Change Your Lighting – A Bright Idea!

presented by Stephan Jones, CIE

Brookmeade Congregational Church UCC

Energy Efficiency

If every U.S. household changed out their 5 most frequently used light fixtures with compact fluorescent lamps (CFLs), we'd keep more than one trillion pounds of greenhouse gases out of our air. This is equivalent to taking more than 8 million cars

off the road for an entire year.

Taken from www.energystar.gov

2007 Energy Independence Act In 2007 Congress passed legislation setting efficiency standards

for common incandescent lamps, requiring them to use 20-30% less energy than current bulbs by 2012-2014.

Requires DOE to set new standards to reduce lamp energy use by 65% by 2020.

Initial targets can be met with CFLs, LEDs, or the latest halogen capsule lamps with infrared reflective coatings.

Long term targets can only be met (now) using CFLs or LEDs. Also requires general purpose lighting in federal buildings to be

Energy Star compliant by FY2013 General purpose T12 tubes will be phased out starting in 2010. T8

tubes will have to meet stricter efficiency standards, which may impact retrofitted fixtures also!! (DOE)

Taken from www.aceee.org & www.nema.org

New Light Labeling

Per FTC, starting in mid-2011

Socket Sizes

Standard base = medium base = Edison base Candelabra base - chandeliers Intermediate base – ceiling fans, EXIT signs Mogul base – street lights, outdoor lights

Major Lamp Types

Incandescent Includes Halogen

Fluorescent Compact Fluorescent Lamp (CFL) Fluorescent Tubes – T12, T8, T5 Induction Fluorescents (iCFL)

Light-Emitting Diodes (LEDs)

High Intensity Discharge (HID)

Mercury Vapor Metal Halide Sodium Vapor

Incandescent Lamps

Type “A” bulb shape

• Oldest light technology still in use

• 10% efficient (10-20 lumens / watt)

• 100 watt bulb = 1750 lumens

• 60 watt bulb = 890 lumens

• Typical life 900 – 1100 hours (1 year)

• Burns at 600° - 800° Fahrenheit

• Dimmable

• 75 & 100 watt bulbs off the market starting January 1, 2012

Halogen Lamps

• Modified form of incandescent lamp

• ~ 20% - 30% efficient

• Burns at 1100° - 1200° Fahrenheit

• Typical life = 900 – 1100 hours (1 year)

• Dimmable

• May be position-sensitive

• Less efficient bulbs off the market starting January 1, 2012

• Newer halogen bulbs with infrared coatings meet new efficiency standards

Fluorescent Lamps • Mercury vapor conducts, giving off UV

light which causes the phosphor to “fluoresce”

• Requires a ballast to operate

• 80 – 100 lumens / watt

• 40 watt T12 watt bulb = 2000 lumens

• 32 watt T8 bulb = 2900 lumens

• Burns at 110° - 120° Fahrenheit

• Typical life = 20,000 – 30,000 hours

• Dimmable with special ballasts

• Less efficient T12 & T8 bulbs off the market starting January 1, 2012

• Exception is outdoor HO lamps

Fluorescent Ballasts

• Older ballasts are MAGNETIC

• Contain oil, contains PCBs before 1987

• Can light only 1-2 bulbs

• Magnetic ballast uses 10-20% of the current for itself

• Continue to use energy even if no bulbs connected

• Newer ballasts are ELECTRONIC

• Can light 1-4 bulbs

• Electronic ballast uses < 10% of the current for itself

• Instant start

• Can use DIMMABLE ballasts

• High frequency eliminates flicker

Fluorescent Lamp Sizes Tube diameters are measured in eighths of an inch.

T12 = 12/8 or 1.5 inches T8 = 8/8 or 1 inch T5 = 5/8 inch

Lengths are measured in inches – 12, 24, 48, 96” New T5 bulbs are metric lengths and thus won’t fit in

existing U.S. fixtures without adapters. Wattage preceded by an “F” (for “fluorescent”)

F32, F40, F96, etc. (F32T8) General purpose T12 will be phased out in 2012

Compact Fluorescent Lamps • Requires a ballast to operate

• 23 watt bulb = 1360 lumens

• 14 watt bulb = 900 lumens

• Typical life = 15,000 hours (5 years)

• Dimmable with special ballasts

• Fit into normal household sockets & fixtures

• Available in different colors

• Use 20 – 25% energy of an incandescent

Cold Cathode CFL

Color Temperature

The color of light is described using its “Color Temperature”.

“Warm white” like an incandescent is on the low end of the temperature scale – 2700 to 3500 Kelvins.

“Cool white” like office fluorescents is between 4000 to 5000 Kelvins

“Daylight” or “full spectrum” is 5000 Kelvins and above.

CFLs can be purchased in each color range – check the package before you purchase!

Converting Regular Fixtures Lamp wattage maximum ratings in fixtures are

listed for INCANDESCENT lamps. ex: “MAX 60watt lamp” or “60watt lamp ONLY” You can place a higher light output CFL bulb in the same

fixture since it is lower wattage (100w = 23w CFL)

CFL may be too big for enclosed fixtures. At Lowes - Sylvania “Micro-Minis” Get a fixture with a fuller glass

globe for more space.

Using CFLs in enclosed fixtures VS

CFL Energy Savings

100 watt incandescent bulb lasts 900-1200 hours (~1 year)

Cost ~ $0.50 per bulb

NG kWh rate = $0.10 / kWh

23 watt CFL bulb lasts 10,000-15,000 hours (~5 years)

Cost ~ $2.00 per bulb

Total lamp cost = $0.50 + (1,200 hrs * 0.100 kW * $0.10 / kWh)

Total cost = $12.50 over 1 year, or $104 over 5 years

Total lamp cost = $2.00 + (10,000 hrs * 0.023 kW * $0.10 / kWh)

Total cost = $25.00 over 5 years

Savings: $104 - $25 = $79 over lamp life. This equals 76% lower cost!

You need to look at the TOTAL COST of each type of bulb!

Where does it make sense to convert?

Most frequently used lamps Quicker energy savings, lower operating cost

Difficult to reach fixtures Reduce bulb changes, lower maintenance

Where you need it brighter (safety) Replace lower wattage incandescent bulbs with a “brighter

equivalent” lamp Replace 60 watt bulbs with 23 watt CFLs to get more light

(100 watts equiv) and still save almost 2/3 of the energy use. Stairwells, closets, bathrooms, basement, bulletin boards

Converting Tube Fluorescents to T8

Considerable savings > 37% by converting fluorescent fixtures. (192 watts >>> 120 watts)

Materials:

- F32T8 4 tube electronic ballast = $28

- (4) F32T8 tubes = $5.00

1. Disconnect fixture

2. Remove old tubes

3. Remove old ballasts using gloves

4. Wire in electronic ballast (may require some rewiring of sockets)

5. Put in 4 new T8 tubes

Mercury Use in Lamps

All fluorescent & HID lamps use mercury to operate the lamp.

Products with mercury will have the symbol.

CFLs < 5 mg (MicroMini = 1.5 mg)

T5 tubes ~ 3 mg

T8 tubes ~ 10 mg (Alto – 2-3 mg)

T12 tubes = 23 – 50 mg per tube

No health effects from breaking a CFL

Mercury Level Comparisons

Chart taken from Natural Resources Canada website: http://www.oee.nrcan.gc.ca

CFL Cleanup What To Do When A CFL Breaks Proper use and handling of CFLs in the home should not result in any exposure to mercury. Handle the lamp carefully, installing and removing by the base, never the glass. If the lamp should break:

• Open a window and leave the room for at least 15 minutes; • Do not use a vacuum cleaner to clean up the breakage; • Keep people and pets away from the breakage area until the cleanup is

completed; • Wear disposable gloves and pick up the broken pieces; • Take a damp cloth and wipe and clean the area; • Pat the area with the sticky side of duct tape, packing tape or masking tape to

pick up fine particles; • Place the broken pieces, cloth, disposable gloves and tape in a sealed bag. • Remove the bag and its contents from your home and dispose of in the

outside household garbage.

(from CT DEP website)

Induction Fluorescents

www.inductionlamps.com www.buylightfixtures.com

• Similar to fluorescent but closed loop, no electrodes

• Uses magnetron to induce current into tube, causing it to glow

• 50% more efficient than a CFL

• Burns at 110 - 120° Fahrenheit

• Life = 60,000 - 100,000 hours (10 years)

• Dimmable with special ballasts

• High initial cost, around $40 - $80 per lamp

• Mercury is in solid amalgam, no vapor

• Cold starting for outdoor applications

• Bulbs are large, now used in outdoor lights

Light Emitting Diodes • Solid state device that emits light

• Generally low wattage, low light output

• Efficiency improving = 69 lm/watt

• Burns < 100° at surface, higher internally

• Typical life = 60,000 - 100,000 hours (10 years)

• Dimmable with special ballasts

• Fit into normal household sockets & fixtures

• Light is very directional – hard to diffuse

• Still very pricey - $20- $40 per lamp

• Good for wall wash or backlighting

LED Streetlighting

Anchorage, AK replacing 20,000 streetlights

LED Uplighting – Old North Church

Philips LED strips installed in ceiling troughs to illuminate balcony arches. Installed by manufacturer as a demonstration project. Improved light levels and reduced maintenance in hard-to-access areas.

LED tubes

Direct replacement for T8 fluorescent tubes. Remove ballast from existing fixtures.

Latest – still in development and very expensive. Being tested now.

Stay tuned in a few years….

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High Intensity Discharge Lamps • Metallic vapor in a sealed crystalline tube.

Voltage applied across tube and vapor conducts and glows.

• Requires a ballast to operate

• Used for outdoor lighting, large spaces, high ceilings, retail spaces.

• Burns at 500 - 700° Fahrenheit

• Typical life = 15,000 - 30,000 hours (5-8 years)

• Long warm-up time ~ 10-15 minutes

• Usually uses a mogul-base socket

• High Pressure Sodium = 85-150 lm/watt

• Metal Halide = 65-115 lm/watt

Energy Saving Devices

Switches & Photocells

Change rotary dimmers with electronic slide switches, or eliminate if not needed.

Replace light switches with a sensor which turns lights on & off automatically.

Potential to save 20-30% on the electric portion of the energy bill. Motion

sensor switch

Table lamp

photocell

Cool Gadgets

Kill-A-Watt plug-in monitor Measures real time load $24.75 on SmartLiving site

CASE STUDIES

First Church of Christ UCC Middletown, CT

Youth Room (aka “The Cave”) • Youth Room had 3 8ft 4-tube fluorescent fixtures on ceiling.

• Each fixture had 4 96watt tubes, several were not working.

• Dark painted room did not help brightness of space.

• Bidirectional louvers did not spread light evenly.

• Total fluorescent wattage = 1152watts + 6 ballasts (roughly 100 extra watts)

Tube fixtures replaced with 6 semi-flush 3-bulb pendants • 3 23watt CFLs placed in each fixture.

• Total CFL wattage is now 414 watts.

• Better, more even light distribution around the room.

• There’s no arguing the space is brighter and cheerier (even with the horrible paint job).

Electric use reduced by 838 watts, or 67%!

First Church of Christ UCC Middletown, CT

BEFORE: 3 4-tube 8ft fluorescent fixtures. 12 96watt tubes. 2 magnetic ballasts per fixture. 1152 total watts + 6 ballasts

AFTER: 6 3-bulb semi-flush fixtures. 18 23watt CFLs total. 414 total watts.

Does it look brighter (despite the paint)?

First Church of Christ UCC Middletown, CT

BEFORE: 3 4-tube 8ft fluorescent fixtures. 12 96watt tubes. 2 magnetic ballasts per fixture. 1152 total watts + 6 ballasts

AFTER (take two): 6 3-bulb semi-flush fixtures. 18 14watt CFLs total. 252 total watts.

Reduced load further due to paint color!

Fairmount Community Church UCC, Camillus, NY

All incandescent bulbs changed to CFLs Some fluorescent fixtures changed to

pendants with CFLs All fluorescent fixtures converted from T12

mag ballast to T8 elec ballasts Reduced church watt usage by 6573 watts Reduced electric cost by 47%, or $630 over

6 months ($750 in material costs)

Fairmount Community Church UCC, Camillus, NY

240watts incandescent >>> 42 watts CFL

Fairmount Community Church UCC, Camillus, NY

1600 watts incandescent >>> 920 watts CFL

Fairmount Community Church UCC

520 watts incandescent spots >>> 111 watts CFL + 42w LED

Fairmount Community Church UCC

Removed tracklights, relocated one over organ. Put up 4 reproduction pendants. 14watt LED R30 spotlights placed over organ & keyboard tracklight.

Some Internet Resources

US DOE Energy Efficiency website http://www.eere.energy.gov/

Websites to Purchase Specialty CFLs www.bulbs.com www.1000bulbs.com www.buylighting.com www.buylightfixtures.com (induction fluorescents)

www.techniart.com

For more information….

Steve Jones

stephan.c.jones@gmail.com