Inhibits NaCl reabsorption by the collecting ducts– Reduces aldosterone release from adrenal glands