Change of Plans: Read Intro and Expt. 1 in article by Lee Brooks for Wed. Read Beth Loftus for...
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Transcript of Change of Plans: Read Intro and Expt. 1 in article by Lee Brooks for Wed. Read Beth Loftus for...
![Page 1: Change of Plans: Read Intro and Expt. 1 in article by Lee Brooks for Wed. Read Beth Loftus for Monday Nov. 29th.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032522/56649d6b5503460f94a4b129/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Change of Plans:
Read Intro and Expt. 1 in article by Lee Brooks for Wed.
Read Beth Loftus for Monday Nov. 29th
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Memory
Short-Term “Working” Memory
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Overview of Memory
• Atkinson-Shiffrin Model
Sensory Signals
Sensory Memory
Short-Term Memory
Long-Term Memory
ATTENTION
REHEARSAL
RETRIEVAL
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Short-Term Memory
• process by which we hold information “in mind”
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Short-Term Memory
• process by which we hold information “in mind”
• example: temporarily remembering a phone number
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Characteristics of STM
• Capacity? Duration?
• How could you measure these parameters?
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Characteristics of STM
• Limited Duration– Brown-Petersen Task:
• subject is given a trigram (e.g. C-F-W) to remember
• vocal rehearsal is prevented by counting backwards
• recall accuracy tested as a function of retention interval
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Characteristics of STM
• STM decays over seconds
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Characteristics of STM
• Limited Duration– Brown-Petersen Task Interpretation: rapid
loss of information in STM (over a period of seconds…much longer than sensory memory)
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Characteristics of STM
• Limited Capacity– How might you measure capacity?
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Characteristics of STM
• Limited Capacity– George Miller – Subject is given longer and longer lists of to-
be-remembered items (words, characters, digits)
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Characteristics of STM
• Limited Capacity– George Miller – Subject is given longer and longer lists of to-
be-remembered items (words, characters, digits)
– Result: Subjects are successful up to about 7 items
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Characteristics of STM
• Limited Capacity– What confound must be considered ?!
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Characteristics of STM
• Limited Capacity– What confound must be considered ?!– Recalling takes time !
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Characteristics of STM
• Limited Capacity– What confound must be considered ?!– Recalling takes time !– It seems that the “capacity” of STM (at least
measured in this way) depends on the rate of speech - faster speech leads to apparently larger capacity
– Some believe capacity is “2 - 3 seconds worth of speech”
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Characteristics of STM
• Limited Capacity– “chunking”: grouping items into
meaningful bundles increases STM capacity (in some sense)
– Example: 111 333 666 333 777 222
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Forgetting from STM
• Why do we “forget” from STM?– Does the memory trace decay?
• not likely because with very small lists (like 1 item) retention is high for long intervals
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Forgetting from STM
• Why do we “forget” from STM?– Does the memory trace decay?
• not likely because with very small lists (like 1 item) retention is high for long intervals
– Instead, it seems that information “piles up” and begins to interfere
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Forgetting from STM
• Interference in STM is complex and specific
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Forgetting from STM
• Interference in STM is complex and specific
• For example, severity of interference depends on meaning
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Forgetting from STM
• Interference in STM is complex and specific
• For example, severity of interference depends on meaning– Subjects are given successive recall tasks with
list items from the same category (e.g. fruits)– final list is of either same or different category -
how is good is recall on this list?
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Forgetting from STM
• Accuracy rebounds if category changes
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Coding in STM
• How is information coded in STM?
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Coding in STM
• How is information coded in STM?
• Failures of STM give some clues:
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Coding in STM
• How is information coded in STM?
• Failures of STM give some clues:– Capacity decreases with increasing length of to-
be-remembered words
![Page 26: Change of Plans: Read Intro and Expt. 1 in article by Lee Brooks for Wed. Read Beth Loftus for Monday Nov. 29th.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032522/56649d6b5503460f94a4b129/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Coding in STM
• How is information coded in STM?
• Failures of STM give some clues:– Capacity decreases with increasing length of to-
be-remembered words– phonological similarity effect - similar
sounding items are harder to remember than different sounding items
![Page 27: Change of Plans: Read Intro and Expt. 1 in article by Lee Brooks for Wed. Read Beth Loftus for Monday Nov. 29th.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032522/56649d6b5503460f94a4b129/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Coding in STM
• How is information coded in STM?• Failures of STM give some clues:
– Capacity decreases with increasing length of to-be-remembered words
– phonological similarity effect - similar sounding items are harder to remember than different sounding items
• What does this suggest about coding in STM?
![Page 28: Change of Plans: Read Intro and Expt. 1 in article by Lee Brooks for Wed. Read Beth Loftus for Monday Nov. 29th.](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022032522/56649d6b5503460f94a4b129/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
Coding in STM
• Information in STM can be coded in an “auditory” (or subvocal) way
• Try to sketch a model of STM with boxes and arrows