Chamba, Himachal Pradesh - pmksy.gov.in · District Irrigation Plan, 2015-2020 Chamba, Himachal...
Transcript of Chamba, Himachal Pradesh - pmksy.gov.in · District Irrigation Plan, 2015-2020 Chamba, Himachal...
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District Irrigation Plan, 2015-2020
Chamba, Himachal Pradesh
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District Irrigation Plan, 2015-2020
Chamba, Himachal Pradesh
NABARD CONSULTANCY SERVICES PVT. LTD.
Corporate Office : 24, Rajendra Place, NABARD Building, New Delhi – 110125 Reg. Office : Plot No. C24, G Block, 3rd Floor, NABARD Building,
Bandra Kurla Complex, Bandra East, Mumbai-400051
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Table of Contents Introduction ..................................................................................................................................... 6
i. Background .............................................................................................................................. 6 ii. Vision .................................................................................................................................... 11 iii. Objective .............................................................................................................................. 11 iv. Strategy/approach ................................................................................................................ 12 v. Programme Components ....................................................................................................... 13
vi. Rationale/ Justification Statement ....................................................................................... 14 vii. Methodology ....................................................................................................................... 14
Chapter 1 General Information of the District .............................................................................. 16 1.1 District Profile ..................................................................................................................... 16
1.2 Demography ........................................................................................................................ 18 1.3 Biomass and Livestock ....................................................................................................... 20 1.4 Agro-Ecology, Climate, Hydrology and Topography ........................................................ 20
1.5 Soil Profile .......................................................................................................................... 23 1.6 Soil Erosion and Run Off .................................................................................................... 29
1.7 Land Use Pattern ................................................................................................................. 31 Chapter 2 District Water Profile ................................................................................................... 35
2.1. Area Wise, Crop Wise Irrigation Status ............................................................................ 35
2.2 Production and Productivity of Major Crop ....................................................................... 38 2.3 Irrigation Based Classification ............................................................................................ 40
Chapter 3 Water Availability in Chamba ...................................................................................... 41 3.1. Status of Water Availability ............................................................................................... 41
3.2 Status of Ground Water Availability .................................................................................. 43 3.3 Status of Command Area .................................................................................................... 46
3.4 Existing Type of Irrigation.................................................................................................. 48 Chapter 4 Water Requirement ...................................................................................................... 49
4.1. Domestic Water Demand ................................................................................................... 49
4.2 Crop Water Requirement .................................................................................................... 50 4.3. Livestock Water Demand .................................................................................................. 52
4.4 Industrial Water Demand .................................................................................................... 53 4.5 Water Demand for Power Generation ................................................................................. 54
4.6 Total Water Demand of the district for various sectors ...................................................... 54 4.7 Water Budget ...................................................................................................................... 56
Chapter 5 Strategic Action Plan for Irrigation in District under PMKSY .................................... 58 5 .0. 1 Strategic Plan for irrigation in PMKSY ......................................................................... 58
5.1 Strategic Action Plan under AIBP ...................................................................................... 64 5.2.0 Strategic Action Plan for Blocks under Har Khet Ko Pani .............................................. 64 5.2.1 Action plan based on Member of Parliament Local Area Development Schemes
(MPLAD) .................................................................................................................................. 77 5.3 Strategic action Plan under Per Drop More Crop ............................................................... 79 5.4 Strategic action Plan for Blocks under Watershed Development Component ................... 81 5.5 Strategic action Plan for Blocks under Convergence with MGNREGA ............................ 82 5.6 Suggestions ......................................................................................................................... 85
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5.7 Expected Outcome .............................................................................................................. 85
Annexure- 1 Production and Productivity of Major Crops in Various Blocks of Chamba
Districts ........................................................................................................................................ i Annexure 2: Action plan - Agriculture Department ................................................................. vii
Annexure 3: Block wise Annual Action Plan- Per Drop More Crop 2016-2020 ...................... xi Annexure 4: Block wise Action Plan , IPH Department .................................................... xxxvii Annexure 5: Block wise Action Plan Horticulture .............................................................. xxxix Annexure 6: ATMA- Action Plan............................................................................................. liv Annexure 7: Strategic Action Plan- District watershed Development Agency ...................... lviii
a. Watershed Plan for 2016-2018 ........................................................................................ lviii b. Watershed Plan 2019-2020 ............................................................................................. lxxxiv C. Consolidated Watershed Plan of Chamba 2016-2020......................................................... cvi Annexure 8: Convergence with MGNREGA- Block wise .................................................... cxxi
a. Convergence Plan- Chamba ........................................................................................... cxxi
Annexure 9: Year Wise Action Plan- Convergence MGNREGA .................................... cxxxiii
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List of Tables
Table 1-1 District Profile .............................................................................................................. 17 Table 1-2 Administrative set up of Chamba ................................................................................. 17 Table 1-3 Demography Details ..................................................................................................... 19
Table 1-4 Livestock Details of Chamba ....................................................................................... 20 Table 1-5 Agro Ecological Situation In Chamba District ............................................................. 22 Table 1-6 Soils of Chamba ........................................................................................................... 24 Table 1-7 Block wise micro watershed details- Chamba.............................................................. 30 Table 1-8 Land Use Classification- Chamba ................................................................................ 31
Table 2-1 Area wise Irrigation Status of the district under Agricultural crops ............................ 35
Table 2-2 Irrigation Status of Horticulture Crops ......................................................................... 36 Table 2-3 Block wise Irrigation Status of Various Agricultural Crops ........................................ 37
Table 2-4 Block wise Irrigation Status of Horticultural Crops (Area in Hectare) ........................ 38 Table 2-5 Production and Productivity of Major Crops ............................................................... 39 Table 2-6 Block wise Irrigation based Classification ................................................................... 40
Table 3-1 Status of Water Availability ......................................................................................... 41 Table 3-2 Block wise details of Water Availability ...................................................................... 42
Table 3-3 Hydrogeology ............................................................................................................... 43
Table 3-4 Block wise Canal and other services in Command . ................................................... 46 Table 3-5 Block wise Villages Covered under Command Area ................................................... 47
Table 3-6 Existing Type of Irrigation in Chamba ......................................................................... 48
Table 4-1 Domestic Water Demand ............................................................................................. 49
Table 4-2 Block wise Crop Water Requirement (in MCM) ......................................................... 51 Table 4-3 Crop wise Water Requirement ..................................................................................... 52
Table 4-4 Livestock Water Demand ............................................................................................. 52 Table 4-5 Animal wise Water Requirement ................................................................................. 52 Table 4-6 Various Industrial Areas in the District ........................................................................ 53
Table 4-7 Block wise Water Demand for Industries in BCM ...................................................... 53 Table 4-8 Water Demand for Power Generation .......................................................................... 54
Table 4-9 Present Water Demand of the district for various sectors ............................................ 55 Table 4-10 Total Water Demand of the district for various sectors (Projected for 2020) ............ 55 Table 4-11 Water Budget Chamba ............................................................................................... 56
Table 5-1 Department wise Action Plan for 7 Blocks of Chamba (Rs in Lakh) .......................... 61 Table 5-2 Component wise, Year Wise Phasing of Action Plan (Rs in Lakh) ............................. 61
Table 5-3 Year wise, department wise Fund Requirement for 2016-2020 (In Rs Lakh) ............. 62 Table 5-4 Department wise Command Area coverage for 7 Blocks of Chamba (in Ha) ............. 64
Table 5-5 Details of IPH Schemes – Bhatiyat Block .................................................................... 65 Table 5-6 Details of IPH Schemes- Bharmour ............................................................................. 71 Table 5-7 Details of IPh Schemes- Chamba ................................................................................. 72 Table 5-8 Details of IPH Schemes- Mehla ................................................................................... 73 Table 5-9 Details of IPH Schemes- Salooni ................................................................................. 75 Table 5-10 Details of IPh Schemes- Tissa .................................................................................... 76
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Table 5-11 Details of Surface Minor Irrigation schemes- Agriculture Department .............. Error!
Bookmark not defined. Table 5-12 List of IPH Schemes under MLALAD ....................................................................... 77 Table 5-13 Plan under- Per Drop More Crop- Agriculture & Horticulture Department .............. 80
Table 5-14 Year wise, Block wise Budgetary outaly under Watershed Component .................... 81 Table 5-15 Consolidated Plan Convergence with MGNREGA- Chamba District ....................... 82 Table 5-16 Strategic Action Plan - Chamba 2016-2020 ............................................................... 87
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List of Figures
Figure 1.1 Percentage of Inhabited-Uninhabited Villages in Chamba ......................................... 18 Figure 1.2 Block wise Male, Female Children Population in Chamba (No.s in 000’) ................. 18 Figure 1.3 Block wise SC, ST, General population and Households in Chamba (No. s in 000’) 19 Figure 1.4 AES wise Normal annual rainfall in Chamba ............................................................. 23
Figure 1.5 Block wise Soil classes in Chamba ( Area in 000’ Hecatres) ..................................... 24 Figure 1.6 Block wise slope in Chamba (Area in 00’ Hecatres) .................................................. 29 Figure 1.7 Change in Land use 2002 to 2015 (%) ........................................................................ 34 Figure 2.1 Gross irrigated and rainfed area under agricultural crops ........................................... 36
Figure 2.2 Gross Irrigated and rainfed area under Horticulture crops .......................................... 36 Figure 4.1 Block wise Domestic Water Requirement .................................................................. 50
Figure 4.2 Crop Water Demand and Existing Water Potential ..................................................... 51 Figure 4.3 Water demand for various sectors in Chamba ............................................................. 54
Figure 4.4 Water Budget ............................................................................................................... 56 Figure 5.1 Share of departments in PMKSY Budget .................................................................... 59 Figure 5.2 Block wise Fund Required under PMKSY 2016-20120 (In Rs Lakh) ........................ 60
Figure 5.3 Block wise Fund Required under PMKSY 2016-20120 (Percentage share in Funds) 60 Figure 5.4 Component wise share of Proposed Command coverage area .................................... 62
Figure 5.5 Block wise Command area to be brought under irrigation in PMKSY 2016-20120 (In
hecatres) ........................................................................................................................................ 63
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List of Maps Map 1 Location Map of Chamba ................................................................................................. 16 Map 2 Soil Map of Chamba .......................................................................................................... 26 Map 3: Slope Map of Chamba ...................................................................................................... 28 Map 4 Land Use Map Chamba- 2002 ........................................................................................... 32
Map 5 Chamba Land Use Map-2015 ............................................................................................ 33 Map 6 Hydrogeology Map of Chamba ......................................................................................... 44 Map 7 Ground water user Map ..................................................................................................... 45
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Executive summary
Out of about 141 million ha. of net area sown of the country, only 65 million hectare (46%)
is currently covered under irrigation. Substantial dependence on rainfall makes
cultivation in remaining areas a high risk and less productive profession. Empirical
evidences suggest that assured/protective irrigation/in-situ moisture conservation
encourages farmers to invest more in farming technology and inputs leading to
productivity enhancement and increased farm income. Government has conceived the
Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY) with the objective of extending the
coverage of irrigation in a focused manner, with end-to-end solution on source creation,
distribution, management, field application and extension activities.
Further, Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY) incentivizes states to enhance
expenditures on irrigation and water resources management by making the access to
PMKSY funds to states conditional i.e., state will have access only if the expenditure in
water resource development for agriculture sector in the year under consideration is not
less than the baseline expenditure, which is defined as the average of the expenditure in
irrigation sector irrespective of the department in the state plan in three years prior to the
year under consideration.
PMKSY will be implemented in area development mode only by adopting a ‘decentralized
State level planning and projectised execution’ structure that will allow States to draw up
their own irrigation development plans based on DIPs and SIPs with a horizon of 5-7
years. A three tier structure at national, state and district level will oversee
implementation and coordination of the program. The District Level Implementation
Committee will form the third tier of the PMKSY. The DLIC will be chaired by the Deputy
Commissioner, Una and comprises of the Departments of Agriculture, Horticulture,
District Rural Development Agency (DRDA), Irrigation and Public Health Department,
Forest Department, Lead bank of the District and any other line Departments in the
District. The DLIC will oversee the implementation and inter-departmental coordination
at district level.
District Water Profile: Chamba district is predominantly rural where households are
dependent on agriculture and allied activities for their livelihood. The gross cropped area
under agricultural crops in the district is 70,351 ha (including an area of 17,067 ha under
horticulture plantations). About 39, 595 ha is cultivated during kharif season and 27,626
ha is cultivated during summer season. Paddy and Wheat are the major cereals grown in
the district covering 72 percent of the total area under various crop. Maize is the chief
coarse cereal crop grown in the district. Thus, 90.5 percent of the total area under various
crops is majorly shared under cereals and coarse cereals crops. The rest of 9.5 percent of
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the area is shared among vegetables, oilseeds, pulses and horticultural crops. In chamba,
83.6 per cent area under kharif cereals, i.e. 21,426 ha. is rainfed and remaining 16.4 per
cent is irrigated. In case of summer season, out of total 22,407 ha under cereal crops only
15.9 per cent is irrigated. Except cereal crops and a limited area of vegetables all other
kharif crops are rainfed. Considering the topography of Chamba, where land is an
inelastic resource increasing the irrigation potential further is the key to increasing the
production and productivity of crops.
Availability of water sources: It is primarily a hilly district with altitudes ranging
from 600 m amsl to 6400 m amsl. Physiographically the area forms part of middle
Himalayas with high peaks ranging in height from 3000 to 6000 m amsl. Chamba, is
drained by Ravi, which is the main river of chamba, and its tributaries. There are no
large-sized lakes in Chamba district. However, a few water bodies namely Khajjiar
Lake, Manimahesh Lake, Chamera Lake, Lama Dal, Gadasru Lake, Maha Kali Dal
exists.
The irrigation is mainly done either by tapping natural springs or by lifting surface
water from perennial khads and rivers
Existing Type of Irrigation: In Chamba district close to 203 irrigation works were
supplying water to households for domestic and irrigation purpose which consists of 203
water harvesting structures with no dug wells, tube wells or canal being used for
irrigation. Among ground water sources, the district does not have any sources. However,
a total of 22 electric water extraction devices are available throughout the district, out of
which 17 belongs to Bhatiyat block. Roof top rainwater harvesting in urban/rural areas
and water harvesting in rural area need to be adopted and proper scientific intervention
for spring development and revival of traditional water storage is required in water scarce
hilly upland areas. In hilly areas structures like nalla bunds, gabion structures, check
dams, check dam cum ground water dams, subsurface dykes, revival of ponds are
recommended while in low hill ranges, check dam and roof top rain water harvesting
structures can be adopted. Kuhl system is the major irrigation system in the district, and
the water users associations exists at various places. In order to, ensure predictable,
equitable and reliable distribution of water, their needs to be sensitization amidst users
about people participation in ensuring predictable supply of water in the Kuhl and
technological interventions like ensuring sufficient storage capacity to the Kuhl and
making head-works of two or three contiguous networks common to reduce maintenance
cost for users.
Demand for water sources: The present water demand of the district has been
assessed to be 113.80 MCM annually. Out of the total water demand 81.64 mcm (71.73
percent) is the requirement from crop production. Nearly 14.09 Mcm is required for
domestic drinking water requirement and another 18.024 Mcm (or 15.8 %) is required for
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livestock water requirement purpose. Industrial water requirement is very low with
0.0463 mcm (0.04 %) and there is no water requirement for power generation
Water budget in the district: The water budget shows moderate gaps between water
availability and water demand in the district. While the availability at present is 101.86
mcm, the present water demand is 113.80 mcm giving rise to an unmet demand of close
to 11.94 mcm. If the existing water availability is continued the water gap is likely to
increase further in future and as a result the unmet demand for water is likely to go up
reaching 45.63 mcm. The water budget analysis suggest that urgent efforts are required
to meet the water requirements of the district as the gap is likely to increase in future.
Utilizing the surface & ground water potential in the district, activities that promote
ground water re-charge and soil moisture and water conservation etc. are proposed in the
Strategic Action plan, 2016-20 that will address the challenge.
Component wise planned Coverage area: The strategic action plan envisages to
provide assured irrigation in an additional command area of 42,601.28 hectares. Under
the component Har khet ko pani a command area of 1190.94 hectares (or 26.27 percent)
will be brought under assured irrigation by various lift/flow irrigation schemes. The
watershed component will assure soil and moisture conservation activities in an area of
27,839 ha (65.35 percent share). The component per drop more crop will ensure efficient
water conveyance and precision irrigation in a command area of 3570.54 ha (or 8.38 %).
Department wise planned coverage of area: Department wise, watershed
department will bring 27,839 ha. or 76.71 percent of planned coverage of area under
assured irrigation followed by intervention of Irrigation and public health department,
which will provide irrigation infrastructure for a command area of 4,883.5 ha (13.46 %),
Agriculture department having a coverage area of 2,031.54 ha or 5.6 % along with
Horticulture department having planned coverage area of 1,539 ha or 4.24 % will ensure
precision water application in an area of 35 ha and 393 ha respectively. Agriculture
Technology Management Agency (ATMA) focused on awareness generation and capacity
building of the beneficiary farmers on water distribution, efficient use of water and water
saving technologies etc.
Component wise planned financial outlay Total plan for four years works out to Rs.
69554.49 lakh. Maximum share of Rs. 47,856.50 lakh is of Irrigation and Public Health
Department (69.80 %) followed by Rural Development Department having a budget of
Rs. 15185.91 lakh (21.83%), Horticulture Department Rs. 3649.10 lakh (4.12%) and
Agriculture Department’s plan for four years is Rs. 2862.98 lakh (5.25%). While working
out the plan, phasing of ongoing irrigation projects has been considered. However, from
the proposal of departments, eligible activities under RIDF will be covered as per the
funds requirement of the State. Projects sanctioned under RIDF XXI for micro irrigation
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have not been shown separately as it will be implemented by the Agriculture Department
and covered under the plan of the Department. Also, four DPRs posed to NABARD for
funding by Government of Himachal Pradesh amounting to Rs 664.19 lakh have been
considered by IPH department in the abovementioned cost. Capacity building, extension
and training is an important component of successful execution of the plan, therefore, Rs.
354.66 lakh (for all the blocks) has been proposed in the plan from 2016-17 to 2019-20.
Block wise planned financial outlay: The block wise distribution of budget from
2016-2020 is highest for Bhatiyat block (Rs 17255.77 lakh), followed by Salooni and
Mehla blocks having a projected budget of Rs 13741.24 lakh and 11198.37 lakh
respectively.
Strategic Action Plan under PMKSY in Chamba District: The following is a brief
statement of the activities proposed in the Strategic Action plan, 2016-20 that will address
the challenge of water resource management in Chamba District
Component-wise plan
Component wise
YEAR
TOTAL 2016-17 2017-18 2018-19 2019-20
Accelrated
Irrigation
Benefitted
Programme (AIBP) 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00 0.00
PMKSY-Har Khet
Ko Pani (HKKP) 9571.29 14356.95 16749.78 7178.48 47856.50
PMKSY- Per Drop
More Crop
(PDMC) 1302.42 1953.62 2279.23 976.81 6512.08
i) Micro-irrigation 6.300 9.450 11.025 4.725 31.50
ii) Supplementary
Water Management
activities 1270.72 1906.08 2223.76 953.04 6353.60
iii) Ext. And Trg.
Under ATMA 25.40 38.09 44.44 19.05 126.98
PMKSY -
Watershed 4036.27 4184.05 3206.31 2378.60 13805.23
Convergence with
MGNREGS 276.14 414.20 483.24 207.10 1380.68
Total: 15186.12 20908.82 22718.56 10740.99 69554.49
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Expected Outcome: The gross sown area of the district is 70, 351 ha. of which 8045
ha is irrigated (except horticultural area). Thus there is a gap of 62,306 ha which can be
converted from rainfed to area under assured irrigation. As the water requirement of
crops for the existing cropping pattern works out to be 87.8 MCM and if the gross cropped
area is to be brought under irrigated area, 62.6 MCM water is required. Keeping in view
the above constraints a plan to develop 3164 water harvesting irrigation structures has
been proposed, this will create a water potential of 83,745 cubic metres. Also, the activities
planned under per drop more crop will create water potential to the tune of 13, 827 cubic
metres in the district. On completion of all the projects proposed under PMKSY 42,601.28
ha of command area is likely to be developed in the district. This is likely to generate an
additional income of Rs. 7,258 lakh to the farmers of the district. This is also likely to
create 37 lakh mandays1 of non-recurring employment and 4000 jobs annually2 on
recurring basis.
Implementation Time Period: The planned activities and outlay of Rs 39202.21 lakh
will be spent between 2016-17 and 2017-20 period. Some of the activities may require 5
to 7 years and some other activities relating to extension, small irrigation works etc., are
recurring and hence will have a period of implementation less than a year.
Monitoring and Evaluation: The Strategic Action Plan of PMKSY will be monitored
by the respective departments through the regular reporting system and component wise
progress will be monitored by the District Level Irrigation Committee. Further, the
activities, outputs and outcomes will be reported in web based MIS of PMKSY for review
at state and national level.
1 Non recurring employment is calculated by considering the labour component to be 20 % of the total financial
outlay and dividing it by wage rate
2 Recurring employment is calculated by using the rationale that 1 job will be created in 2 hecatre of land irrigated
additionally (CCA of Hark het ko pani and Per Drop more crop taken).
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i. Background
Preparation of decentralized area specific district planning process visualized in various
plans took concrete shape through the years and initiatives like specific guidelines on
methodologies and processes for preparation of district plans; framework for preparation
of perspective plan, medium term and annual plans by then planning commission in 1969
and the 73rd and 74th constitutional amendments conferring constitutional status to
Panchayats at district and sub district level, local self-government in urban areas;
constitution of district planning committee to consolidate the plans prepared at
Panchayats and municipalities and preparation of a draft development plan for the whole
district.
The decentralized planning process was strengthened further through emphasis by
planning commission on preparation of district level plans and making it an integral part
of the process of preparation of the states 11th five year plan . Planning commission issued
guidelines in August 2006 on the preparation of the district plans. The guideline defines
the district planning as ‘…the process of preparing an integrated plan for the local
government sector in a district taking into account the resources (natural, human and
financial) available and covering the sectoral activities and schemes assigned to the
district level and below and those implemented through local governments in a state. The
document that embodies this statement of resources and their allocation for various
purposes is known as the District Plan”.
Government of India through a resolution in National Development Council on 29th May
2007 conceived a special Additional Central Assistance Scheme to address the slow
growth of agriculture and allied sectors by incentivizing states to draw up plans for their
agriculture sectors more comprehensively. The NDC resolution states "GoI will introduce
a new Additional Central Assistance scheme to incentivize states to draw up plans for their
agriculture sector more comprehensively, taking agro-climatic conditions, natural
resource issues and technology into account, and integrating livestock, poultry and
fisheries, etc. This will involve a new scheme for Additional Central Assistance (ACA) to
State Plans, administered by the Union Ministry of Agriculture over and above its existing
Centrally Sponsored Schemes, to supplement the state-specific strategies including
special schemes for beneficiaries of land reforms. The newly created National Rainfed
Area Authority will, on request, assist states in planning for rainfed areas".
The NDC in its resolution advised the states to prepare a comprehensive district
agriculture plans (C-DAP) that will fully utilize available resources and will include allied
Introduction
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agriculture sectors. Further, GOI issued a manual on preparation of comprehensive
district agriculture plans to help the states prepare C-DAP. As per these guidelines, the
objective of district planning is ‘to design an integrated and participatory action plan for
the development of local area in general and agriculture and allied sectors in particular’.
The objectives of Comprehensive District Agriculture Plan (C-DAP) are:
To prepare a Comprehensive District Agriculture Plan (C-DAP) through
participatory process involving various organisations and stakeholders.
To enable optimum utilisation of scarce natural, physical & financial resources.
To assess and plan for the infrastructure required to support the agriculture
development.
To establish linkages with the required institutional support services, like credit,
technology transfer, ICT, research etc.
To evolve an action plan for achieving sustainable agricultural growth with food
security and cropping system that will improve farmers’ income.
The guidelines wanted the state/district authorities to (i) ensure that the agricultural
plans are prepared for the district and then integrated into the agricultural plans of the
state based on the agro-climatic conditions, availability of technology, trained manpower
and natural resources; (ii) the local needs / crops / feed and fodder / animal husbandry /
dairying / fisheries / priorities are reflected in the plan; (iii) the productivity gaps for
important crops and livestock and fisheries are reduced; and (iv) the returns to the
farmers from these are maximized.
The latest move in the process of strengthening of decentralized planning process was the
Government of India guidelines issued in 2015 in the form of a template for the
preparation of District Irrigation Plan (DIP) and State Irrigation Plan (SIP) as part of the
Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY) program and made the preparation of
DIP and SIP mandatory for the state to receive funds from the program. The present
District Irrigation Plan (DIP) report is a product of these long drawn efforts of
Government of India to strengthen the decentralized planning process in the country
focusing on the vital resource i.e., water.
Water is of vital importance for human & animal life, maintenance of ecological balance
and promotion of developmental activities. Considering its vital importance and ever
increasing demand for water in the face of population growth, urbanization &
industrialization &considerations of climatic change, making water, an increasingly a
scarce resource, available to multiple uses, planning and management of water resources,
utilization of water economically, optimally and equitably assumes greater importance.
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According to the 12th Five Year Plan, the water budget estimates of India by Ministry of
Water Resources suggests an availability of 1123 Billion Cubic Meters (BCM) against a
current estimated demand of 710 BCM. The Standing Committee of the Ministry of Water
Resources estimates that this water demand will rise to 1093 BCM by 2025. Though the
existing water availability in the immediate future seems to be adequate, with the near
constant supply of water resources in the face of increasing demand on account of
population growth, urbanization and industrialization will strain the water supply-
demand balance.
The per capita water availability which stood at 5,177 cubic meters in 1951 was reduced to
1820 cubic meters in 2001 while the international prescribed limit is 1800 cubic meters.
The projected per capita availability of water is 1341 cubic meters in 2025 and 1140 cubic
meters in 2050 suggesting the shortage of water in the medium term3. Further, the all
India water balance estimates does not reflect the variations in water balance across time
and space- certain areas having a positive water balance and the others facing acute
shortage. The problems is further accentuated by water quality related issues.
With the abundant surface and ground water supply in the first five decades since
Independence, more than 80 percent of the total available water resources were allocated
for irrigation purposes and the rest meeting the domestic and industrial demands. In a
recent study4 on the demand for water from agriculture, domestic and industrial uses in
2000, 2025 and 2050 seems to suggest that domestic demand (34 BCM in 2000, 66 BCM
in 2025 and 101 BCM in 2050) and industrial demand (42 BCM in 2000, 92 BCM in 2025
and 161 BCM in 2050) for water will utilize the total balance water available while
agriculture demand for water will be (605 BCM in 2000, 675 BCM in 2025 and 637 BCM
in 2050). This change is partly because of the changing sectoral contributions of India’s
GDP but also partly because of dynamics of irrigation development in the country where
the initial expansion in area under irrigation is propelled by the availability of abundant
water resources and availability of good quality land. This is no longer the case in many
of the states where the availability of land and water are serious constraints for further
expansion of irrigation. Further, as per then planning commission up to March 2012 out
of 141 million hectares of net sown area in the country 114 (or 81%) million hectares is
Irrigation Potential Created (IPC) and 88 (or 62%) million hectares is Irrigation Potential
Utilised (IPU) leaving almost 20% of irrigated potential unutilized. This leaves 40 percent
of the net sown area in the country dependent on rainfall which makes farming a high risk
and less productive.
3 Ministry of Water Resources (2011), Strategic Plan for Ministry of Water Resources, Government of India, New
Delhi. 4 Amarasinghe, U.A., Shah T., Turral, H. and Anand, B.K. 2007. India’s water future to 2025-2050:
Business-as-usual scenario and deviations. Research Report 123, International Water Management
Institute, Colombo.
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The competing demands for water resources and the emerging issues and concerns were to be addressed through certain basic principles and commonality in approaches in dealing with planning, development and management of water resources5 under an Integrated Water Resource Management framework. The main objectives of water resource management as delineated in National Water Policy 2012 are:
Planning, development and management of water resources need to be governed by common integrated perspective considering local, regional, State and national context, having an environmentally sound basis, keeping in view the human, social and economic needs.
Principle of equity and social justice must inform use and allocation of water.
Good governance through transparent informed decision making is crucial to the objectives of equity, social justice and sustainability. Meaningful intensive participation, transparency and accountability should guide decision making and regulation of water resources.
Water needs to be managed as a common pool community resource held, by the state, under public trust doctrine to achieve food security, support livelihood, and ensure equitable and sustainable development for all.
Water is essential for sustenance of eco-system, and therefore, minimum ecological needs should be given due consideration.
Safe Water for drinking and sanitation should be considered as pre-emptive needs, followed by high priority allocation for other basic domestic needs (including needs of animals), achieving food security, supporting sustenance agriculture and minimum eco-system needs. Available water, after meeting the above needs, should be allocated in a manner to promote its conservation and efficient use.
All the elements of the water cycle, i.e., evapo-transpiration, precipitation, runoff, river, lakes, soil moisture, and ground water, sea, etc., are interdependent and the basic hydrological unit is the river basin, which should be considered as the basic hydrological unit for planning.
Given the limits on enhancing the availability of utilizable water resources and increased variability in supplies due to climate change, meeting the future needs will depend more on demand management, and hence, this needs to be given priority, especially through (a) evolving an agricultural system which economizes on water use and maximizes value from water, and (b) bringing in maximum efficiency in use of water and avoiding wastages.
5 Ministry of Water Resources, National Water Policy, 2012, Government of India, New Delhi.
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Water quality and quantity are interlinked and need to be managed in an integrated manner, consistent with broader environmental management approaches inter-alia including the use of economic incentives and penalties to reduce pollution and wastage.
The impact of climate change on water resources availability must be factored into water management related decisions. Water using activities need to be regulated keeping in mind the local geo climatic and hydrological situation.
The National Water Policy 2012 drives the water resource management program planning
and management in the country. Government of India launched Pradhan Mantri Krishi
Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY) to address the constraints to providing assured irrigation as
well as increasing efficiency and productivity of current water use to bring more
prosperity to the rural areas. Priorities of Government of India was reflected in the
Hon’ble President’s address to the joint Session of the Parliament of 16th Lok Sabha where
he indicated that “Each drop of water is precious. Government is committed to
giving high priority to water security. It will complete the long pending
irrigation projects on priority and launch the ‘Pradhan Mantri Krishi
Sinchayee Yojana’ with the motto of ‘Har Khet Ko Paani’. There is a need
for seriously considering all options including linking of rivers, where
feasible; for ensuring optimal use of our water resources to prevent the
recurrence of floods and drought. By harnessing rain water through ‘Jal
Sanchay’ and ‘Jal Sinchan’, we will nurture water conservation and ground
water recharge. Micro irrigation will be popularised to ensure ‘Per drop-
More crop” .
PMKSY has been approved with an indicative outlay of Rs.50,000 crore over a period of
five years from 2015-16 to 2019-20. The programme is an amalgamation of on-going
schemes of Ministry of Water Resources, River Development and Ganga Rejuvenation,
Ministry of Agriculture & Cooperation and Ministry of Rural Development. The existing
schemes AIBP, CADWM, MI, SWMA, Watershed & Convergence with MGNREGA were
brought together under the umbrella program of PMKSY. Further the scheme seeks
convergence with scheme like Mahatma Gandhi National Rural Employment Guarantee
Scheme (MGNRES), Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY), Jawaharlal Nehru National
Solar Mission and Rural Electrification programmes (JLNNSM&REP), Rural
Infrastructure development Fund (RIDF), Member of Parliament Local Area
Development Scheme (MPLAD), Member of Legislative Assembly Local Area
Development Scheme (MPLALAD), Local body funds (LBF), Working Plan of State Forest
Department (WPSFD) etc.
The PMKSY will be implemented in an area development mode only by adopting a
decentralized state level planning and projectised execution structure that will allow the
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state to draw up their own irrigation development plans based on DIPs and SIPs with a
horizon of 5-7 years. The program will be supervised and coordinated utilizing the existing
mechanism and structure available under Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY) program
with state agriculture department acting as the State Nodal Agency for implementation of
PMKSY. However, the implementing departments for the four components like AIBP,
PMKSY (Har Khet Ko Pani), PMKSY (Per drop more crop) and PMKSY (watershed
development) will be decided by the respective program ministry/department.
The funds under this program would be provided to the states as per the pattern of
assistance of Centrally Sponsored Schemes (CSS) decided by the Ministry of Finance and
NITI Aayog. During 2015-16 the existing pattern of assistance of ongoing scheme will be
continued. An outlay of Rs. 50,000 crore has been approved for 2015-20. The financial
assistance provided to the state governments from this centrally sponsored scheme is
subject to fulfillment of certain conditions. Firstly, a state will become eligible to access
PMKSY fund only if it has prepared the District Irrigation Plans (DIP) and State Irrigation
Plan (SIP), excepting for the initial year, and the expenditure in water resource
development for agriculture sector in the year under consideration is not less than the
baseline expenditure, which is defined as the average of the expenditure in irrigation
sector irrespective of the department in the state plan in three years prior to the year
under consideration. Secondly, State will be given additional weightage for levying
charges on water and electricity for irrigation purposes, so as to ensure sustainability of
the programme. Thridly, inter state allocation of PMKSY fund will be decided based on
(i) share of percentage of unirrigated area in the state vis-à-vis national average including
prominence of areas classified under Dessert Development Programme (DDP) and
Drought Prone Area Development Programme (DPAP) and (ii) increase in percentage
share of expenditure on water resource development for agriculture sector in State Plan
expenditure in the previous year over three years prior to it (iv) improvement in irrigation
efficiency in the state.
ii. Vision
The overreaching vision of Pradhan Mantri Krishi Sinchayee Yojana (PMKSY) will be to
ensure access to some means of protective irrigation to all agricultural farms in the
country, to produce ‘per drop more crop’, thus bringing much desired rural prosperity.
iii. Objective The objective of the PMKSY program are to :
a) Achieve convergence of investments in irrigation at the field level (preparation of
district level and, if required, sub district level water use plans).
b) Enhance the physical access of water on the farm and expand cultivable area under
assured irrigation (Har Khet ko pani),
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c) Integration of water source, distribution and its efficient use, to make best use of water
through appropriate technologies and practices.
d) Improve on-farm water use efficiency to reduce wastage and increase availability both
in duration and extent,
e) Enhance the adoption of precision-irrigation and other water saving technologies
(More crop per drop).
f) Enhance recharge of aquifers and introduce sustainable water conservation practices
g) Ensure the integrated development of rainfed areas using the watershed approach
towards soil and water conservation, regeneration of ground water, arresting runoff,
providing livelihood options and other NRM activities.
h) Promote extension activities relating to water harvesting, water management and crop
alignment for farmers and grass root level field functionaries.
i) Explore the feasibility of reusing treated municipal waste water for peri-urban
agriculture, and
j) Attract greater private investments in irrigation.
iv. Strategy/approach To achieve these objectives PMKSY adopted strategies that include
a) Creation of new water sources; repair, restoration and renovation of defunct water
sources; construction of water harvesting structures, secondary & micro storage,
groundwater development, enhancing potentials of traditional water bodies at village
level like Jal Mandir (Gujarat); Khatri, Kuhl (H.P.); Zabo (Nagaland); Eri, Ooranis (T.N.);
Dongs (Assam); Katas, Bandhas (Odisha and M.P.) etc.
b) Developing/augmenting distribution network where irrigation sources (both assured
and protective) are available or created;
c) Promotion of scientific moisture conservation and run off control measures to improve
ground water recharge so as to create opportunities for farmer to access recharged water
through shallow tube/dug wells;
d) Promoting efficient water conveyance and field application devices within the farm viz,
underground piping system, Drip & Sprinklers, pivots, rain-guns and other application
devices etc.;
e) Encouraging community irrigation through registered user groups/farmer producers’
organizations/NGOs; and
f) Farmer oriented activities like capacity building, training and exposure visits,
demonstrations, farm schools, skill development in efficient water and crop management
practices (crop alignment) including large scale awareness on more crop per drop of water
through mass media campaign, exhibitions, field days, and extension activities through
short animation films etc.
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v. Programme Components PMKSY has the following four programme components
1 Accelerated Irrigation Benefit Programme(AIBP) a) To focus on faster
completion of ongoing Major and Medium Irrigation including National Projects.
2 PMKSY (Har Khet ko Pani) a) Creation of new water sources through Minor
Irrigation (both surface and ground water); b) Repair, restoration and renovation of water
bodies; strengthening carrying capacity of traditional water sources, construction rain
water harvesting structures (Jal Sanchay); c) Command area development, strengthening
and creation of distribution network from source to the farm; d) Ground water
development in the areas where it is abundant, so that sink is created to store runoff/
flood water during peak rainy season. e) Improvement in water management and
distribution system for water bodies to take advantage of the available source which is not
tapped to its fullest capacity (deriving benefits from low hanging fruits). At least 10% of
the command area to be covered under micro/precision irrigation. f) Diversion of water
from source of different location where it is plenty to nearby water scarce areas, lift
irrigation from water bodies/rivers at lower elevation to supplement requirements
beyond IWMP and MGNREGS irrespective of irrigation command. g) Creating and
rejuvenating traditional water storage systems like Khatri, Kuhl etc. at feasible locations.
3 PMKSY (Per Drop More Crop) a) Programme management, preparation of
State/District Irrigation Plan, approval of annual action plan, Monitoring etc. b)
Promoting efficient water conveyance and precision water application devices like drips,
sprinklers, pivots, rain-guns in the farm (Jal Sinchan); c) Topping up of input cost
particularly under civil construction beyond permissible limit (40%), under MGNREGS
for activities like lining inlet, outlet, silt traps, distribution system etc. d) Construction of
micro irrigation structures to supplement source creation activities including tube wells
and dug wells (in areas where ground water is available and not under semi critical
/critical /over exploited category of development) which are not supported under AIBP,
PMKSY (Har Khet ko Pani), PMKSY (Watershed) and MGNREGS as per block/district
irrigation plan. e) Secondary storage structures at tail end of canal system to store water
when available in abundance (rainy season) or from perennial sources like streams for
use during dry periods through effective on-farm water management; f) Water lifting
devices like diesel/ electric/ solar pumpsets including water carriage pipes, underground
piping system. g) Extension activities for promotion of scientific moisture conservation
and agronomic measures including cropping alignment to maximise use of available
water including rainfall and minimise irrigation requirement (Jal sarankchan); h)
Capacity building, training and awareness campaign including low cost publications, use
of pico projectors and low cost films for encouraging potential use water source through
technological, agronomic and management practices including community irrigation. i)
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The extension workers will be empowered to disseminate relevant technologies under
PMKSY only after requisite training is provided to them especially in the area of
promotion of scientific moisture conservation and agronomic measures, improved/
innovative distribution system like pipe and box outlet system, etc. Appropriate Domain
Experts will act as Master Trainers. j) Information Communication Technology (ICT)
interventions through NeGP-A to be made use in the field of water use efficiency,
precision irrigation technologies, on farm water management, crop alignment etc. and
also to do intensive monitoring of the Scheme.
4 PMKSY (Watershed Development)
a) Effective management of runoff water and improved soil & moisture conservation
activities such as ridge area treatment, drainage line treatment, rain water harvesting, in-
situ moisture conservation and other allied activities on watershed basis. b) Converging
with MGNREGS for creation of water source to full potential in identified backward
rainfed blocks including renovation of traditional water bodies
vi. Rationale/ Justification Statement In reference to the status and need of irrigation, the water resource management
including irrigation related priorities was identified for Chamba district by the peoples’
representatives of district with support from administration and technical experts. For
instance the reports of Strategic Research and Extension Plan (SREP) prepared under
ATMA program, Comprehensive District Agriculture Plan (C-DAP) prepared as part of
Rashtriya Krishi Vikas Yojana (RKVY), Potential Linked Credit Plans (PLP) of NABARD
and the Integrated District Development Plan etc identified number of irrigation related
issues for Chamba district including the (i) protection of crops from abiotic stress factors
including flashfloods; (i) promoting water use efficiency through sprinkler and drip
irrigation; (iii) promoting protected polyhouse cultivation to minimize risk factors and
enhance quality and productivity; (iv) Improvement of on-farm water delivery and
efficiency of existing irrigation systems; (v) promotion of soil conservation of arable &
non-arable land through engineering measures; (vi) creation of new water harvesting
structures, check dams, ponds, tanks, etc and (vii) land improvement measures.
vii. Methodology During the course of preparation of District Irrigation Plan (DIP) the team visited
Chamba district to collect data and have interaction with all the stakeholders.
Methodology adopted to prepare DIP is outlined in brief as under:
Collection of primary and secondary data from multiple sources including Season
and Crop Reports, Statistical Handbook, District Census Handbook and other
published documents and websites of different departments.
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15
Meetings with state government departments and related institutions were held and
meeting through VC was also held with state level authorities.
GIS maps of the area’s/clusters were studied to understand the land morphology,
topography of the district.
Discussions and interviews were held with officers of agriculture department,
horticulture department, sub division soil conservation office, Agriculture
Technology Management Agency (ATMA), District Watershed Development Agnecy
(DWDA) of District Rural Development Authority (DRDA), Animal Husbandry
department, Irrigation and Public Health department and identified the key issues
and key focus areas of the region. Discussions were also held with officers of the
Himachal Pradesh Crop Diversification Promotion Project (HPCDPP) funded by
Japan International Cooperation Agency – Official Development Agency (JICA-
ODA). Discussion with District Development Manager of NABARD for Chamba
district was also held during the visit.
Team members also participated in the State Level workshop and held active
discussions with GoI officers, State Level officers and scientists of various
institutions including Indian Meteorological Department (IMD) and Soil Survey
and Land Use Planning Survey (SSLUPS) office etc.
Meeting with Block Develoment officers, panchayat samiti members at three blocks
namely Mehla, Chamba and Salooni were conducted on the suggestion of Honble
Deputy Commissioner to sensitize panchayat representatives about DIP and
incorporate their suggestions.
The irrigation assets like check dams, roof top water harvesting structures,
community ponds etc created under Integrated Watershed Management
programme (IWMP) were visited in the villages of pukhri, chamera and few
villages of salooni block to gauge the irrigation potential, utilistaion and feasibility
of such structures.
On the basis of detailed discussion and analysis of data, the team arrived at the projections
of various components of PMKSY and Department wise plan for four years from 2016-17
to 2019-20 was prepared which is given in Annexure V
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1.1 District Profile
Chamba, an ancient town of Himachal Pradesh, is the headquarters of district Chamba
which was also the capital of the erstwhile state of Chamba. Located at an altitude of 996
metres above the mean sea level the town is situated on the banks of the Ravi River at its
confluence with the Sal River. The Chamba district is one of the twelve administrative
districts of Himachal Pradesh. The Chamba district in the present form came in to
existence on 1st November 1966 which is bounded on North-West by Jammu and
Kashmir, on the North-East and East by Ladakh area of Jammu and Kashmir state and
Lahaul and Bara-Bangal area of Himachal Pradesh, on the SouthEast and South by the
district Kangra of Himachal Pradesh and Gurdaspur district of Punjab. The district is
situated between North latitude 32° 11΄ 30″ and 33° 13΄ 06″, and East longitude 75° 49΄
00” and 77° 03΄ 30″ . The north eastern side of the district is surrounded by high altitude
Himalayas with deep narrow valleys lying between ranges of varying elevations. The
biggest river of the district is Ravi flowing from south-east to north-west entering the J&K.
The district has experienced floods from the Ravi river in the past.
Map 1 Location Map of Chamba
Chapter 1 General Information of the District
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Table 1-1 District Profile
S. No. Name of the District
District Code
Latitude Longitude
1 Chamba 23 32° 11΄ 30″ and 33° 13΄ 06″, North
75° 49΄ 00” and 77° 03΄ 30″, East
Source: Official website of Chamba
Administrative Set Up of Chamba
Chamba district comprises of 7 tehsils and 4 sub-tehsils and has 7 Community
Development blocks with headquarters at Chamba, Mehla, Brahmaur, Bhattiyat, Chuari
Khas, Tisa, Saluni and Kilar. The names of C.D. blocks are also the same except in case
of Chuari Khas and Kilar which are headquarters of Bhattiyat and Pangi C.D. blocks
respectively. The district has seven subdivisions headed by the Sub-Divisional Officers
(C). Pangi and Dalhousie subdivisions each has its jurisdiction over a single tehsil of the
same name while Chaurah sub-division comprises 3 tehsils of Salooni, Bhalai and
Chaurah. Bhattiyat sub-division extends over Sihunta sub-tehsil and Bhattiyat tehsil.
Chamba sub-division has tehsil of Chamba and its urban area while Brahmaur is
comprised of Holi sub-tehsil and Brahmaur tehsil. The general administration of district
is looked after by the Deputy Commissioner and is assisted by Additional Deputy
Commissioner and Asstt. Commissioner besides other district officers. Law and order in
the district is maintained by Superintendent of Police. District has also one A.S.P. and
D.S.P. Head of sub-division is Sub-Divisional Officer (C) whereas at tehsil level, Tehsildar
and Naib-Tehsildar are posted. Incharge of sub-tehsil is Naib Tehsildar who is assisted
by Kanungo.
Table 1-2 Administrative set up of Chamba
Administrative set Up
Name of Tehsils/Subdivisons/ Blocks
Sub-Divisions 7(Chamba, Dalhousie, Tissa, Chowari,
Bharmour, Pangi,Salooni)
Tehsils 7 (Chamba, Dalhousie, Tissa, Chowari,
Bharmour, Pangi, Salooni)
Sub-Tehsils 4(Bhalei, Sihunta, Holi,Dharwala)
Development Blocks 7 (Chamba, Mehla, Tissa, Bhattiyat, Bharmour,
Pangi, Salooni)
Panchayats 270
Villages 1591
Source: District Census Report 2011, Chamba
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Towns and Villages
The district has 1,591 villages and 5 urban units. The urban units of the district are namely
Dalhousie (C.B.), Dalhousie (M.Cl.), Bakloh (C.B.), Chuari Khas (N.P.) and Chamba
(M.Cl.). Out of the 1,591villages only 1,110 are inhabited while remaining 481 are un
inhabited.
Figure 1.1 Percentage of Inhabited-Uninhabited Villages in Chamba
Source: District Census Report, 2011
1.2 Demography
Chamba district occupies the 7th rank among the districts in terms of population. As per
2011 census, the total population of the district is 5,19,080 persons. Bhatiyat block has
the maximum number of persons (25 percent of the district population) in the district
followed by Chamba and Mehla, which are the second and third most populous blocks of
the district. Chamba district occupies the 4th / in terms of sex ratio among the districts of
the state with a sex ratio of 986 females per 1,000 males as compared to 972 females per
1,000 males of state average. The literacy rate of the district for male population is 82.59
percent, while for female it is 61.67 percent as compared to the state literacy statistics of
89 percent for male and 75.9 percent for female.
Figure 1.2 Block wise Male, Female Children Population in Chamba (No.s in 000’)
Inhabited70%
Un-inhabited
30%
22.5
67.4
49.643.0
10.4
40.932.6
21.5
63.6
46.241.2
9.4
38.932.0
4.814.4
10.2 12.63.3
11.9 10.8
0.0
20.0
40.0
60.0
80.0
Bharmour Bhattiyat Chamba Mehla Pangi Salooni Tissa
Male Female Child
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Source: District Census Report, Chamba
Chamba district holds the 1st rank in terms of scheduled tribe population in the state. It
has reported 125,324 persons as scheduled tribe (24 percent of total population).
Bharmour block (27 percent) has the highest number of tribal people followed by Bhattiat
(21 percent) and Mehla block (16.3 percent). The district has a population density of 80
persons per sq.km and ranks 9th in the state. There are 1,04,180 people belonging to
scheduled caste in the district, which is 20 percent of district’s population. Salooni block
has the highest SC population followed by Tissa block.
Figure 1.3 Block wise SC, ST, General population and Households in Chamba (No. s in 000’)
Total number of household in the district is 81,294 out of which Bhatiatt block has about
27 percent of households followed by Chamba and Mehla blocks having 20 percent and
17 percents of the households in the district.
Table 1-3 Demography Details
Name of the Block
Population SC ST General Total
M F CH To NH NM NH NM NH NM NH NM
Bharmour
22459 21487 4772 43946 980 5952 5756 34539 586 3455 7322 43946
Bhattiyat
67399 63625 14382
131024
3079 18676 4417 26502 14341
85846 21837
131024
Chamba
49554 46153 10212
95707 3597 21823 2614 15679 9740 58205 15951
95707
Mehla 43009 41209 12591
84218 2675 16229 3416 20497 7944 47492 14035
84218
Pangi 10378 9440 3344 19818 166 1010 2945 17676 190 1132 3301 19818
Salooni 40881 38877 11947
79758 2383 21689 801 4811 8515 53258 11699
79758
Tissa 32616 31993 1081 64609 2324 18801 702 5620 4123 40188 7149 64609
5.76
4.42
2.613.42 2.95
0.80 0.700.59
14.34
9.74
7.94
0.19
8.52
4.12
0.00
2.00
4.00
6.00
8.00
10.00
12.00
14.00
16.00
0.00
20.00
40.00
60.00
80.00
100.00
120.00
140.00
Bharmour Bhattiyat Chamba Mehla Pangi Salooni Tissa
SC_NM ST_NM General_NM SC_NH ST_NH General_NH
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2
Total 266296
252784
71404
519080
15204
104180
20651
125324
45439
289576
81294
519080
Source: Census of India 2011,M-Male, F- Female, CH- Children 0 to 6 yr, To: Total; NH- no. of Household, NM-
no. of members
1.3 Biomass and Livestock
Livestock rearing is the third most important occupation of Chamba’s economy after
agriculture and horticulture. In addition to providing milk, meat, hide and wool for
commercial purposes the livestock are also used as beast of burdens and for
transportation in Chamba.
Table 1-4 Livestock Details of Chamba
Name of Block
Ducks Pigs Goats Sheeps Ind. Cow Hybrd cow
Indscriptive Buff.
Draft Animal
Bharmour - - 61,748 61,828 17,648 3,077
13 -
Bhatiyat 47 8 42,761 24,113 41,549 12,802
8,204 82
Chamba 224 - 17,694 31,169 51,596 11,920
5,176 87
Mehla 75 - 26,545
29,060 34,397 7,948
3,451 25
Pangi - - 12,185 22,816 6,598 3,971
- 212
Salooni 48 - 20,730
29,556 47,480
6,712
4,700 45
Tissa 11 - 22,848
56,057 63,248
4,316
10,921 45
Total 405 8 2,04,511
2,54,599
2,62,516
50,746
32,465 496
Source: Department of Animal Husbandry, Chamba
As per 2011 Livestock Census, the total livestock population of Chamba is 8,05, 746.
Indigenous cows are the main livestock reared in Chamba as they account for 32.5 percent
of the total livestock population of the district. In terms of population cows are followed
by Sheeps and goat which account for 31 percent and 25 percent of the livestock
population. The rearing of milch animals like cow and goats has resulted in considerable
increase in the socio-economic status of the people. Draft animals and ducks form a
negligible share of the total livsetock of chamba with 0.06 percent and 0.05 percent
respectively. Tissa, Bharmour and Bhatiyat are the blocks with highest percentage of
livestock.
1.4 Agro-Ecology, Climate, Hydrology and Topography
On the basis of altitude, topography, thermal regime, soil type, hydrological features,
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precipitation and land use, the Chamba district has been divided inti five agro-ecological
situations as under:
AES-I: Low Hills and valley areas
This AES includes the valley areas having elevation up to 900 m amsl. The average
annual rain fall. Is about 1000 mm. The topography of AES-I is gentle and slopy. The
mean temperature during summer winter and rainy season is 20.520 C, 15.860 C and
25.730 C respectively.
AES-II: Lower Mid Hills
This AES includes the areas having elevation ranging from more than 900 m to 1300 m
amsl having annual rain fall of about 1100 mm. The topography is hilly and mountainous.
The mean temperature during summer winter and rainy season is 20.520 C, 15.860 C and
25.730 C respectively.
AES-III: Upper Mid Hills
This AES includes the areas having elevation ranging from more than 1300 m to 1800 m
amsl having annual rainfall of about 1200 mm. Topography is hilly and mountainous.
The mean temperature during summer winter and rainy season is 19.680 C, 15.250 C and
24.580 C respectively.
AES-IV High Hills Wet
This AES includes the areas having elevation of more than 1800 m amsl but having annual
rain fall of about 1150 mm. the topography is hilly terrain. Heavy snowfall with mono
cropping is a characteristic feature in some of the areas of this AES. The irrigation
facilities are inadequate.The mean temperature during summer winter and rainy season
is 16.90 C, 4.90 C and 12.730 C respectively.
AES-V: High Hills Dry
This AES includes the areas having elevation of more than1800 m amsl but having annual
rain fall of about 250 mm and experiencing heavy snowfall. The topography is hilly
terrain. The entire Pangi block is covered under this AES. Heavy snow fall with mono
cropping is a characteristic feature of this AES.6
6 Strategic Research Extension Plan, Chamba
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Table 1-5 Agro Ecological Situation In Chamba District
Agro
Ecological
Zone Type
Average monthly Temperature ( 0C)
Period
Summer Winter Rainy
(April-May) ( Oct-Mar) (June-Sept.)
Min. Max. Mean Min. Max. Mean Min. Max. Mean
Low hill &
Valley Area
12.85 28.3 20.58 9.19 22.54 15.86 19.28 32.18 25.73
Lower Mid
Hills
12.85 28.3 20.58 9.19 22.54 15.86 19.28 32.18 25.73
Upper Hills 11.46 27.9 19.68 8.4 22.1 15.25 18.1 31.05 24.58
High Hills
Dry
9.6 24.2 16.9 1.2 8.78 4.99 6.78 18.76 12.73
High Hills
Wet
NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA NA
Topography:
Chamba district presents an intricate mosaic of mountain ranges, hills and valleys. It is
primarily a hilly district with altitudes ranging from 600 m amsl to 6400 m amsl.
Physiographically the area forms part of middle Himalayas with high peaks ranging in
height from 3000 to 6000 m amsl. It is a region of complex folding, which has under gone
many orogeneses. The topography of the area is rugged with high mountains and deep
dissected by river Ravi and its tributaries.
Climate:
The climate of different parts of the district is largely dependant on the altitude which
varies from 600 to 6400 metres. The climate of the lower tracts resembles that of the
plains of the Punjab, though the heat in summer is less intense. The summer season is
from March to about the middle of June. Thereafter, the southwest monsoon season
commences and lasts till about the middle of September. The period from the middle of
September to the middle of November constitutes the post monsoon season. The winter
season is from mid November to end of February7.
Rainfall:
In the region of the Ravi valley, the rainy season is well marked and rainfall in
considerable. In the southwestern half of the district the average annual rainfall is 1355.1
mm. In the Chenab valley in the northwestern part of the district, the rainfall is scanty
and heavy rain is unusual. There are two rainy seasons in the year, one from December to
7 The Climate of Himachal Pradesh, Indian Metrological Department
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March associated with the passage of western disturbances and the other in the southwest
monsoon season. Some rain is also received in the post monsoon month of October.
Nearly half of the annual rainfall is received in the southwest monsoon season, while the
winter rains amount to a little less than a third of the annual rainfall. The precipitation is
often in the form of snow in the high altitudes, the snow line coming down occasionally
to 1200 m. Heavy snowfall occurs in winter in the higher ranges2.
Figure 1.4 AES wise Normal annual rainfall in Chamba
Source:
Strategic Research Extension Plan, Chamba
Hydrology:
The Ravi is the main river of Chamba district and is the heart and soul of the Chambyals.
With its tributaries, it drains the whole of Chamba valley importantly between
Dhauladhar and Pangi range and thus commands the largest and most important part of
the district. The river originates from Bara Bangahal area of Dhauladhar. The Main
tributaries of Ravi are Budhil, Tundah, Beljedi, Sal, Siul, Siowa The river Chenab or
Chandrabhaga rises from the mountains of Baralacha pass by two heads, the stream with
its source on south-eastern side of the pass being called the Chandra and the other one
which rises from north-western side is called the Bhaga. After the confluence of these two
sister streams at Tandi, the river is generally known as Chenab. There are no large-sized
lakes in Chamba district. However, a few water bodies namely Khajjiar Lake,
Manimahesh Lake, Chamera Lake, Lama Dal, Gadasru Lake, Maha Kali Dal exists.
1.5 Soil Profile Chamba district comprises of four major soil classes namely Clay, Sandy, Loam and Sandy
loam soil. Sandy loam soil covers the maximum geographical area of the district (47
percent) followed by Loam soil (25 percent), sandy soil (21 percent) and clay soil (8
percent). So, in Chamba, soil is generally sandy loam in texture with a little more
percentage of clay on the higher altitude as well as on the lower elevations. The soil is well
10001100
1200 1150
250
0
200
400
600
800
1000
1200
1400
Low hill & ValleyArea
Lower Mid Hills Upper Hills High Hills Dry High Hills Wet
Normal Annual Rainfall in Mm
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24
supplied with organic matter. Its extent is low at mid-elevation and minimum at low-lying
valleys. The block wise spread (area in hectares) of the major soil classes in the district is
depicted in figure below:
Figure 1.5 Block wise Soil classes in Chamba ( Area in 000’ Hecatres)
As per SREP, Chamba, various Agro ecological situations have different type of soils. The
AES IV High hill dry and V High hill wet have medium and shallow type of soil. The AES
III have Alfisols and Inceptisols whereas AES I and AES II have combination of Entisol-
Inceptisols and Entisols-Mollisols (Entisols are soils with little or no morphological
development, Mollisols are grassland soils with high base status) and Inceptisol type of
soil.
The soil type and class of an area are pertinent to gauge the absorption of water, Moisture
in the soil, percolation rate of water in soil. The description of soil and their characteristics
have been mentioned below8:
Table 1-6 Soils of Chamba
New Soil Unit
Description Area (ha)
SOILS OF GREATER HIMALAYAS
SOILS OF SUMMITS AND RIDGE TOPS
1 Rock outcrops covered with glaciers; associated with: Shallow, sandy-skeletal soils with severe erosion and strong stoniness
55375.54
SOILS OF MOUNTAINS AND VALLEY GLACIERS
2 Rock outcrops and valley glaciers; associated with Shallow, sandy-skeletal soils with severe erosion and moderates stoniness
1011.747
SOILS OF SIDE / REPOSED SLOPES
3 Rock outcrops ; associated with : Medium deep, loamy- skeletal soils with 14054.09
8 Agriculture Contingency plan, Chamba
16
3 38
07
16
64
611
30
0
15
32
15
1 2 3
104
2 5
87
916
52 56
25
53
0
20
40
60
80
100
120
Bharmour Bhattiyat Chamba Mehla Pangi Salooni Tissa
Clay Soil Loam Soil Sandy Soil Sandy Loam Soil
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25
New Soil Unit
Description Area (ha)
severe erosion and moderate stoniness
4 Rock outcrops ; associated with : Shallow, loamy- skeletal soils with severe erosion and moderate stoniness
64564.31
5 Rock outcrops ; associated with : Medium deep, loamy- skeletal calcareous soils with severe erosion and strong stoniness
4469.156
6 Rock outcrops ; associated with : Deep, loamy- skeletal soils with severe erosion and strong stoniness
133729.3
7 Shallow, loamy soils with severe erosion; associated with: severe erosion and strong stoniness
104038.7
8 Deep, loamy soils with very severe erosion: associated with: Deep, sandy- skeletal soils with very severe erosion and moderates stoniness
6614.506
SOILS OF GLACIO—FLUVIAL VALLEY
9 Deep, coarse- loamy soils with moderate erosion 31701.35
SOILS OF LESSER HIMALAYAS
SOILS OF SUMMITS AND RIDGE TOPS
10 Shallow to medium shallow, loamy soils with severe erosion 6533.494
SOILS OF SIDE/ REPOSED SLOPES
11 Rock outcrops; associated with: Medium deep, loamy- skeletal soils with severe erosion and moderate stoniness
6292.202
12 Deep, loamy-skeletal soils with severe erosion and slight to moderate stoniness; associated with: Loamy soils
631.3674
13 Shallow, loamy-skeletal soils with severe erosion and strong stoniness; associated with : Rock outcrops
107626.9
14 Deep, loamy soils with severe erosion 7504.967
15 Shallow to medium deep, loamy soils with moderate to severe erosion and slight stoniness
54811.21
16 Medium deep to deep loamy soils with moderate to severe erosion 18250.16
17 Deep, loamy over sandy soils with very slight erosion and moderate stoniness; associated with: Shallow, loamy soils with moderate erosion and moderate stoniness
4902.286
SOILS OF SIDE / REPOSED SLOPES
18 Medium Deep to deep, loamy-skeletal Soils Moderate to Severe erosion; Associated with: Loamy soils with moderate erosion.
16312.34
19 Deep, loamy soils with moderate erosion and moderate stoniness; associated with : Medium , deep, loamy soils
14375.67
Total Area 652799.3
Source: Agriculture Contingency Plan, Chamba, 2010-2011
The soils of Greater Himalayas (high reaches of Chamba district particularly Pangi tehsil)
belong to Alpine Humus Mountain Skeletal Soils while those of Lesser Himalayas and
Shiwalik regions come under Brown Forest and Humus and Iron Podzolic Soils. Majority
of forest soils (Brown Forest Soils) are characterized by the presence of mollic and argillic
horizons. The soils are sandy loam to clay in texture and slightly acidic to neutral in
reaction. The soils belong to Hapludalfs, Hapludolls and Eutrochrepts. Some forest soils
also belong to Humus and Iron Podzols. Humus and Iron Podzols are predominantly
formed under the process of podzolisation. Dark coloured A-horizon is enriched with
organic matter and reddish brown to yellowish brown B-horizon contains free Fe and Al
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26
accompanied by organic matter. Typical ashy grey albic horizon (E horizon) is rather
uncommon in such podzols. Profiles are marked by distinct spodic horizon underlying
mollic or umbric epipedon. Soils are acidic in reaction and contain high amounts of
organic matter. Sandy loam to sandy clay loam or clay loam textures is common. The soils
of Chamba district are medium to high in available nitrogen whereas available
phosphorus and potassium status is low to medium. The organic carbon status is medium
to high. The soil map of Chamba has been depicted below:
Map 2 Soil Map of Chamba
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In Chamba, approximately 90 percent of the land has a slope greater than 25 percent as
a result, although the district has a plenty rainfall and snowfall, most of the precipitation
is lost as run off. Also, the steep slopes in the district makes water harvesting interventions
like creation of check dams unfeasible. The slope of Chamba is depicted below:
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Map 3: Slope Map of Chamba
As is evident from Map 3, 90 percent of the area in chamba has a slope greater than 25
percent, 9 percent has a slope between 8-25 percent. Only 1.05 percent of land area in
Chamba has a slpe between 3-8 percent and 0.4 percent area has a slop between 0-3
percent. These areas where the slope is less than 15 percent are most suitable for creating
water harvesting structures cetirus paribus.The block wise slopes in district has been
depicted in Figure 1.6.
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Figure 1.6 Block wise slope in Chamba (Area in 00’ Hecatres)
1.6 Soil Erosion and Run Off
Soil is a vital natural resource which acts as a crucial life-supporting system and is
pertinent for the socio-economic development of any country. As per the soil survey by
NBSS & LUP (1997), more than 75 per cent of the geographical area of the State is
suffering from one or other soil degradation problem. The major degradation problems
observed are water erosion including topsoil loss and terrain deformation, flooding and
acidity. Therefore, major challenge before us is to reduce these problems up to the
tolerance limits for the sustainable agricultural development in Chamba. The soils are
prone to water as well as wind erosion particularly in Bharmaur and Pangi areas of the
district9.
There are number of problems in different categories of land as depicted through Table
1.7. The major problems are undulating topography leading to more soil erosion and
landslides, lack of sufficient tree cover in barren lands, infestation of pasture with
obnoxious weeds, uncontrolled grazing, lack of improved grasses and fodder trees. The
major problem encountered in management of culturable, fallow as well as cultivated
lands is lack of irrigation impeding their productive use. This may require substantial
investment on reclamation, fencing/bunding and development of irrigation. The vast
forest and pasture lands require conservation and can be developed into rich repository
of timber trees, walnuts, wild apricot, temperate grasses and high value medicinal herbs.
9 District Agriculture Plan, Chamba
13.9 21.9 3.2 14.0 5.1 4.8 6.2
153
188
37 80 45 28
65
14441322
563549
676
305
983
0.00
200.00
400.00
600.00
800.00
1000.00
1200.00
1400.00
1600.00
1800.00
Brahmaur Pangi Salooni Bhattiyat Mehla Chamba Tissa
0-3% (Ha) 3-8% (ha) 8-25% (ha) >25% (ha)
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It needs to be mentioned here that the district harbours rich repository of medicinal herbs
and vast summer green pastures sustaining large number of shepherds (Gaddi tribe) and
migratory Gujjars.
Because of both natural and man made factors, the threat of soil erosion looms large
which not only degrades the land but also endangers hydro-power generation due to high
sedimentation rate of the reservoirs.
However for the purpose of making the agriculture sustainable and scientific land use
planning each block has been divided into various watersheds. The details of the same are
as mentioned below:
Table 1-7 Block wise micro watershed details- Chamba
Block Name of Watershed:-
Bharmour 1. Suppa 2.Sirdi 3.Badgran 4.Kuthar 5.Auhraphati 6.Sahli 7.Durgethi 8.Chobhia
9.Kugti 10.Paranghala 11.Ghared 12.Bharmour 13.Sachuin 14.Khani 15.Sinyur
16.Ullansa 17.Garola
Bhattiyat 1.Behali 2.Malunda 3.Samleu 4.Kaniyadka 5.Mornu 6.Nainikhad 7.Bailli
8.Tunuhatti 9.Chuhan 10.Balera
Chamba 1.Padhar 2.Protha 3.Saloh 4.Rajindu 5.Sara 6.Paliur 7.Tipra 8.Sungal 9.Baror
10.Kaila 11.Paluhin 12.Silla 13.Sirh 14.Jhulada 15.Dulahar 16.Masroond
17.Prahnui 18.Dulahr Bhanota 29.Khajjiar 30.Kiani 31.Sadah 32.Tikri 33.Rupni
34.Rajnagar 35.Dradha 36.Rinda 37.Saach 38.Draman 39.Kohladi 40.Auda
41.Jadera19.Chandi 20.Pukhri 21.Hamal 22.Rajpura 23.Haripur 24.Sarol
2