CHANGE OF MEANING ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH...

CHANGE OF MEANING ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH BORROWINGS WORDS IN SEPUTAR INDONESIA NEWSPAPER PUBLISHED ON DECEMBER 27th, 2009

A Thesis Submitted to Letters and Humanities Faculty in Partial to fulfillment of the Requirements for the

Strata 1 Degree

ARIF BUDI WINARTO NO. 106026000962

ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT LETTERS AND HUMANITIES FACULTY

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY “SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH”

JAKARTA 1432 H / 2011 M

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DECLARATION I hereby declare that this submission is my own work and that, to the best of my

knowledge and belief, it contains no material previously published or written by

another person nor material which to a substantial extent has been accepted for the

award of any other degree or diploma of the university or the other institute of higher

learning, except where due acknowledgment has been made in text.

Jakarta, February 1st,2011

Arif Budi Winarto

LEGALIZATION

Name : Arif Budi Winarto

NIM : 106026000962

Title : Change Of Meaning Analysis Of English Borrowing Words in Seputar Indonesia Newspaper Published on December 27th, 2009

The thesis has been defended before the Faculty Letters and Humanities’ Examination Committee on February 1, 2011. It has been accepted as a partial fulfillment of the requirements for the degree of strata one.

Jakarta, February 1, 2011

The Examination Committee

Signature Date

1. Drs. Asep Saefuddin, M.Pd 19640710 199303 1 600

(Chair Person)

2. Elve Oktafiyani, M. Hum 19781003 200112 2 002

(Secretary)

3. Moh. Supardi, M.Hum (Advisor)

4. Maria Ulfa, M.A.,M.Hum. (Examiner I)

5. Elve Oktafiyani, M. Hum 19781003 200112 2 002

(Examiner II)

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ABSTRACT

Arif Budi Winarto, Change of Meaning Analysis of English Borrowings in Seputar

Indonesia Newspaper published on December 27th, 2009.

Thesis: English Letters Department, Letters and Humanities Faculty, State Islamic

University (UIN) Syarif Hidayatullah, Jakarta, 2011.

This research is aimed to know the English borrowing words in Indonesian

language in an Indonesian newspaper, Seputar Indonesia published on December

27th, 2009. The important purpose in this research is to know the change of meanings

of the borrowing words from English into Indonesian language in newspaper.

The writer uses descriptive qualitative method, to describe and analyze the

meanings of the English borrowing words in Indonesian language that have

extension, narrowing, and the same meanings. This research also explains the types of

words such as loanwords, loan blends, and loan shift. To support the analysis, the

writer uses some dictionaries, namely Oxford Learners Dictionary (1995), Kamus

Besar Bahasa Indonesia (1988), and Kamus Kata Serapan Asing dalam Bahasa

Indonesia (2003).

The writer uses some theories of the change of meaning and borrowing.

Finally, the writer finds forty five words from the newspaper. The borrowing words

from English in Indonesian printing newspaper have change of meaning namely

extension, narrowing, same meaning and most of them are loan blend, five loanwords

they are duel, mode, model, target, and survey and no loan shift. On the other hand,

the change of meaning does not have regeneration and degeneration.

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ACKNOWLEDGMENTS

All praise to be Allah SWT. The Lord of world, the King who has authority of

all creation in the whole world. The real’s writer’s guide, who amazingly guides him

in the process of making this thesis. Peace and blessing be upon the most honorable

prophet and Messenger Muhammad SAW, his families, companions, and followers.

This thesis presented to English Letter Department at Adab and Humanities

Faculty State Islamic University “Syarif Hidayatullah” Jakarta as a partial fulfillment

of the requirements for Degree of Strata One (S1).

Consequently, the writer also thanks to the following people:

1. Dr.H.Abdul Wahid Hasyim, M. Ag, the Dean of Adab and Humanities Faculty

Jakarta Syarif Hidayatullah State Islamic University.

2. Drs. A. Asep Saefudin, M.Pd, as Head of English Letters Department.

3. Elve Oktafiyani, M.Hum, the secretary of English Letters Department.

4. Mr. Moh.Supardi, M.Pd, the supervisor, for his time, guidance, patient, kindness,

and contribution in correcting and help him to finish this research. Without his

guidance this thesis is never completed.

5. All lecturers of English Letters Department who can’t be mentioned one by one

“thanks for teaching precious knowledge and wonderful experiences during the

study”.

6. For the examiner, Mrs. Elve Oktafiyani, M.Hum. and Mrs. Maria Ulfa, M.A.,

M.Hum.

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7. All the staffs of Library Center of UIN Jakarta, American Corner Library, FAH

UIN Library,and PKKBB Atma Jaya University who help him to get many

references to finish this thesis.

8. In this best opportunity, the writer wants to say thanks to his beloved parent

Suyanto and Rakinah who always give the writer prayer and motivation. He also

thanks to his beloved brothers: Mukti, Bagus, Panji, Moko who have advised him

and gave motivation in finishing this thesis.

9. All his friends at the campus, may Allah blesses and gives the greatest award for

them.

10. All his futsal and travelling friends.

11. For Miss. Serenade and Miss. Los Galacticos great thanks for all you have given

to me. You make my world so colorful, I never had it before, thank you for all the

love you gave to me.

12. All members of HMI Ciputat, especially HMI KOFAH

13. All members of BEM Fakultas Adab dan Humaniora periode 2010-2011

14. All members of English Letters Department families

15. All members of My “angkatan 2006” friends.

Jakarta, February 1, 2011

The Writer

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TABLE OF CONTENTS

ABSTRACT …………………………………………………………………………….. i APPROVEMENT ……………………………………………………………………… ii LEGALIZATION …….………………………………………………………………… iii DECLARATION………………………………………………………………………... iv ACKNOWLEDGEMENT …………………………………………………………… v TABLE OF CONTENTS………………………………………………………………. . vii CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION A. Background of the study…………………………………………. 1 B. Focus of the study………………………………………………… 5 C. Research Question………………………………………………... 5 D. Objective of the study…………………………………………….. 5 E. Significance of the study………………………………………….. 5 F. Research Methodology……………………………………………. 6 I. Research Method………………………………………………… 6 II. Instrument of research…………………………………………. 6 III. Technique data analysis……………………………………….. 6 G. Unit Analysis………………………………………………………. 7 H. Time and Place of analysis………………………………………... 7 CHAPTER II : THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK A. Language…………………………………………………………... 8

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B. Meaning……………………………………………………………. 9 C. Change of Meaning………………………………………………...10 D. Terminology………………………………………………………..13 E. Borrowing…………………………………………………………..18 CHAPTER III : RESEARCH FINDING A. Description of the Data…………………………………………….21

B. Analysis of the Data……………………………………………….23 I. Extension of Meaning…………………………………………….23 II. Narrowing of Meaning…………………………………………..27 III. Same of Meaning……………………………………………….31 CHAPTER IV : CONCLUSIONS AND SUGGESTIONS A. Conclusions…………………………………………………………70 B. Suggestion…………………………………………………………..71 BIBLIOGRAPHY ………………………………………………………………………..72

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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

A. Background of the study

Humans are created as social-creatures who need each others. From those

principles, humans do a communication process in which there are interaction

between speakers and listeners to deliver information. This process cannot be

separated from the role of language. Language is medium which is used by

humans to interact and communicate. Language is dynamic from time to time, it

always occurs some changes in vocabularies, words and grammatical.1

According to Harimurti kridalaksana, language is a sound system of

signals which is agreed to use by part of group in certain society to cooperate,

communicate, and identify them self.2 As human communication equipment,

language is developed by systemic aspects; it means language not only a single-

system but also consists of several sub-systems, phonology, morphology sub-

system, syntax sub-system, and semantic sub-system.3 Briefly, Ronald Wardaugh

says that “A very basic observation is that each language contains two systems

rather than one, a system of sound and a system of meaning. Only certain sounds

used by speakers are possible”.4

1 Abdul Chaer dan Leoni Agustina, Sosiolinguistik Perkenalan Awal (Jakarta: PT. Rineka Cipta,

2004), p. 13 2 Kushartanti,et al., Pesona Bahasa:Langkah Awal Memahami Linguistik (Jakarta: PT. Gramedia

Pustaka Utama, 2005), p. 3 3 Abdul Chaer, Linguistik Umum (Jakarta: PT.Rineka Cipta, 2007), p. 4 4 Ronald Wardaugh, Introduction to Linguistic (USA: McGrow-Hill, inc, 1972), p. 4

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Language has meaning and a meaning can change, because language has

dynamic characteristic. A change of meaning happens because of time and place

in certain districts or countries which urge the change of meaning. In meaning,

changes result from language contact, from cultural development requiring new

vocabulary, and from reshaping existing meanings.5 Synchronically, meaning of

word does not change, but in diachronically it enables to change. It means, in a

very short period meaning of a word is same, it does not change, but in a long

periods it enables to change.6

The words which are borrowed from foreign language will get the change

of meaning based on time and place. Language is able to change from time to time

refers to socio-cultural of society users.7 Every nation has their own language.

Indonesian has a hundreds of region-language which is united by national

language. Bahasa Indonesia is an identity of Indonesians. Furthermore, it cannot

relieve from foreign culture acculturation which can be seen in language varieties,

arts, and thoughts.

The varieties of Indonesian language are influenced by borrowing-words

which are borrowed from English, because English is considered as international

language. As the result, the Indonesian language was influenced by English and

nowadays it becomes usual in our country to borrow their language.

Furthermore, the Indonesian language much undergoes the change and

growth both utterances and meanings. In some fields, Indonesian language is

widening to follow up the growth of knowledge significantly. Because of that, one 5 Ronald Wardaugh, Introduction to Linguistic (USA: McGrow-Hill, inc, 1972), p. 185 6 Abdul Chaer, Linguistik Umum, (Jakarta: PT. Rineka Cipta, 1994), pp. 310-311 7 Abdul Chaer (2007), op.cit, p. 12

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emerges the new words in treasury of Indonesian language especially through the

process of borrowing words. The change is usually called as growing up, because

language is something life. “Language is something life” means language

undergoes the change which might not emerge to the users of that language in

short period, but in cumulative and long period in which the change will emerge

clearly.

The number of English terms that are adopted by Indonesian language

generates new problems, because either Indonesian language or English language

posses vocabularies each other, which must be different because of the different

social conditions. Usually, borrowing goes from the upper class to the lower class.

It means borrowing words of English are usually used by upper class to show their

status; automatically the lower follows them to get the same style.

The applications of borrowing-words are sometimes found in both spoken

and written language. The spoken language is sometimes used in Broadcast Media

such as television and radio. Whereas the application of written language is

usually used in printing media such as newspapers, journals and articles.

In Indonesian printing media, we often find several words which are

borrowed from English language, because English is an International language.

Some of those words which are borrowed, experience the change in meaning, for

example, the word “artist”. This word change in meaning as it can be seen in

Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia; it means “ahli seni; seniman; seniwati (seperti

penyanyi, pemain film, pelukis dan pemain drama).8 In Oxford Learners

8 Depdikbud, Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (Jakarta: PT. Balai Pustaka, 1988), pp. 49-50

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Dictionary it means “a person who paints or draw picture, produces

SCULPTURE,”9 Nowadays, Indonesian language applies the word “artis” as a

person who acts in a film, drama, or a singer and not only as a painter or who

draws picture. It means that the word “artist” in Indonesian words undergoes

change in meaning, that is generalization or it is changed from the narrow

meaning into general one.

Therefore, in this research, the writer analyzes the English borrowing

words in Seputar Indonesia newspaper published on December 27th, 2009. This

newspaper is one of Indonesian newspaper with Indonesian language that uses

many words that borrow from English words (English borrowing words). This

newspaper shows the use of English borrowing words with various meanings.

Seputar Indonesia newspaper debut published, on June 30, 2005. Born by

PT. Media Nusantara Information, a sub-sidiary of the PT. media Nusantara Citra

(MNC) that overshadow RCTI, TPI, Global TV, and Trijaya network. PT. MNC

has been very influential in managing the media page as well as fairly well-

established and influential, both among the public and decision makers. It loaded

with the element of public participation and able to present a life style that

includes in depth news, life style, sports, and entertainment.10

9 A.S. Hornby, Oxford advanced Learner’s Dictionary (New York: Oxford Univ. Press, 1995), p.

57 10 http://www.seputar-indonesia.com/edisicetak/content/view/12/27

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B. Focus of the study

In this research, the writer focuses on the change of meaning of English

borrowing words in Seputar Indonesia newspaper published on December 27th,

2009.

C. Research Question

The writer formulates research into some questions:

1. What kinds of English borrowing-words applied in Seputar

Indonesia newspaper published on December 27th, 2009?

2. How do the meanings of English borrowing words change from

English into Indonesian in Seputar Indonesia newspaper published

on December 27th, 2009?

D. Objective of the study

The objective of this research is to know the kinds and the meaning of

English borrowing words in Indonesian language applied in some Seputar

Indonesia newspaper published on December 27th, 2009.

E. Significance of study

Generally, this research is expected to be able to give more information

about some English borrowing and their meanings that are used in Indonesia that

is seen in an Indonesian newspaper, Seputar Indonesia. Furthermore, this research

is expected to give early data contributions for similar following research and also

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can enlarge knowledge about words in Indonesian language for writers and

readers.

F. Research Methodology

a. Research Method

In this research, the writer uses descriptive method. It is a research in

which renewing verbal-data and others non-numeric data as research foundation

and problem solving which are being examined.11 Qualitative method is procedure

in which resulting descriptive data such as written and spoken data in language

society. Qualitative approaches that involve spoken data in language also involve

what we mention as information. (Native language which is researched).12

b. Instrument of the research

The instrument of this research is the writer himself by reading, classifying

and giving notes or signs on several words relating to borrowing words in

Indonesian language.

c. Technique data analysis

In this research, the writer uses the technique of analytic descriptive by

comparing the English borrowing words to a number of Indonesian words. To

11 Muhammad Farkhan, Proposal Penelitian Bahasa dan Sastra (Jakarta: Cella, 2007), p. 2 12 Fatimah Djajasudarma, Metode Linguistik: Ancangan Metode Penelitian dan Kajian (Bandung:

PT. Refika Aditama, 2006), pp. 10-11

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support this research, the writer will use some dictionaries to see the meanings of

the words and books as references.

G. Unit of analysis

The unit analysis of this research is nine articles taken from Seputar

Indonesia published on December 27th, 2009.

H. Time and Place of research

This research was held on the 8th semester in 2010, in English and Letters

Department, Letters and Humanities Faculty, State Islamic University of Syarif

Hidayatullah Jakarta, and in some libraries.

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CHAPTER II

THEORITICAL FRAMEWORK

A. Language

Language is human device to communicate with their fellows. Language is

a sound system of signals which is agreed to use by part of group in certain

society to cooperate, communicate, and identify their self.1 A language touches

every part of our lives; it gives words to our thoughts, voice to our ideas, and

expression to our feelings.2

All languages change through time, but how they change, what drives

these changes, and what kinds of changes we can expect are not obvious. By

comparing different languages, different dialects of the same language, or

different historical stages of particular language, we can discover the history of

languages and also language groups or families.3

According to Geoffrey Leech, language has many functions and there are

five important communicative functions of language:4

1. Informational function: “language is used for giving information to

another people.”

2. Expressive function: “language can be used to express our feelings.”

3. Directive function: “language can be aimed to influence the other

behaviors or attitudes.”

1 Kushartanti , et.al. (ed), op. cit, p. 3 2 Thomas W. Stewart and Nathan V, Language Files (USA: The Ohio State University Press,

2001), p. 197 3 Ibid, p. 373 4 Geoffrey Leech, Semantics, (England: Penguin Book Ltd., 1974), pp. 47-48

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4. Aesthetic function: “language can be used to sake the linguistic artifact,

although with ulterior purpose”

5. Phatic function: “is the furthest remove from the aesthetic function, in that

here the communicative work done by language is at its lightest.”

B. Meaning

Victoria Fromklin and Robert Rodman said that, the most aspect of

knowing a language knows that certain sounds or sound sequences signify or

represent different concept or “meanings”.5 Knowing a language therefore to

understand the system which relates sounds and meanings. It means that when

you do not know a language, the sounds spoken to you from foreign tongue mean

nothing to you. So, you cannot understand what the speaker’s message is.

Semantic as a subfield of linguistic is the study of meaning in language.

Semantic deals with the meaning of words, and how the meanings of sentences

are derived from them.6 Semantics is sometimes contrasted with syntax, the study

of the symbols of a language (without reference to their meaning), and

pragmatics, the study of the relationships between the symbols of a language, their

meanings, and the users of the language. We can conclude that essential object of

semantic study is meaning.

Meanings are also things that are grasped and produced in the mind of the

speaker/listener that uses language; meanings are therefore a cognitive and

5 Victoria Fromklin and Robert Rodman, op. cit, p. 2 6 Ibid, p. 197

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psychological phenomenon.7 Pillsbury and Meader defined that meaning was the

“type” that lay behind the word. This “type” was a neurological reaction to a word

–a reaction not necessarily represented in consciousness.8 Whereas Roger Brown

noted that meanings are implicit responses originally elicited by referents and

then, through association, by words.9

Language meaning is a social phenomenon, in that relationship between

the speaker and listener come into play in all sorts of ways in determining what

out utterances mean. Meanings of words and sentences have a variety of important

relationship among themselves, which can be studied independently of both

information content about hypothesis and cognition.10

It is important to realize that information content, cognitive meaning, and

social (pragmatic) meaning are complementary aspects of the general

phenomenon of meaning (semantic): the ability to learn and use a language would

not be such a remarkably useful characteristic of our species.11

C. Change of Meaning (Semantic Change)

Change of meaning means change of references.12 Leonard Bloomfield

said that, language is the innovation which changes the lexical meaning rather

7 Ibid 8 Roger Brown, Words and Things, (New York: The Free Press, 1958), p. 92 9 Ibid, p. 97 10 Thomas W. Stewart and Nathan V, op.cit ,p. 198 11 Ibid 12 J.D. Parera ̧Teori semantic, Edisi Kedua, (Jakarta: Erlangga, 2004), p. 107

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than the grammatical function of a form that are called as the change of meaning

or Semantic Change.13

Nowadays, we can easily know that a change in the meaning of a speech-

form is merely the result of a change in the use of it and other, semantically

related speech-form. A change of meaning may imply a connection between

practical things and thereby throw light on the life of older times.14

There are five factors that caused the meaning of the word changed:15

1. The science and technology development: “The development of science and

technology can cause the origin word changed to a different meaning from its

origin word. The meaning of words in science and technology based on the

general word in society, then experience reducing, restriction and constriction

that appropriate with its field.”

2. The social and cultural development: “The change of meaning also can cause

by the social and cultural development, a user of Indonesian language caused

the word of meaning to describe their experiences.”

3. The using of word development: “Every science fields have their own

vocabularies, but the vocabularies of theirs can be used to other fields with the

new meaning or different with the origin meaning. Finally, the vocabulary

become general and has several meaning because its use not only in one field

but also another fields, it means that the meaning can be general from one

vocabulary changes from its original meaning.”

13 Leonard Bloomfield, Language, (London: George Allen & Unwin Ltd., 1935), p. 425 14 Ibid, pp. 426&428 15 Abdul Chaer, Linguistik Umum (Jakarta: PT.Rineka Cipta, 2007), pp. 311-313

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4. The conception of sense exchange: “All of the conceptions of sense have their

own function to feel what happen with them. In development of language

using, many cases of conception of sense exchange from the one sense into

another. Such as sweet taste, it should be received by the sense of seeing”

5. Because of Association: “There is a relationship between forms of utterance

with something else that is related with its form of utterance.

According to Albert C. Baugh in his book A Story of English language

stated that there are four kinds of the change meaning:16

1. Extension of meaning: “That is process of word experience the change of

meaning from specific into general meaning. It is also called widening or

generalization, it means the word is widening from the special meaning. When

the word became widening its meaning, that word means have several

meaning, not only in one field of science but also in another field.” For

example: the word ‘putera’ and ‘puteri’ used to mean King’s sons or

daughters, but now boy also can called ‘putera’ and girl also called ‘puteri’.

2. Narrowing of meaning: “Narrowing also called specialization. This is a process

of word experience of meaning from general into specific meaning. In

narrowing, the general word change became narrow meaning.” For example:

the word of ‘sarjana’ used to mean a smart person, but now ‘sarjana’ have

meaning university graduated.

16 Albert C. Baugh, A History of the English Language, Fourth Edition, (London: Routledge, 1993), pp. 302-303

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3. Regeneration of meaning: “Regeneration is a process of meaning change, the

new meaning goes up more higher or better than the old meaning, regeneration

is also called ameliorative, the positive and pleasant meaning is aimed in it.”

For example: the word of ‘wanita’ is better to use than ‘perempuan’.

4. Degeneration of meaning: “Degeneration also called pejorative is a process of

meaning changes where the new meaning changed goes down more lower than

the old meaning. Degeneration aim to the negative or unpleasant meaning.” For

example: the word of ‘hostes’ now have negative or lower meaning whereas

originally the meaning of ‘hostes’ was not low.

D. Terminology

Terminology is the study of terms and their use. The terms are words and

compuond words that are used in specific contexts. Term is a lexical unit

consisting of one or more than one word which represents a concept inside a

domain, and the terminology is the vocabulary of a subject field.17

According to Abdul Chaer, “terminology is different from word,

terminology has meaning which is certain, clear and unhesitatingly, altough

without context sentence.18 The terminology is free from context, on the contrary

word is not free from context. For example, the word tangan and lengan as the

terminology in medical term, both of them have different meanings in medical

field. Tangan is a part from circle untill fingers, and lengan is a part from circle

untill shoulder. Whereas in word, tangan and lengan have the same meaning. It 17 Kyo Kaguera, The Dynamic of Terminology, (Amsterdam: John Benjamin Publishing, 2002),

p. 9 18 Abdul Chaer, Linguistik Umum, (Jakarta: PT. Rineka Cipta, 2007), p. 295

14

means that terminology is not only used in its own science field, but also used

generally outside the field.19

Word with general meaning have function as the terminology.20 There are

some kinds of process to form the word, such as:

1. Etymology

It is known as the origin and history of a word. For example: the word

of etymology itself.21

2. Coinage

It is by invention the totally new terms; it is used for commercial

products or for any version of that product. For example: Aspirin and

Teflon.22

3. Borrowing

It is by taking over the words from other languages. For example:

Yogurt (borrowed from French).23

4. Compounding

Compounding is simply the joining of two or more words into a single

word, as in airstrip, cornflakes, busybody, downpour, cutoff, skywarn,

alongside, breakfast, long-haired, devil-may-care, high school.24

19 Ibid 20 Kyo Kaguera, op. Cit. 21 George Yule, The study of Language, (UK: Cambridge University Press, 2006), pp. 53-59 22 Ibid 23 Ibid 24 Norman C. Stageberg, An Introductory English Grammar, (USA: University of Northern Iowa),

p. 127

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5. Blending

Blending is the fusion of two words into one, usually the first part of

one word with the last part of another, as in brunch, from breakfast

and lunch.25 The resultant blend partakes of both original meanings.

Blending should be treated in the same way as conventional

compounds and entered in the dictionary. New blends, like novel

compounds, are interested from the meanings of their supposed parts,

the context, and background information.26

6. Clipping

Clipping means cutting off the beginning or the end of a word, or both,

leaving a part to stand for the whole, the resultant form is called a

clipped word. The jargon of the campus is filled with clipped words:

lab, dorm, prof, exam, gym, prom, math, and psych. 27

7. Foreclipped words are those with the first part of the original word cut

off, e.g. cobweb and bus, phone from telephone, plane from airplane,

and roo from kangaroo.28 More common are back-clippings (or ‘end-

clippings’), where the tail-end of the original has been shorn off, cf.

pants, taxi, exam, math(s), phys, ed. Tech, uni are familiar in the

educational field.29 Rarest are both fore- and back-clipped words like

25 Ibid, p. 130 26 Keith Allan, Linguistic Meaning, (USA: Routledge & Kegan Paul inc, 1986), p. 241 27 Norman C. Stageberg, op. cit, p. 128 28 Keith Allan, loc. cit,. p. 239 29 Ibid

16

flu from influenza. It can readily be seen that words derived by

clipping retain the meaning of the word from which they are clipped.30

8. Backformation

The process is by reduced one type of word to form a word of another

type. For example: televise (verb) into television (noun).31

9. Conversion

It is changed the version of word. As when a noun comes to be used a

verb without any reduction. For example chair (noun) become verb in

someone has to chair the meeting.32

10. Acronyms

Acronym is the process whereby a word is formed from the initials or

beginning segments of a succession of words, for example: MP

(Military Police) and NATO (North Atlantic Treaty Organization).33

11. Derivation

Derivation is the forming of new words by combining derivational

affixes or bound bases with existing words, as in disadvise, emplane,

deplane, teleplay, ecosystem, coachdom, counsellorship, re-ask.34

12. Invention

Now and then words totally invented, like Kodak, nylon, dingbat,

floosy, goof, moron, and blurb, but few of these find their way into the

common vocabulary.35

30 Ibid 31 George Yule, op. cit, pp. 53-59 32 Ibid 33 Norman C. Stageberg, op.cit, p. 129 34 Ibid, p. 127

17

13. Echoism

Echoism is the formation of words whose sound suggests their

meaning, like hiss and peewee. The meaning is usually a sound, either

natural like the roar of a waterfall or artificial like the clang of a bell.36

14. Prefixes and suffixes

Prefixes is added the affixes in the beginning of the word. For

example: mislead (mis - + Lead). Suffixes is added the affixes in the

end of the word. For example: Foolishness (Foolish + - ness).37

15. Infixes

It is incorporated inside another word and possible to see in certain

expression. For example: unfuckingbelievable! With infixes fucking.38

16. Multiple processes

It is can be done by trace the operation of more than one process at

work. For example: problems with the project have snowballed. The

word snow and ball were combined to form the noun snowball, the

turn in the verb through conversion.39

17. Reduplication

Reduplication is the process of forming a new word by doubling a

morpheme, usually with change of vowel or initial consonant, as in

pooh-pooh, tiptop, and hanky-panky.40

35 Ibid 36 Ibid, pp. 127-128 37 George Yule, op. cit, pp. 53-59 38 Ibid 39 Ibid 40 Norman C. Stageberg, op.cit,. p. 133

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E. Borrowing

According to Ronald Wardaugh in his book, Introduction to Linguistics,

borrowing is another way of adding new vocabulary items to language.41 Victoria

Fromklin and Robert Rodman said that borrowing occurs when one language adds

to its own lexicon a word or morphemes from another language, often altering its

pronunciation to fit the phonological rules of the borrowing language.42

Borrowing generally deliberates the absorption of lexicon in which Hocket

classified this into three types, as follows:43

1. Loanwords: “Loanword is the process of morphological importation involving

no morphological replacement but with or without substitution in phoneme.”

Example: Data:Data

2. Loan blends: “Loan blend is the combination of morphological substitution and

importation, but the structure fits the model.” Example: Instruction:Instruksi

3. Loan shifts: “Loan shift is the morphological substitution without importation

but involves loan translation and semantic loans.” Example: umpan

balik:feedback, penyerapan:borrowing

In addition, loanwords can be classified into two types: verbal and non-

verbal loanwords. Verbal loanwords are the loanwords which can be found in

verbal communication, while non-verbal loanwords are the loanwords used in

written text.

41 Ronald Wardaugh, op. cit., p.181 42 Victoria Fromklin and Robert Rodman, op. cit,. p. 459 43 Charles F. Hocket, A Course in Modern Linguitics (USA: MacMillan Publishing co., inc:1958),

pp. 408-413

21

CHAPTER III

RESEARCH FINDINGS

A. DESCRIPTION OF THE DATA In this data description, the writer finds a number of Indonesian words

which are borrowed from English language. Those words are taken from nine

articles in Seputar Indonesia newspaper published on December 27th 2009 as the

unit analysis of this study. Those articles consist of several rubrics, namely

education, entertainment, sport, science, technology, hobbies, lifestyle, politics

and International news.

From those articles above, the writer collects forty five Indonesian words

which are borrowed from English, and then the writer tries to analyze them.

Table. 1. The words which get the change of meaning in extension

Table. 2. The words which get the change of meaning in narrowing

English Words Indonesian Words

Application Aplikasi Artist Artis Texture Teksture


Competition Kompetisi Nutrition Nutrisi Point Poin Positive Positif

22

Table. 3. The words which have the same meaning


Active Aktif Actrees Aktris Ambition Ambisi Athlete Atlet Character Karakter Club Klub Combination Kombinasi Community Komunitas Creative Kreatif Crew Kru Description Deskripsi Duel Duel Duration Durasi Effect Efek Expedition Ekspedisi Federation Federasi Feminine Feminim Focus Fokus Information Informasi Institution Institusi Manager Manajer Mode Mode Model Model Politics Politik Permissive Permisif Position Posisi Pragmatics Pragmatik Program Program Prediction Prediksi Quality Kualitas Route Rute Station Stasiun Survey Survey Target Target Team Tim Terror Teror Trend Tren Technique Teknik

23

B. ANALYSIS OF THE DATA

From the data description, the writer analyzes the Indonesian words by

giving the meaning of words from each word. Then, the writer will classify the

data by categorizing based on the kind of meaning changing. Such as extension of

meaning, narrowing meaning, and same meaning. And also analyze the kind of

types, such as loanwords, loan blends and loan shift. In this analysis, the writer

uses three dictionaries to support his analysis to find the meaning of each word,

the dictionaries are;

a. Oxford Advanced Learner’s Dictionary of Current English, fifth edition,

(Hornby AS, 1995)

b. Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (Departemen Pendidikan dan

Kebudayaan, 1988)

c. Kamus Kata-Kata serapan Asing dalam Bahasa Indonesia (J.S. Badudu,

2003)

The following is the analysis of 45 Indonesian words that are borrowed

from English in Seputar Indonesia Newspaper published on December 27th, 2009.

The analysis of each word presented in alphabetical order.

B.1. Extension of Meaning.

1. ‘Aplikasi’ word is borrowed from English ‘Application’

The Sentence from the article: Untuk aplikasi model rambut ini sangat mudah.

(page 21, column 1)

24

According to the above sentence, the aplikasi word has function as noun. Its

meanings in Oxford Dictionary are:

a. (n) 1. (to sb) (for sth/to do sth) a formal (often written) request for

something, such as a job, permission to do something or a place at a

college or university. 2. A program designed to do particular job; a piece

of software.1

Example: The new computer application of new technology to teaching

The meaning in KBBI and KKSABI are:

b. (n) 1. Karya hias dalam seni jahit-menjahit dengan menempelkan

(menjahitkan) guntingan-guntingan kain yang dibentuk. 2. Penggunaan. 3.

Penerapan.2

c. (n) 1. Lamaran untuk jadi pegawai/pekerja. 2. Penerapan, penggunaan.3

The word ‘aplikasi’ functions as a noun both in English or Indonesia.

Based on three different meanings above, the writer can conclude that the word of

application word gets the change of meaning that is widening or extension

meaning, because it has just refers to act or use something in practical ways. It’s

more general than the meaning of program designed to do a particular job or a

piece of software. This word compare to the English word is considered as loan

blend. Because, this word has different spelling both in English and Indonesian

1 A.S Hornby, Oxford Learners Dictionary (USA: New York University press, 1995), p. 52 2 Depdikbud. Kamus Besar Bahasa Indonesia (Jakarta: PT. Balai Pustaka, 1988), p. 49 3 J. S. Badudu, Kamus Kata-kata Serapan Bahasa Asing dalam Bahasa Indonesia (Jakarta:

Penerbit Buku Kompas, 2003), p. 26

25

language. In Indonesia it is spelled A-P-L-I-K-A-S-I, in English it is spelled A-P-

P-L-I-C-A-T-I-O-N. But this word has similarities in pronunciation.

2. ‘Artis’ word is borrowed from English ‘Artist’

The Sentence from the article: Gandeng artis, parpol pragmatis. (page 1,

column 3)

The writer identifies that artis word in the sentence above functions as a noun.

Its meaning in the Oxford Dictionary is:

a. (n) A person who paints or draws pictures, procedures sculpture.4

Example: Michelangelo was an Italian greatest artist

Whereas in KBBI and KKSABI the meanings are:

b. (n) Ahli seni; seniman, seniwati (seperti penyanyi, pemain film, pelukis,

pemain drama).5

c. (n) Seniman dan Seniwati (penyanyi, pemain film atau sinetron,

dramawan/dramawati). Orang yang ahli dibidang seni tertentu, Seniman.6

This word gets the change of meaning that is widening or extension meaning.

The word of artist changes into general meaning, because in entertainment

context this word means not only a painter but also it could be a celebrity, a

movie star, a singer or an actor. The writer also analyzes that the word of artis

word is loan blend type because it has similar pronunciation but different in

spelling. In English it is spelled A-R-T-I-S-T and in Indonesia it is spelled A-R-

4 A. S Hornby, op.cit, p. 61 5 Depdikbud, op.cit, p. 49 6 J. S. Badudu, op.cit, p. 29

26

T-I-S, omitted the ‘T’ letter in the end.

3. ‘Tekstur’ word is borrowed from English ‘Texture’

The sentence from the article: Dan dengan tekstur yang juga cukup kontras.

(page 21, column 1)

According to the sentence above, the tekstur word functions as a noun. It’s

meaning in the Oxford Dictionary is:

a. (n) The way a surface, substance or fabric feels when you touch it, for

example, have rough, smooth, hard or soft it is.7

Example in sentence: The two cheeses were very different in both taste and

texture.

The lexical meaning in KBBI and KKSABI are:

b. (n) Ukuran dan susunan (jaringan) bagian suatu benda; jalinan atau

penyatuan bagian-bagian sesuatu sehingga menjadi satu benda.8

c. (n) 1. Sifat suatu kain berdasarkan mutu benang serta cara menenunnya,

misal kasar, halus, kaku, kuat, dsb. 2. Susunan bagian pembentuk sesuatu,

misal tekstur batu, tanah, jaringan tubuh,karya sastra, dsb.Susunan bagian

pembentuk sesuatu.9

From the meanings above, the writer concludes that texture word gets the

change of meaning that is widening or extension meaning. In the Oxford

Dictionary, the word texture meaning is ‘the way a surface, substance or fabric

7 A. S. Hornby, op.cit, p. 1397 8 Depdikbud, op.cit, p. 917 9 J. S. Badudu, op.cit, p. 614

27

feels when you touch it’ and the meaning is wider in the KKSABI which states

‘an arrangement of forming parts of something’. This word is considered as loan

blend. Because even though this word has similar pronunciation, but different

spelling compare to the English word. In English it is spelled T-E-X-T-U-R-E

whereas in Indonesia it is spelled T-E-K-S-T-U-R. The ‘X’ letter in the English is

changed with the ‘KS’ letters and the last letter ‘E’ are discarded.

B. 2. Narrowing of Meaning

1. ‘Kompetisi’ word is borrowed from English ‘Competition’

The sentence from the article: Tidak seperti kompetisi sepakbola lain, Liga

Premier tidak mengenal jeda musim dingin. (page 13, column 2)

In sentence above the kompetisi word functions as a noun. Its meaning in the

Oxford Dictionary is:

a. (n) 1. A situation in which people or organizations compete each other for

something that not everyone can have; 2. An event in which people

compete with each other to find out who is the best of something. 3. (The

competition) the people who are competing against somebody.10

Example: There is now intense competition between schools to attract

students.


b. (n) 1. Pertandingan olahraga untuk merebut kejuaraan dalam segabungan 10 A. S. Hornby, op.cit, p. 260

28

perkumpulan olahraga. 2. Sistem pertandingan olahraga yang

mengharuskan semua pihak saling bertanding (berhadapan).11

c. (n) 1. Pertandingan olahraga, semisal sepakbola. 2. Pertandingan olahraga.

3. Sistem pertandingan yang mengharuskan semua kesebelasan saling

berhadapan.12

Based on the three different meanings, above the writer concludes that the

word of competition has narrowing meaning. The meaning of kompetisi in the

KKSABI is a sport match; it changes from a situation in which people compete

for something that not everyone can have and not only in sports. This word is

considered as loan blend, because this word experiences the process of

morphological importation with morphological replacement but without

substitution in phoneme. It has similar pronunciation and different in spelling.

The English spelling is C-O-M-P-E-T-I-T-I-O-N, whereas the Indonesian spelling

is K-O-M-P-E-T-I-S-I.

2. ‘Nutrisi’ word is borrowed from English ‘Nutrition’

The sentence from the article: Sistem pewarnaan yang seimbang karena

diimbangi dengan kandungan enam nutrisi. (page 21, column 2)

From the above sentence, the word of nutrisi functions as a noun. Its

meanings are:

a. (n) Process by which living things receive the foods necessary for them to

11 Depdikbud, op.cit, p. 453 12 J. S. Badudu, op.cit, p. 187

29

be healthy.13

Example: Advice on diet and nutrition.

b. (n) Proses pembentukan dan pengolahan zat makanan oleh tubuh.14

c. (n) 1. Makanan bergizi; 2. Ilmu tentang gizi.15

From the meanings above, the writer concludes that the word of nutrition

has narrowing meaning or specialization. In the KKSABI it refers to nutrious

food; more specific than meaning in the Oxford Dictionary. This word can be

categorized as loan blend type, because compare to the English word, the word

nutrisi has similar pronunciation, but different in spelling. The English spelling is

N-U-T-R-I-T-I-O-N and Indonesian spelling is N-U-T-R-I-S-I.

3. ‘Point’ word is borrowed from English Language ‘poin’

The sentence from the article: Armada perang Martin O’Neill tersebut bahkan

mengantongi jumlah poin yang sama seperti the gunners. (page 13, column 5)

The word ‘poin’ means:

a. (n) Thing that somebody or writers giving their opinion/stating a fact.16

Example: I can get the point from George W. Bush statement clearly.

b. (n) 1. Tempat tertentu sebagai tanda khusus; 2. Titik, tanda henti; 3.

Satuan untuk menghitung nilai dalam permainan; 4. Hal yang jadi pokok

13 A. S. Hornby, op.cit, p. 907 14 Depdikbud, op.cit, p. 619 15 J.S. Badudu, op.cit, p. 244 16 A.S. Hornby, op.cit, p. 1013

30

masalah.17

According to meanings above, the word of point has narrowing or

specialization meaning. In Oxford dictionary, it means thing that somebody

says or writes giving their opinion or stating a fact whereas in the Indonesian

language as in the sentence above, it’s meaning changes into a variable to

count score in a games. This meaning is considered to be more specific. This

word is also considered as loan blend type, because the English word has

similar pronunciation but different in spelling compare to the Indonesian word.

In English it is spelled P-O-I-N-T in Indonesia it is spelled P-O-I-N without

letter ‘T’.

4. ‘Positif’ word is borrowed from English ‘Positive’

The sentence from the article: Tentu saja Gabriel Agbonlahor dkk ingin

mempertahankan tren positif tersebut. (page 13, column 5)

The word of positif in the above sentence functions as an adjective. Its lexical

meanings are:

a. (adj) 1. Thinking about what is good in a situation (feeling confident and

hopeful); 2. Directed at dealing with something or producing a successful

result; 3. Expressing agreement or support.18

Example: To be better man and be positive, I always remember this

statement that my father talked to me.

17 J. S. Badudu, op.cit, p. 279 18 A.S. Hornby, op.cit, p. 1023

31

b. (ks) 1. Pasti; tegas; tentu. 2. Yang bersifat nyata dan membangun; praktis

dan konstraktif.19

c. (ks) 1. Jelas, pasti; 2. Nyata, tidak maya; 3. Baik, bersifat membangun;

4. Bermanfaat, berguna.20

The meaning of positive word in the KKSABI is clear, certain and good

condition. Comparing to the meaning in the English word, the word of ‘positif’

has narrowing meaning. This word is considered as loan blend, because this word

has little bit different in spelling such as in English it is spelled P-O-S-I-T-I-V-E

and in Indonesia it is spelled P-O-S-I-T-I-F. They are also having similar

pronunciation.

B. 3. The Same Meaning

1. ‘Aktif’ word is borrowed from English ‘Active’

The sentence from the article: Menghabiskan waktu bersama keluarga,

bahkan aktif dalam kegiatan sosial. (page 32, column 2)

The word of aktif in the sentence above functions as an adjective. Its lexical

meanings are:

a. (adj) 1. Always busy doing things, especially physical activities; 2. Doing

things; busy or energetic.21

Example in sentence: Drew is active in every social work. 19 Depdikbud, op.cit, p. 696 20 J.S. Badudu, op.cit, pp. 282-283 21 A.S Hornby, op.cit, p. 13

32

b. (ks) 1. Giat (bekerja; berusaha); 2. Dinamis atau bertenaga.22

c. (ks) 1. Giat, rajin dalam bekerja/berusaha; 2. Suka bergerak, bekerja,

berbuat sesuatu.23

This word according to the meanings above does not get the change of

meaning, because it refers to likely moving, working or doing something

energetically. This word is considered as loan blend, because this word gets

differentiation in spelling, A-C-T-I-V-E in English and A-K-T-I-F in Indonesia,

but they have similar pronunciation.

2. ‘Aktris’ word is borrowed from English ‘Actress’

The sentence from the article: Hari Natal dirayakan oleh aktris Hollywood

dengan berbagai cara. (page 32, column 2)

The word of aktris functions as a noun in sentence above. Its lexical meanings

in several dictionaries are:

a. (n) A woman who performs on the stage, television or in films/movies,

especially as a profession.24

Example: Angelina Jolie is a beautiful actress in Hollywood.

b. (kb) Wanita yang berperan sebagai pelaku dalam pementasan cerita.25

c. (kb) Wanita pemegang peran dalam lakon sandiwara atau drama, radio,

22 Depdikbud, op.cit, p. 17 23 J.S Badudu, op.cit, p. 11 24 A.S Hornby, op.cit, p. 19 25 Depdikbud, op.cit, p. 17

33

televisi atau film.26

From those meanings above, the writer concludes that this word does not

get the change of meaning, because it has the same meaning which is a woman

who acts on stage, radio, television or film. This word is considered as loan blend.

The writer also identifies that this word has similar pronunciation but has

different in spelling, in English the spelling is A-C-T-R-E-S-S and in Indonesia

the spelling is A-K-T-R-I-S.

3. ‘Ambisi’ word is borrowed from English ‘Ambition’


mempertahankan tren positif tersebut agar ambisi tampil di liga Champions

terbuka lebar.(page 13, column 5)

In sentence from the sentence above, the word ambisi functions as a noun. Its

meanings which stated in several dictionaries as follow:

a. (n) 1. Something that you want to do or achieve very much; 2. The desire

or dewordination to be succesful, rich, powerful.27

Example: She never achieved her ambition of becoming a movie star.

b. (kb) Keinginan (hasrat, nafsu) yang besar untuk menjadi (memperoleh,

mencapai) sesuatu (spt pangkat, kedudukan) atau melakukan sesuatu.28

c. (kb) 1. Cita-cita / keinginan yang kuat untuk berhasil, berkuasa, dan

terkenal; 2. Hasrat/keinginan yang besar untuk memperoleh sesuatu

26 J.S. Badudu, op.cit, p. 11 27 A.S Hornby, op.cit, p. 38 28 Depdikbud, op.cit, p. 27

34

(pangkat, jabatan).29

The word has similar meaning which refers to strong desire or aim to be

successful; therefore this word does not get change of meaning. This word is

categorized as loan blend type, because this word has different in spelling, in

English it is spelled A-M-B-I-T-I-O-N and in Indonesia it is spelled A-M-B-I-S-I

and also has similar pronunciation.

4. ‘Atlet’ word is borrowed from English ‘Athlete’

The sentence from the article: David Beckham atlet terseksi 2009. (page 13,

column 3)

According to the sentence above, the word athlete functions as a noun. Its

meanings in the Oxford Dictionary are:

a. (n) 1. A person who competes in sports, 2. A person who competes in

sport as running and jumping, 3. A person who is good at sports and

physical exercise, 4. Person trained for physical games.30

Example in sentence: Andrew Johnson is a triathlon athlete.

Whereas in KBBI and KKSABI:

b. (kb) Olahragawan (terutama dalam bidang yang memerlukan kekuatan,

ketangkasan dan kecepatan).31

c. (kb) Olahragawan yang mengikuti lomba ketangkasan, kekuatan,

29 J.S Badudu, op.cit, p. 17 30 A.S Hornby, op.cit, p. 69 31 Depdikbud, Op.cit, p. 55

35

kecepatan.32

From three different meanings above, the writer concludes that athlete

word does not get the change of meaning. Because both three dictionaries above

stated similar meaning about athlete word as ‘person who trained and competed

for physical games or sport.’ Both in English and Indonesian, this word has

similar function as a noun. This word is also considered as loan blend type the

combination of two processes of English and Indonesian language that has

similarities in pronunciation but different in spelling. The spelling in English is

A-T-H-L-E-T-E and the spelling in Indonesian is A-T-L-E-T.

5. ‘Deskripsi’ word is borrowed from English ‘Description’

The sentence from the article: Deskripsi Plato tentang Atlantis telah

melahirkan berbagai prediksi lokasi kota yang hilang ini. (page 6, column 1)

From the sentence above, the writer considers that deskripsi word functions as

a noun. The following is the explanations of its lexical meanings according to

several dictionaries.

a. (n) giving a statement of what somebody/something is like.33

Example: After this lesson ended, I will ask to the teacher about

description of those theories, because I don’t understand yet.

b. (kb) Pemaparan/penggambaran dengan kata-kata secara jelas dan rinci.34

c. (kb) Penggambaran/pemaparan tentang sesuatu.35

32 J.S Badudu, op.cit, p. 31 33 A.S Hornby, op.cit, p. 357 34 Depdikbud, op.cit, p. 201

36

The description word does not get the change of meaning, because it

refers to describing/giving illustration about something. This word is considered

as loan blend type, because this word experiences the process of morphological

importation that is morphological replacement (spelling) but without substitution

in phoneme (pronunciation). In English the spelling of description is D-E-S-C-R-

I-P-T-I-O-N and in Indonesia the spelling is D-E-S-K-R-I-P-S-I. The letter ‘C’ is

change with letter ‘K’ and the last letters ‘T-I-O-N’ get morphological change to

become ‘S-I’ letters in Indonesian.

6. ‘Duel’ word is borrowed from English ‘Duel’

The sentence from the article: Menjelang duel penting kontra Aston Villa,

Arsenal disibukan dengan meladeni tuntutan federasi sepakbola Inggris (FA).

(page 13, column 4)

From the sentence above, the writer considers that word duel functions as a

noun. The explanations of its lexical meaning according to several

dictionaries as follow:

a. (n) Formal fight with the weapons between two people.36

Example: Bruce Lee beat Lee wong in dramatic duel.

b. (kb) Perkelahian antar dua orang untuk menyelesaikan pertikaian (dengan

pedang atau pistol, ditempat dan waktu yang telah ditetapkan).37


37

c. (n) Perkelahian/pertarungan mati-matian dengan menggunakan senjata.38

Based on the meanings above, the duel word does not get the change of

meaning. It refers to formal-deadly fight which use weapons. This word is

considered as loanwords, because this word experiences the process of

morphological importation without morphological replacement and without

substitution in phoneme. There is no difference between pronunciation and

spelling.

7. ‘Durasi’ word is borrowed from English ‘Duration’

The sentence from the article: Infotainment itu yang menonton 10 juta orang

dengan durasi 14 jam setiap hari.(page 12, column 5)

The word durasi in the sentence above functions as a noun. The following is

the explanations of its lexical meanings according to several dictionaries.

a. (n) Time during which something lasts.39

Example: Our trip will take a long duration, because heavy rain.

b. (kb) Lamanya (sesuatu berlangsung); rentang waktu.40

This word has the same meaning. Because from several descriptions

above, the meaning of duration word is same both in English and Indonesian

word. This word is categorized as loan blend type, because it has similar

pronunciation but different in spelling. In English it is spelled D-U-R-A-T-I-O-N

and in Indonesian it is spelled D-U-R-A-S-I with letters ‘T-I-O-N’ get

38 J.S Badudu, op.cit, p. 72 39 A.S Hornby, op.cit, p. 413 40 J.S Badudu, op.cit.

38

morphological change to become ‘S-I’ letters in Indonesia.

8. ‘Efek’ word is borrowed from English ‘Effect’

The sentence from the article: Laporan pada KPI akan lebih mempunyai efek

yang tegas. (page 12, column 5)

The word efek in the sentence above functions as a noun. The following is the

explanations of its meanings according to several dictionaries.

a. (n) Change that somebody/something cause in somebody/something else;

result. Particular look, sound or impression that an artist wants create.41

Example: The global warming is an effect from high pollution around the

world.

b. (n) Akibat; pengaruh; kesan yang timbul pada pikiran penonton,

pendengar, pembaca dsb (sesudah mendengar atau melihat sesuatu).42

c. (n) Akibat/pengaruh yang timbul diluar tujuan pokok.43

The effect word has same meaning that refers to a result or changes of

somebody/something. This word is categorized as loan blend types, because even

tough it has similarities in pronunciation but different in spelling. In English, it is

spelled E-F-F-E-C-T with double ‘T’ letter and last syllable ‘C-T’ and in

Indonesia it is spelled E-F-E-K.

9. ‘Ekspedisi’ word is borrowed from English ‘Expedition’

The sentence from the article: Pemilihan Collina-Girrard atas lokasi ekspedisi

41 A.S Hornby, op.cit, p. 422 42 Depdikbud, op.cit, p. 218 43 J.S Badudu, op.cit, p. 75

39

ini didasarkan pada kombinasi teori Geologi dan Literatur.(page 6, column 2)

The word ekspedisi in the sentence above functions as a noun. The following

is the explanations of its meanings according to several dictionaries.

a. (n) organized journey for a purpose.44

Example: Ronald Amudsen leads the expedition to North Pole.

b. (kb) Pengiriman surat, barang, dsb. Perjalanan penyelidikan ilmiah di

suatu daerah yang kurang dikenal.45

c. (kb) Pelayaran/perjalanan dengan tujuan tertentu.46

The expedition word both in English and Indonesian borrowing words has

similar meaning; the meaning refers to voyage/journey for specific purpose. This

word is categorized as loan blend types, because even though it has similarities in

pronunciation but different in spelling. In English, it is spelled E-X-P-E-D-I-T-I-

O-N and in Indonesia it is spelled E-K-S-P-E-D-I-S-I. The ‘X’ and ‘T-I-O-N’

letters get morphological change to become ‘K’ and ‘S-I’ letters in Indonesia.

10. ‘Federasi’ word is borrowed from English ‘Federation’

The sentence from the article: Menjelang duel penting kontra Aston Villa,

Arsenal disibukan dengan meladeni tuntutan federasi sepakbola Inggris (FA).

(page 13, column 4)

The word in the sentence above functions as a noun. The following is the

meanings according several dictionaries.


40

a. (n) Union of states with a central government.47

Example: United States of America is a federation country which has fifty

regional states.

b. (n) 1. Gabungan beberapa perhimpunan yang bekerjasama dan seakan-

akan merupakan satu badan tetapi masing-masing perhimpunan tersebut

tetap berdiri sendiri. 2. Gabungan beberapa negara bagian yang

dikoordinasi oleh Pemerintah Pusat yang mengurus hal-hal mengenai

kepentingan Nasional seluruhnya.48

c. (n) 1. Masyarakat/Negara persatuan. 2. Kelompok/perserikatan 3. Negara-

negara bagian.49

This word based on three meanings above has the same meaning. This

word is categorized as loan blend types, because it has similarities in

pronunciation but different in spelling. In English it is spelled F-E-D-E-R-A-T-I-

O-N and Indonesia it is spelled F-E-D-E-R-A-S-I and the ‘T-I-O-N’ letters get


11. ‘Feminim’ word is borrowed from English ‘Feminine’

The sentence from the article: Gaya femme fatale yang mengagungkan

kekuatan wanita dalam balutan citra feminim.(page 21, column 2)

The word feminine in the sentence above functions as an adjective. Its lexical

meanings according several dictionaries are:


41

a. (adj) of or like women.50

Example: Gucci adds more flowery motives on his new fashion design to

appear feminine side.

b. (ks) Mengenai (seperti, menyerupai) wanita; bersifat kewanitaan.51

c. (ks) Kewanitaan.52

Based on three meanings above, the feminine word does not get the change

of meaning, because it has the same meaning. This word is categorized as loan

blend types, because it has similarities in pronunciation but different in spelling.

In English, it is spelled F-E-M-I-N-I-N-E and in Indonesia it is spelled F-E-M-I-

N-I-M and the ‘N-E’ letters get morphological change to become ‘M’ letter in

Indonesia.

12. ‘Fokus’ word is borrowed from English ‘Focus’

The sentence from the article: Dia memilih untuk fokus menghadapi

Villa.(page 13, column 4)

The word fokus in the sentence above functions as a noun. Its lexical

meanings according to several dictionaries are:

a. (n) Center of interest.53

Example: Becoming focus in several headlines, corruption court is

summoned more active against corruption problems.

50 A.S Hornby, op.cit, p. 489 51 Depdikbud, op.cit, p. 241 52 J.S Badudu, op.cit, p. 107 53 A.S Hornby, op.cit, p. 519

42

b. (kb) Titik api; titik pertemuan cahaya melalui lensa. Pusat.54

c. (kb) Pusat Perhatian.55

According to the meanings above, the writer concludes that focus word

refers to center of interest, so that it does not get the change of meaning. This

word is also categorized as loan blend types, because it has similarities in

pronunciation but different in spelling. In English, it is spelled F-O-C-U-S and in

Indonesia it is spelled F-O-K-U-S and the ‘C’ letter get morphological change to

become ‘K’ letter.

13. ‘Informasi’ word is borrowed from English ‘Information’

The sentence from the article: Fungsi pers adalah yang memberikan informasi

benar dan faktual. (page 12, column 5)

The writer identifies that word of informasi functions as a noun. The

following is the lexical meanings according to several dictionaries:

a. Facts or details about somebody/something.56

Example: Last weekend, I got some information about the truth of that

news.

b. Penerangan; keterangan; pemberitahuan; kabar atau berita (tentang).57

c. Pengetahuan, laporan, berita, keterangan.58

Concluding from above meanings, this word is categorized in same

54 Depdikbud, op.cit, p. 243 55 J.S Badudu, op.cit, p. 113 56 A.S Hornby, op.cit, p. 696 57 Depdikbud, op.cit, p. 331 58 J.S Badudu, op.cit, p. 133

43

meaning that refers to a news, knowledge, or facts about somebody/something.

This word is also categorized as loan blend types, because it has similar in

pronunciation but different in spelling. In English, it is spelled I-N-F-O-R-M-A-

T-I-O-N and in Indonesia it is spelled I-N-F-O-R-M-A-S-I with the ‘T-I-O-N’

letters get morphological change to become ‘S-I’ letters.

14. ‘Institusi’ word is borrowed from English ‘Institution’

The sentence from the article: Institusi politik tersebut tidak mau repot

mempersiapkan kader. (page 1, column 3)

The writer identifies that word institusi functions as a noun. The following is

the lexical meanings according to several dictionaries:

a. (n) 1. Organization with a social purpose. 2. Established custom purpose. 3.

Act of introducing a system law.59

Example: Drew is a member of that institution

b. (kb) Sesuatu yang dilembagakan oleh Undang-Undang, adat/kebiasaan

(spt perkumpulan, paguyuban, organisasi social, dll).60

c. (kb) Pelembagaan.61

From those three meanings above, this word has the same meaning.

Because even though it is used in politic context the word above means an

organization with a special purpose, established custom or practice. This word is

considered as loan blend, because this word experiences the process


44

morphological importation with morphological replacement (different in spelling)

but without substitution in phoneme (pronunciation). It has similarities in

pronunciation but different in spelling. In English, it is spelled I-N-S-T-I-T-U-T-

I-O-N and in Indonesia it is spelled I-N-S-T-I-T-U-S-I with the ‘T-I-O-N’ letters

get morphological change to become ‘S-I’ letters.

15. ‘Karakter word is borrowed from English ‘Character’

The sentence from the article: Namun tetap cantik dan menunjukan karakter

kepribadian seorang bintang. (page 21, column 2)

The word karakter in the above sentence functions as a noun. The following

is the lexical meanings according several dictionaries:

a. (n) 1. All the qualities and features that make a person group of people,

and places different from others; 2. Qualities that make somebody

different from others. Interesting or unusual quality that a person / place

has.62

Example: Although Jane and Jean are twins but they have different

characters.

b. (kb) Sifat-sifat kejiwaan, akhlak / budi pekerti yang membedakan

seseorang dengan yang lain; tabiat; watak.63

c. (kb) Tabiat, perangai sifat-sifat seseorang, sesuatu yang dimiliki orang

62 A.S Hornby, op.cit, p. 208 63 Depdikbud, op.cit, p. 389

45

yang bersifat pribadi.64

Based on those meanings above, the writer concludes that the word

character has the same meaning, because it has the same meaning which refers to

qualities of someone or something this is owned by somebody. This word is

categorized as loan blend type. This word has similar pronunciation but different

in spelling. In English it is spelled C-H-A-R-A-C-T-E-R and in Indonesia it is

spelled K-A-R-A-K-T-E-R with ‘C-H’ letters change to become ‘K’ letter.

16. ‘Klub’ word is borrowed from English ‘Club’

The sentence from the article: Tandas Wenger dalam situs resmi klub.(page

13, column 2)

The writer identifies that the word klub functions as a noun. Its lexical


a. (n) 1. A group of people who meet together regularly for a particular

activity, sport; 2. A professional sport organization that includes the

players, managers, owners, and members; 3. Group of people who meet

for sport, social entertainment.65

Example: Tom Hicks and George Gillets had sold that football club,

because they were bankrupt.

b (n) Klab.66

c. (n) Kelompok olahraga.67


46

From the meanings above, the writer concludes that the word club word has

the same meaning. It has specific meaning namely group of people who meet for

sport. The writer analyzes and categorizes this word as loan blend type, because it

has similar pronunciation but different in spelling both in English and Indonesian

language. In English we spell it C-L-U-B and in Indonesia we spell it K-L-U-B,

in Indonesia ‘C’ letter changes into ‘K’ letter.

17. ‘Kombinasi’ word is borrowed from English ‘Combination’

The sentence from the article: lokasi ekspedisi ini didasarkan pada kombinasi

teori Geologi dan Literatur.(page 21,column 1)

From the sentence above, the word kombinasi functions as a noun. The

following is the lexical meanings according to several dictionaries are:

a. (n) Number of things or people joined or mixed together; act of joining

two or more things together to form a single unit.68

Example: Water is a combination between Oxygen and Hydrogen.

b. (kb) Gabungan beberapa hal (pengertian, perkara, warna, pakaian,dsb).69

c. (kb) 1. Penggabungan/perpaduan; 2. (kimia) gabungan/campuran zat

dengan sifat yang berbeda.70

The combination word has the same meaning, because all meaning refer

to an act of joining two or more things together to form a single unit. This word is

67 J.S Badudu, op.cit, p. 147 68 A.S Hornby, op.cit, p. 249 69 Depdikbud, op.cit, p. 452 70 J.S Badudu, op.cit, p. 185

47

considered as loan blend type, because this word experiences the process

morphological importation with morphological replacement (spelling) but without

substitution in phoneme (pronunciation). In English, it is spelled C-O-M-B-I-N-

A-T-I-O-N and in Indonesia it is spelled K-O-M-B-I-N-A-S-I with the ‘C’ letter

change to become ‘K’ letter and also ‘T-I-O-N’ letters get morphological change

to become ‘S-I’ letters.

18. ‘Komunitas’ word is borrowed from English ‘Community’

The sentence from the article: Malam minggu merupakan hari wajib bagi para

anggota komunitas ini untuk berkumpul.(page 27, column 1)

From the sentence above, the word komunitas functions as a noun. Its lexical


a. All the people living in one place; group of people who share the same

religion, race, job.71

Example: In early 16th century, Jamestown was crowded by black-African

community.

b. Kelompok organisme (orang dsb) yang hidup dan saling berinteraksi

dalam suatu daerah tertentu; masyarakat.72

c. Sekelompok orang yang hidup dan berpandangan sama.73

The change of meaning does not happen in this word, because it refers to a

group of peoples which life and has same conception. This word is considered as


48

loan blend type, because this word experiences the process morphological

importation with morphological replacement (spelling) but without substitution in

phoneme (pronunciation). In English we spell community as C-O-M-M-U-N-I-T-

Y and in Indonesia we spell it K-O-M-U-N-I-T-A-S with the ‘C’ letter change to

become ‘K’ letter and also ‘T-Y’ letters get morphological change to become ‘A-

S’ letters.

19. ‘Kreatif’ word is borrowed from English ‘Creative’

The sentence from the article: Persembahan sang direktur kreatif, Stefano

Pilati.(page 21, column 2)

From the sentence above, the writer considers that the word kreatif functions

as an adjective. The following is the explanations of its lexical meanings

according to several dictionaries.

a. (adj) Able to produce something new or a work art; involving the use of

skill and the imagination to produce something new.74

Example: Mr. Djan suggests the students to be more creative.

b. (ks) Memiliki daya cipta; memiliki kemampuan untuk menciptakan.75

c. (ks) Penuh daya cipta, banyak akal.76

From three different meanings above, the writer concludes that creative

word has the same meaning. It refers to full of creating ability. This word is

considered as loan blend type, because this word experiences the process of


49

morphological importation with morphological replacement (spelling) and

without substitution in phoneme (pronunciation). In English we spell creative as

C-R-E-A-T-I-V-E and in Indonesia we spell it K-R-E-A-T-I-F, the ‘C’ letter

change into ‘K’ letter and also ‘V-E’ letters get morphological change to become

‘F’ letter in Indonesian.

20. ‘Manajer’ word is borrowed from English ‘Manager’

The sentence from the article: Kami telah lama menantikan penyelesaian

sekaligus pengoperasian awal kereta ini, ungkap manajer Hotel Yaochi di

Xianing, Zheng Zengin. (page 1, column 1)

According to the sentence above, the word manajer functions as a noun. Its


a. (n) 1. A person who is in charge of running bussiness, a shop/store or a

similiar organization or part of one. 2. A person who deals with the bussiness

affairs of an actrees or musician. 3. Person who organizes a business, sports

team, etc.77

Example: Jose Mourinho was Inter Milan Football club manager.


b. (n) 1. Orang yang mengatur pekerjaan/kerjasama yang baik dengan

menggunakan orang untuk mencapai sasaran. 2.Orang yang berwenang

dan bertanggung jawab membuat rencana, mengatur, memimpin, dan

77 A.S Hornby, op.cit, p. 812

50

mengendalikan pelaksanaannya untuk mencapai sasaran tertentu.78

c. (n) 1. Orang yang bertanggung jawab membuat rencana, mengatur,

memimipin, dan mengendalikan pelaksanaannya untuk mencapai sasaran

tertentu. 2. Orang yang berwenang dan bertanggung jawab membuat

rencana, mengatur, memimpin, dan mengendalikan pelaksanaannya untuk

mencapai sasaran tertentu.79

From three different meanings above, the writer concludes this word has

the same meaning. It indicates that the manager word refers to a person who

authorized and responsible to arrange, manage and control an event or planning

about something not only in business or sports team. This word is considered as

loan blend, because this word has similar pronunciation but it has little different

in spelling, in English it is spelled M-A-N-A-G-E-R and in Indonesia it is spelled

M-A-N-A-J-E-R. In Indonesia the word ‘G’ is spelled as ‘J’.

21. ‘Mode’ word is borrowed from English ‘Mode’

The sentence from the article: Gaya berpakaiannya selalu mengikuti trend

mode terkini.

The writer identifies that the word mode functions as a noun. The following is


a. A way in which something experiences or is done.80

Example: His collection will become a mode of the latest bag.

78 Depdikbud, op.cit, p. 553 79 J.S Badudu, op.cit, p. 216 80 A.S Hornby, op.cit, p. 854

51

b. Ragam (cara, bentuk) yang terbaru pada suatu waktu tertentu (tentang

pakaian, potongan rambut, corak hiasan dan sebagainya).81

c. Bentuk, cara, ragam (pakaian, rambut, dll).82

The change of meaning does not happen in this word. This word is

considered as loanwords, because this word experiences the process of

morphological importation with no morphological replacement (spelling) and

without substitution in phoneme. This word has similar pronunciation and

spelling; both in English and Indonesia we spell it M-O-D-E.

22. ‘Model’ word is borrowed from English ‘Model’

The sentence from the article: Untuk aplikasi model rambut ini sangat mudah.

(page 21, column 1)

From the sentence above, the writer concludes that the word model is a noun.

Its meanings in the Oxford Dictionary are:

a (n) 1. A copy of something, usually smaller than the original object; 2. A

particular design or type of product; 3. A person whose job is to wear and

show new styles of clothes and be photographed wearing them.83

Example: The painter uses this picture for the model of our design.


b. (n) 1. Pola (contoh, acuan ragam dsb) dari sesutau yang akan dibuat atau

dihasilkan; 2. Orang yang dipakai sebagai contoh untuk dilukis(difoto); 3.

81 Depdikbud, op.cit, p. 589 82 J.S Badudu. Op.cit, p. 229 83 A.S Hornby, op.cit, pp. 854-855

52

Orang yang pekerjaanya memperagakan contoh pakaian yang akan

dipasarkan; 4. Barang tiruan yang kecil dengan bentuk rupa persis seperti

yang ditiru.84

c. (n) 1. Contoh, acuan, pola; 2. Orang yang dipakai sebagai contoh lukisan

oleh pelukisnya; 3. Gadis-gadis cantik memamerkan pakaian-pakaian

bercorak baru; 4. Barang tiruan dalam bentuk kecil.85

This word does not get change of meaning, because from three lexical

meaning above the model word refers to similar meaning ‘a particular design or

type of product; a person whose job is to wear and to show new styles of clothes

and to be photographed.’ This word is considered as loanwords, because this

word experiences the process of morphological importation with no

morphological replacement and without substitution in phoneme. It has similar

both in pronunciation and spelling.

23. ‘Politik’ word is borrowed from English ‘Politics’

The sentence from the article: Tampilnya artis dalam politik seperti pada

pemilihan kepala daerah (PILKADA). (page 1, column 3)

The meanings of the word are as follows:

a. (n) 1. The activities involved in getting and using power in public life and

being able to influence decisions that affect a country or society; 2.

Matters concerned with getting or using power within a particular groups

84 Depdikbud, op.cit, p. 589 85 J.S Badudu, op.cit, p. 229

53

or organization; 3. Sensible; wise.86

Example: He is thinking of going into politics.

b. (n) 1. (ilmu-) pengetahuan mengenai ketatanegaraan/kenegaraan (seperti

tentang sistem pemerintahan, dasar-dasar pemerintahan); 2. Segala urusan

dan tindakan (kebijakan, siasat, dsb) mengenai pemerintahan

negara/terhadap negara lain; 3. Pengetahuan mengenai

ketatanegaraan/kenegaraan; kebijakan cara bertindak (dalam menghadapi

masalah).87

c. (n) Ilmu kenegaraan/Ilmu Pemerintahan.88

From three meanings above, the writer concludes that this word does not

get change of meaning, because the politics refers to ‘the activities involved in

getting and using power in public life and being able to influence decisions that

affect a country or society.’ This word is considered as loan blend, because this

word has similar pronunciation but little different in spelling, such as in English it

is spelled P-O-L-I-T-I-C-S and in Indonesia it is spelled P-O-L-I-T-I-K with the

letter ‘C’ is changed ‘K’ and omitted ‘S’ letter.

24. ‘Posisi’ word is borrowed from English ‘Position’

The sentence from the article: Fredrik Ljunberg di posisi kelima, dan Fabio

Cannavaro yang bertengger di urutan ketiga. (page 13, column 3)

The writer identifies that the word posisi functions as a noun. The following is


54


a. (n) 1. Place where somebody/something is meant to be; 2. Person or an

organization’s level of importance in relation to others.89

Example: I don’t know where the position they are.

b. (kb) Kedudukan; letak.90

c. (kb) Tempat kedudukan sesuatu berada. Kedudukan/jabatan/pangkat.91

According to the meanings above, the word position has the same

meaning. It refers to a dwelling place for something exists or person or an

organization’s level of importance in relation to others. This word is considered

as loan blend, because this word experiences the process morphological

importation with morphological replacement (different in spelling) but without

substitution in phoneme (pronunciation). It has similar in pronouncing but it also

has little bit different in spelling. In English, position word is spelled P-O-S-I-T-I-

O-N and in Indonesia it is spelled P-O-S-I-S-I, the ‘T-I-O-N’ letters get


25. ‘Pragmatis’ word is borrowed from English ‘Pragmatics’

The sentence from the article: Gandeng artis, parpol pragmatis.(page 1,

column 3)

The word of pragmatis in the sentence above functions as noun. The

following is the lexical meanings:


55

a. Solving problems in a sensible and practical way.92

Example: Nowadays, a lot of decision maker in some companies take a

pragmatics way to solve their problems.

b. Bersifat praktis dan berguna bagi umum; bersifat mengutamakan segi

kepraktisan dan kegunaan.93

c. Berguna/baik/mudah dilakukan.94

From the meanings above, the three meanings indicate the same meaning

in pragmatics word; therefore the writer concludes that pragmatics word does not

get the change of meaning. This word is considered as loan blend, because this

word has similar pronunciation and has little bit differentiation in spelling. In

English it is spelled P-R-A-G-M-A-T-I-C-S and in Indonesia it is spelled P-R-A-

G-M-A-T-I-S omitting ‘C’ letter before ‘S’ letter.

26. ‘Prediksi’ word is borrowed from English ‘Prediction’

The sentence from the article: Deskripsi Plato tentang Atlantis telah

melahirkan berbagai prediksi lokasi kota yang hilang itu. (page 6, column 1)

The writer identifies that the word of prediksi functions as a noun. The

following is the meanings according to several dictionaries:

a. (n) Act of making a statement saying what you think will happen.95

Example: I still doubt about weather prediction in television.


56

b. (kb) Ramalan; perkiraan.96

c. (kb) Perkiraan, ramalan.97

From three meanings above, the prediction word has the same meaning,

because it indicates an act of making statement and saying what you think will

happen. The writer also categorizes this word as loan blend, because this word

experiences the process morphological importation with morphological

replacement (different in spelling) but without substitution in phoneme

(pronunciation). It has similarities in pronunciation but different in spelling. In

English, the prediction word is spelled P-R-E-D-I-C-T-I-O-N and in Indonesia it

is spelled P-R-E-D-I-K-S-I, the ‘T-I-O-N’ letters get morphological change to

become ‘S-I’ letters in Indonesia.

27. ‘Program’ word is borrowed from English (UK) ‘Programme’

The sentence from the article: Angelina Jolie yang tanpa ragu mendonasikan

USD 100 ribu untuk mendukung program Villages for Christmas. (page 32,

column 2)

The writer identifies that the word of program functions as a noun. The


a. Plan of what is to be done; plan for something to happen.

Example: Several social organizations had arranged a program called

96 Depdikbud, op.cit, p. 699 97 J.S Badudu, op.cit, p. 284

57

‘One United’ to avoid poverty and starvation.98

b. Rancangan mengenai asas-asas serta usaha-uasaha yang akan dijalankan.99

c. Gambaran uraian dan serangkaian hal yang akan dilakukan.100

From three meanings above, the writer concludes that this word does not

get the change of meaning, because it refers to illustration or explanation from

combined things will be done. This word is considered as loan blend, because this

word has similar pronunciation and different in spelling. In English, it is spelled

P-R-O-G-R-A-M-M-E and in Indonesia it is spelled P-R-O-G-R-A-M with

discarding ‘M-E’ last letters.

28. ‘Kru’ word is borrowed from English ‘Crew’

The sentence from the article: Untung saja, rencana peledekan itu digagalkan

penumpang dan kru pesawat. (page 1, column 2)

From the sentence above, the word kru functions as a noun. Its lexical


a. (n) 1. Group of people working together. 2. All the people working on a

ship, plane, etc.101

Example: The Java Rockin’ Land event involved about 1000 crews.


58


b. (n) Kerabat kerja.102

c. (n) 1. Kerabat kerja; 2. Anak buah atau awak kapal; 3. Awak

kapal/pesawat terbang/bis, dsb.103

From the three meanings explanation above, the writer concludes that this

word does not get change of meaning, because both in Oxford Dictionary and

KKSABI the crew/kru word refers to ‘all the people working together (group) on

a ship, airplane, etc.’ The writer also analyze that this word is categorized as loan

blend type, because it has similar pronunciation but different in spelling. In

English it is spelled C-R-E-W and in Indonesia it is spelled K-R-U.

29. ‘Kualitas’ word is borrowed from English ‘Quality’

The sentence from the article: Yaitu karena memang artis itu sendiri tahu akan

kualitas yang dimilikinya. (page 1, column 3)

The writer identifies that the word of functions as a noun. The following is the

meanings according to several dictionaries:

a. (n) Standard; how good or bad something is. Typical part of

somebody/something’s character.104

Example: This product had through quality check.

b. (kb) Tingkatan baik buruknya sesuatu; kadar, derajat atau taraf; mutu.105

102 Depdikbud, op.cit, p. 466 103 J.S Badudu, op.cit, p. 204 104 A.S Hornby, op.cit, p. 1078 105 Depdikbud, op.cit, p. 467

59

c. (kb) Mutu. Kadar buruk baiknya sesuatu (barang, pendidikan, dsb).106

This word has the same meaning. The three meanings refer to standard

how good or bad something is. The writer categorizes that this word loan blend,

because this word experiences the process morphological importation with

morphological replacement (different in spelling) but without substitution in

phoneme (pronunciation). It has similarities in pronunciation but different in

spelling. In English, the quality word is spelled Q-U-A-L-I-T-Y and in Indonesia

it is spelled K-U-A-L-I-T-A-S with the ‘Q’ letter become ‘K’ letter in Indonesia

and ‘T-Y’ letters get morphological change to become ‘A-S’ letters in Indonesia.

30. ‘Permisif’ word is borrowed from English ‘Permissive’

The sentence from the article: Jika infotainmentnya dikategorikan buruk akan

membuat penonton jadi permisif. (page 12, column 5)

According to the sentence above, the permisif word functions as an

adjective. Its meaning in the Oxford Dictionary is:

a. (adj) Allowing great freedom of behavior that many people do not

approve, especially in sexual matters.107

Example: Permissive parents who allowed their children a lot of problem.


b. (ks) Bersifat terbuka; serba membolehkan, suka mengizinkan.108

c. (ks) Mudah memberikan izin, bersifat terbuka.109


60

Based on the three meanings above, the writer concludes that the

permissive word does not get the change of meaning, because refers to ‘giving a

permission manner and allowing great freedom of behavior.’ The writer

categorizes this word as loan blend, because this word has different in spelling. In

Indonesia it is spelled P-E-R-M-I-S-I-F and in English it is spelled P-E-R-M-I-S-

S-I-V-E, but this word has similar pronunciation both in English and Indonesian

language.

32. ‘Rute’ word is borrowed from English ‘Route’

The sentence from the article: Jalur rel kereta api tercepat China yang

melayani rute Wuhan-Guangzhou, kemarin diresmikan. (page 1, column 1)

The writer identifies that the word functions as noun. The following is the

meanings according to several dictionaries:

a. (n) Way from are place to another.110

Example: Our trip will take route from Jogja to Klaten.

b. (kb) Jarak atau arah yang harus diturut.111

c. (kb) Arah tujuan yang harus ditempuh/dijalani oleh kendaraan umum (bus

umum, angkot, dsb).112

The three meanings above relate to way or destination must be passed for.

So, the writer concludes that this word has the same meaning. This word is

109 J.S Badudu, op.cit, p. 271 110 A.S Hornby, op.cit, p. 1162 111 Depdikbud, op.cit, p. 762 112 J.S Badudu, op.cit, p. 308

61

considered as loan blend, the writer finds that this word not only has similar

pronunciation but also different in spelling. In English, it is spelled R-O-U-T-E

and in Indonesia it is spelled R-U-T-E with omitting ‘O’ letter.

33. ‘Stasiun’ word is borrowed from English ‘Station’

The sentence from the article: Mereka berangkat dari stasiun Xianing utara.

(page 1, column 1)

The writer identifies that the stasiun word functions as a noun. The following

is the meanings according to several dictionaries:

a. (n) Place where trains stop so that people can get on and off; building, etc

where a service is organized.113

Example: Hayde is going to go to Tokyo from Nagoya station.

b. (kb) Tempat tunggu bagi calon penumpang kereta api dsb; tempat

perhentian kereta api.114

c. (kb) Bangunan/tempat menunggu kereta api, bus, dsb.115

This word has the same meaning, because from several meanings above,

the station word refers to a place where the passengers wait for a train. This word

is considered as loan blend, the writer finds that this word not only has similar

pronunciation but also different in spelling. In English, it is spelled S-T-A-T-I-O-

N and in Indonesia it is spelled S-T-A-S-I-U-N with the ‘T-I-O-N’ letters get



62

34. ‘Strategi’ word is borrowed from English ‘Strategy’

The sentence from the article: The Professor-julukan Wenger-juga mengakui

harus meracik strategi jitu. (page 13, column 5)

The writer identifies that the word of strategi functions as a noun. The


a. (n) 1. Plan intended to achieve a particular purpose; 2. Planning

something, especially the movement of armies in war.116

Example: General Douglas Mac Arthur is the well-known as an expert in

defense and offense strategy during south-east war.

b. (kb) Ilmu siasat perang. Rencana yang cermat mengenai kegiatan untuk

mencapai sasaran khusus.117

c. (kb) Siasat.118

This word does not get the change of meaning, because it refers to ‘plan

intended to achieve a particular purpose and planning something, especially the

movement of armies in war.’ This word is considered as loan blend, the writer

finds that this word not only has similar pronunciation but also different in

spelling. In English it is spelled S-T-R-A-T-E-G-Y and in Indonesia it is spelled

S-T-R-A-T-E-G-I with the ‘Y’ letter get morphological change to become ‘I’

letter in Indonesia.


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35. ‘Survey’ word is borrowed from English ‘Survey’

The sentence from the article: Senada dengan Maswadi, analis politik

Lembaga Survey Indonesia (LSI). (page 1, column 3)

The writer identifies that the word survey functions as a noun. The following


a. (n) Look at or study the whole of something; measure and make map of an

area land. Investigation of the opinions, behaviors, etc of a group of

people.119

Example: Before they decide to build new port, they should take a survey

before.

b. (n) Teknik riset yang bertugas untuk mengadakan pemeriksaan;

penyelidikan; peninjauan.120

c. (n) Penelitian, pemeriksaan (dari dekat untuk mengetahui).121

From the above meanings, the writer concludes that the word survey has

the same meaning, because it refers to an investigation or observation for

particular purpose. This word is considered as loanwords, because this word

experiences the process morphological importation with no morphological

replacement (spelling) but without substitution in phoneme (pronunciation). Both

in English and Indonesian language it is spelled S-U-R-V-E-Y.


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36. ‘Teknik’ word is borrowed from English ‘Technique’

The sentence from the article: Dalam memotret, anggota I ‘Light’ This

menggunakan teknik Low speed ataupun Bulb. (page 27, column 1)

The writer identifies that the word teknik functions as a noun. The following


a. (n) Way of doing something, especially one that needs special skills; skill

with which somebody is able to do something practical.122

Example: To ensure about the result some scientist using cross-check

technique data gathering.

b. (kb) Pengetahuan dan kepandaian membuat sesuatu yang berkenaan

dengan hasil industri; cara (kepandaian dsb) membuat sesuatu/melakukan

sesuatu yang berhubungan dengan seni.123

c. (kb) Seni/cara membuat sesuatu.124

Based on three meanings above, the writer concludes that the word

technique has the same meaning, because it refers to way/act to make or to do

something. This word is considered as loan blend, the writer finds that this word

not only has similar pronunciation but also different in spelling. In English, it is

spelled T-E-C-H-N-I-Q-U-E and in Indonesia it is spelled T-E-K-N-I-K with the

‘C-H’ letters get morphological change to become ‘K’ letter and also ‘N-I-Q-U-

E’ letters become ‘N-I-K’ letters.


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37. ‘Teror’ word is borrowed from English ‘Terror’

The sentence from the article: Teror kembali menghantui penerbangan

Amerika serikat (AS). (page 1, column 2)

The writer identifies that the word teror functions as a noun. The following is

the meanings according to several dictionaries:

a. (n) Feeling of extreme fear; person, thing or situation that makes you very

afraid.125

Example: Professor Blakemore’s children get terror of kidnapping.

b. (kb) Usaha menciptakan ketakutan, kengerian, dan kekejaman oleh

seseorang atau golongan.126

c. (kb) Perasaan takut yang hebat. Usaha menciptakan

ketakutan/kengerian/kekejaman oleh seseorang/golongan.127

From the meanings description above, the writer concludes that this word

has the same meaning, because it refers to a feeling of extreme fear. This word is

considered as loan blend, the writer finds that this word not only has similar

pronunciation but also different in spelling. In English, it is spelled T-E-R-R-O-R

and in Indonesia it is spelled T-E-R-O-R with single ‘R’ letter after ‘E’ letter.

38. ‘Tim’ word is borrowed from English ‘Team’

The sentence from the article: Fabregas belum mendapatkan restu tim medis

untuk berlaga. (page 13, column 2)

125 A.S Hornby, op.cit, p. 1395 126 Depdikbud, op.cit, p. 939 127 J.S Badudu, op.cit, p.347

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In the sentence above, the word tim functions as a noun. Its lexical meanings

are:

a. (n) 1. A group of people who play a particular game or sport against each

other group of people; 2. Group of people working together at particular

job.128

Example: The team is not playing very well this season.

b. (kb) Kelompok; regu.129

c. (kb) 1. Kelompok, regu; 2. Sekelompok pemain pada salah satu pihak

dalam beberapa permainan olah raga.130

From the meanings explanation above, the writer identifies that the word

tim word has the same meaning, because it refers to a group of people working

together. This word is considered as loan blend, because this word has similar

pronunciation but different in spelling. In English, we spelled it T-E-A-M and in

Indonesia it is spelled T-I-M. The ‘E-A’ letters get morphological change to

become ‘I’ letter.

39. ‘Tren’ word is borrowed from English ‘Trend’


mempertahankan tren positif tersebut. (page 13, column 5)

The writer identifies that the word tren functions as a noun. The following is

the meanings according to several dictionaries:


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a. (n) General change or development.131

Example: Calvin Klein launched a new summer fashion trend in last

summer.

b. (kb) Sesuatu yang sedang menjadi kecenderungan umum, khususnya

tentang pendapat/peristiwa model pakaian/tingkah laku, dsb.132

From the meanings description above, the word trend has the same

meaning both in English and Indonesian word. It refers to a general change or

something experiences which is becoming general tendency such as fashion,

behavior, etc. According to the writer analyzing this word is categorized as loan

blend, because this word gets the process of morphological importation with

morphological replacement (spelling) but without substitution in phoneme

(pronunciation). In English, it is spelled T-R-E-N-D and in Indonesia it is spelled

T-R-E-N with omitting ‘D’ letter.

From the data analysis above, the writer can see that many Indonesian

words in printing media do not get the change of meaning, because they have the

same meaning. The writer also find the change of meaning in extension and

specialization but he does not find the change of meaning in regeneration or

ameliorative, and degeneration or pejorative. Finally, those words above almost

have loan blend type.

131 A.S Hornby, op.cit, p. 1442 132 J.S Badudu, op.cit, p. 352

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Table.IV. Indonesian words which are borrowed from English

Word Change of Meaning Types No

English Indonesian EX NR DG RG SM

LW LB LS 1 Aplication Aplikasi √ – – – – – √ – 2 Artist Artis √ – – – – – √ – 3 Texture Tekstur √ – – – – – √ – 4 Competition Kompetisi – √ – – – – √ – 5 Nutrition Nutrisi – √ – – – – √ – 6 Point Poin – √ – – – – √ – 7 Positive Positif – √ – – – – √ – 8 Active Aktif – – – – √ – √ – 9 Actress Aktris – – – – √ – √ –

10 Ambition Ambisi – – – – √ – √ – 11 Character Karakter – – – – √ – √ – 12 Club Klub – – – – √ – √ – 13 Combination Kombinasi – – – – √ – √ – 14 Community Komunitas – – – – √ – √ – 15 Creative Kreatif – – – – √ – √ – 16 Crew Kru – - – – √ – √ – 17 Description Deskripsi – – – – √ – √ – 18 Duel Duel – – – – √ √ – – 19 Duration Durasi – – – – √ – √ – 20 Effect Efek – – – – √ – √ – 21 Expedition Ekspedisi – – – – √ – √ – 22 Federation Federasi – – – – √ – √ – 23 Feminine Feminim – – – – √ – √ – 24 Focus Fokus – – – – √ – √ – 25 Information Informasi – – – – √ – √ – 26 Institution Institusi – – – – √ – √ – 27 Mode Mode – – – – √ √ – – 28 Model Model – – – – √ √ – – 29 Nutrition Nutrisi – – – – √ – √ – 30 Point Poin – – – – √ – √ – 31 Politics Politik – – – – √ – √ – 32 Positive Positif – – – – √ – √ – 33 Position Posisi – – – – √ – √ – 34 Pragmatics Pragmatis – – – – √ – √ – 35 Program Program – – – – √ – √ – 36 Prediction Prediksi – – – – √ – √ – 37 Quality Kualitas – – – – √ – √ – 38 Route Rute – – – – √ – √ – 39 Station Stasiun – – – – √ – √ –

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Note: Change of meaning: Type: Sign: EX: Extension LW: Loanwords √: Yes NR: Narrowing LB: Loanblends - : No RG: Regeneration LS: Loanshift DG: Degeneration SM: Same Meaning

40 Survey Survey – – – – √ √ – – 41 Target Target – – – – √ √ – – 42 Team Tim – – – – √ – √ – 43 Terror Teror – – – – √ – √ – 44 Trend Trend – – – – √ – √ – 45 Technique Teknik – – – – √ – √ –

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CHAPTER IV

CONCLUSION AND SUGGESTION

A. Conclusion

After analyzing the data, the writer concludes that in this research, the writer finds

45 words. The meanings of the words are various, some often have extension and

narrowing meaning, the others have same meanings. The writer also analyzes the type

of those words such as loanwords, loan blends, loan shift.

Based on their meanings, the writer categorizes those borrowings in Seputar

Indonesia newspaper published on December 27th, 2009 into: 3 words extension of

meaning or generalization, 4 words the narrowing of meaning or specialization and

38 words the same meaning. Furthermore, they are 6 words loanword, 39 words loan

blend, and no loan shift type.

English borrowing words in printing mass media like in Seputar Indonesia

newspaper published on December 27th, 2009 often happened in Indonesian, and

there are many words which get the change of meaning as they are mentioned above.

It means that, the borrowing words from English language into Indonesian language

are acceptable.

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B. Suggestion

After finishing this paper, the writer suggests to those who are interested in

studying Indonesian borrowing words especially on printing mass media, they should

understand the types of the change of meaning. He also suggests to the readers

especially the students of English Letters Department to study and discuss about the

borrowing Indonesian language from English, in order to know that there are many

words which are borrowed from English that have changed either in pronunciation,

meaning, and spelling.

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ii

APPROVEMENT CHANGE OF MEANING ANALYSIS OF ENGLISH BORROWING WORDS IN SEPUTAR INDONESIA NEWSPAPER ISSUED ON DECEMBER 27th, 2009

A paper Submitted to Letters and Humanities Faculty

In Partial Fulfillment of the Requirements for the strata 1 degree

ARIF BUDI WINARTO NO. 106026000962

Approved by Advisor

MOH. SUPARDI, M.Hum

ENGLISH LETTERS DEPARTMENT LETTERS AND HUMANITIES FACULTY

STATE ISLAMIC UNIVERSITY “SYARIF HIDAYATULLAH”

JAKARTA 1432 H / 2011 M

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