Challenges in implementing IICBTA - UN ESCAP › ... › MIFFA-Presentation.pdf · Improve...

Challenges in implementing

IICBTA

Session 4: Private sector perspective on challenges for cross border

and

transit transport CLMV-T

Captain Aung Khin Myint 1

9-10 October, 2018

Captain Aung Khin MyintChairman MIFFA

Co-Chairman GMS-FRETAFounding Chairman MTLF

[email protected]

Challenges in implementing IICBTA


mailto:[email protected]

Background• IICBTA MoU signing between Thailand and Myanmar is

tentatively set for end of November, 2018.

• IICBTA will go live after 1 months of signing date.

• Implementation of IIBCTA will allow 100 Thai trucks to enter Mawlamyaing (150 KM from MWD) and eventually up to Thilawa SEZ in Yangon.

• It will also allow 100 Myanmar trucks to enter Mudahan (750 KM from MWD) and eventually to BKK.


Scope of Presentation

• Motivation• Recognizing Realities • Confronting Challenges• Multidimensional Approach • Initial impressions• Indicative directions• Alternative Suggestions• Ultimate objectives• Ways to make corridors more seamless• Issues for guidance


Motivation


Recognizing Realities➢ Non-Physical Barriers present the most insurmountable obstacles

➢ Because of these non-physical barriers, new roads and bridges have not done as much as they might to improve market access

➢ Consequently, transport is more costly than it might otherwise be.


•!uပ$ပiuင$'ဆiuင$ရ*မဟuတ$eသ*အဟန2$အတ*'မ3*'သည$ အခက$ခ7ဆu8'eသ* အတ*'အဆ9' မ3*':ဖစ$ ပ=သည$

•အဆiuပ=!uပ$ပiuင$'ဆiuင$ရ*မဟuတ$eသ*အဟန2$အတ*'မ3*'e>က*င?$ပင$ လမ$'တ8တ*'အသစ$မ3*'မA* eစ3'ကBက$ကiu ထiu'eဖ*က$Diuင$မည?$ အတiuင$'အတ*eရ*က$Diuင$သည$အထi Eပ9'e:မ*က$:ခင$'မရAieသ' ပ=

•ထiu2e>က*င?$ပင$ သယ$ယGပiu2eဆ*င$eရ'စရiတ$သည$လည$' :ဖစ$သင?$သည$ထက$ ပiu၍တက$လ*ပ=သည$

Confronting Challenges“Encouraging a more modern and efficient door to door transport system such as that offered by Multi Modal Transport will go a long way towards alleviating rural poverty, enhanced trade and improve the foreign exchange earnings of developing countries and countries in transition” UNCTAD


‘ဘက#စu&သယ#ယ)ပiu,eဆ/င#eရ2ကeပ23iuင#သည5# စနစ#က75သiu, ပiu၍eခတ#မ<ထieရ/က#သည5# door-to-door

သယ#ယ)ပiu,eဆ/င#eရ2စနစ#တစ#ခu eပ>eပ?က#လ/eစeရ2ကiu တAန#2အ/2eပ2Cခင#2Cဖင5# eကE2လက#eဒသ

ဆင#2ရ73Aမ#2ပ?2မGeလI/5ခEeရ2| ကuန#သAယ#မGတiu2တက#လ/eစeရ2 3Jင5# ဖA&KLဖiu2ဆ73iuင#င&မE/2၊ က)2eCပ/င#2

ဆ7က/လတAင# ရJiသည5#3iuင#င&မE/2၏ 3iuင#င&Cခ/2ဝင#eငAရရJiမG တiu2တက#လ/မည#Cဖစ#ပ?သည#’

Multidimensional Approach

● Operational Factors➢ How to reduce empty backhauls➢ How to liberalize access to GMS corridors and sea ports➢ Significantly reduce trans-shipment

• Policy and regulatory environment➢ WTO, WCO, TFA, Bilateral and trilateral agreements➢ ASEAN, ASEAN-PRC FTA, RCEP, CBTA, ICBTA

• Soft and hard infrastructure➢ Identifying opportunities to adopt new technologies➢ from MACCS to NSW➢ cross border single window Interoperability


Initial Impressions• Overland transport is becoming more than just a niche market:

○ Maritime transport continues to dominate, but increased seaport congestion, time-sensitive high-technology products, and demand for perishables in PRC is forcing more traffic overland

○ Overland transport is becoming increasingly competitive with air freight

• Many challenges, few easy solutions:

○ Agreements by central governments are undermined locally

○ Discriminatory practices are reciprocated

○ Inadequate funding for infrastructure maintenance

○ Enforcement of axle load factors haphazard• Some opportunities to overcome weak trade logistics services:

○ Improve value-added activities prior to export○ Eliminate wherever possible the time-consuming, costly process of

trans-loading cargo from one vehicle to another○ Introduce schedules for vehicle processing to reduce congestion in

seaports and at border crossing points



• က"န်းလမ်းသယယ်*ပိ"ေ့ဆာငေ်ရးသည် အခွင့အ်လမ်းေကာငး်သည့ေ်စျးကကွတ်စခ်"ထက် ပိ"လာ;ပီြဖစပ်ါသည်−ေရေ#ကာငး်ပိ+ေ့ဆာငေ်ရးသည် ဆကလ်က1်ကးီစိ+းထားဆြဲဖစေ်သာ်လညး် ဆပ်ိကမ်းြပည့က်ျပ်မ:များ၊

အချနိက်ိ+အထ?းအေလးထားရသည့် နညး်ပညာြမင့က်+နပ်စ@ညး်များ ABင့် ပ+ပ်သိ+းလယ်ွသည့ပ်စ@ညး်များအေပEဝယလ်ိ+အား ြမင့တ်ကလ်ာမ:က က+နး်လမ်းြဖင့် က?းသနး်မ:ကိ+ ပိ+မိ+တနွး်အားေပးေနပါသည်

−က+နး်လမ်းသယယ်?ပိ+ေ့ဆာငေ်ရးသည် ေလေ#ကာငး်က+နစ်ညA်Bင့် အIပိJင် တိ+း၍ြဖစေ်ပE လာေနပါသည်

• စiန$eခ'မ)မ+,-စ.,ရ0i1ပ3- အလ.ယ$တက9e:ဖရ0င$-=iuင$သညA$နည$-လမ$-မ0, အနည$-ငယ$သ,ရ0iပBသည$-

−ဗဟိ+အစိ+းရ၏သေဘာတ?ညခီျကမ်ျားကိ+ ြပညတ်ငွး်တငွေ်ဖာ်ေဆာငမ်:ေလျာပ့ါးြခငး်

−ခွြဲခားဆကဆ်သံည့အ်ေလအ့ထများြဖင့် အြပနအ်လBနေ်ဆာငရွ်ကေ်နြခငး်

−အေြခခအံေဆာကအ်အံ+ထနိး်သမိ်းရာတငွ် ရနပံ်+ေငမွလံ+ေလာကြ်ခငး်

−axle load ကနိး်များABင့ပ်တသ်ကသ်ည့် အေရးယ?မ:များ စနစက်ျမ:မQBိြခငး်

• ေထာကပ့ံ် ြဖည့ဆ်ညး် စမံီ ေဆာငရွ်ကေ်ရး ဆိ"ငရ်ာ ဝန်ေဆာငမ်Bများ အားနညး်ေနြခငး်ကိ" ေကျာ်လCားDိ"ငမ်ည့်အခွင့အ်လမ်းများ-

−တနဖိ်+းြမRင့လ်+ပ်ေဆာငမ်:များကိ+ ပိ+က့+နထ်ကဦ်းစားေပး ြမRင့တ်ငေ်ဆာငရွ်ကြ်ခငး်

−အချနိက်+နI်ပီး ေငကွ+နေ်#ကးကျများသည့် ယာTတစစ်းီမBတစစ်းီသိ+က့+နစ်ညေ်ြပာငး်ေUVWတငေ်ဆာငရ်ေသာလ+ပ်ငနး်စTအား ြဖစA်ိ+ငပ်ါက ဖယ်QBားပစြ်ခငး်

−ဆပ်ိကမ်းIမိJWများABင့န်ယစ်ပ်ြဖတေ်ကျာ်ဂိတမ်ျားQBိ ပိတဆ်ိ+မ့:များကိ+ ေလYာခ့ျAိ+ငမ်ည့် ယာTသာွးလာမ: ဆိ+ငရ်ာအစအီစTများေရးဆွြဲခငး်

ကနဦးယ?ဆချကမ်ျား

Indicative Directions• Policy and regulatory measures:

❖ Implement CLMV-T commitments and undertakings pertaining to trade logistics and WTO commitments to facilitate trade

❖Liberalize access to GMS corridors and seaports❖Harmonize ASEAN and PRC standards fully❖Make Time Release Studies public

• Soft and hard infrastructure:❖Address missing links in physical infrastructure ❖ Increase funding for road maintenance ❖Use existing infrastructure more efficiently❖Advance single window systems and digital logistics

• Operations❖ Implement trailer swaps to minimize unnecessary cargo handling❖ Implement single-stop inspections and adopt risk management at all

GMS border crossing points (BCPs)❖Extend operating hours at most-heavily-trafficked BCPs



လမ်း%&နမ်(များ•မ"ဝါဒရ'(င့် စညး်ကမ်ထန်ိးသမ်ိးေရးဆိ6ငရ်ာ ေဆာငရွ်ကခ်ျကမ်ျား• က,နသ်ယ်ွeထ#က%ပ'(မ*ဆiuင%ရ# ASEAN/GMS CBTA ကတကိဝတမ်ျားေဆာငရွ်ကခ်ျကမ်ျား�

ကိ,အေကာငအ်ထညေ်ဖာ်ြခငး် က,နသ်ယွမ်(လယွက်=ေချာ်ေမွ>ေစမည့် WTO ကတကိဝတမ်ျား

အေကာငအ်ထညေ်ဖာ် ေဆာငရွ်ကြ်ခငး်

• GMS စAကBများCDင့် ဆပ်ိကမ်းများတငွ် ြဖတသ်နး်သာွးလာမ(အား ေလFာေ့ပါမ့(ေပးြခငး်

• အာဆယီCံDင့် PRC တိ,၏့ စခံျိနစ်Cံ (နး်များCDင့အ်ညီ အြပည့အ်ဝ လိ,ကေ်လျာညေီထKွDိြခငး်

• Time Release Studies များကိ, အများြမငသ်ာေအာငခ်ျြပြခငး်

•Soft and hard infrastructure:• L,ပ်ဝတM Nပိ,ငး်ဆိ,ငရ်ာအေြခခအံေဆာကအ်အံ,များတငွ် ချိတဆ်ကမ်(မKDိြခငး်တိ,က့ိ,ေြဖKDငး်ြခငး်

• လမ်းြပNြပငထ်နိး်သမိ်းေရး ရနပံ်,ေငကွိ, တိ,းြမOင့ေ်ပးြခငး်

• KDိPပီးသားအေြခခအံေဆာကအ်အံ,များကိ, ပိ,မိ,ထေိရာကအ်ကျိNးKDိစာွ အသံ,းချြခငး်

• အဆငြ်မင့s်ingle window system များCDင့် ဒစဂ်ျစတ်ယစ်နစသ်ံ,း ေထာကပံ်ြ့ဖည့ဆ်ညး်စမီံေဆာငရွ်ကမ်(ကိ,

ေဆာငရွ်ကြ်ခငး်

•လ6ပ်ငန်းများ• မလိ,အပ်ေသာ က,နစ်ညက်ိ,ငတ်ယွေ်ဆာငရွ်ကရ်မ( အနညး်ဆံ,းြဖစေ်စေရးအတကွ် ေနာကတ်ွဲ

ယာTေြပာငး်လခဲျိတဆ်ကြ်ခငး်များကိ, အေကာငအ်ထညေ်ဖာ်ေဆာငရွ်ကရ်န်

• GMS နယစ်ပ်ြဖတေ်ကျာ်ဂိတမ်ျားအားလံ,း၌ တစV်ကမိ်တညး်ြဖင့အ်Pပီးသတစ်စေ်ဆးမ(များ (single-stop

inspections) ကိ, အေကာငအ်ထညေ်ဖာ်ေဆာငရွ်က၍် risk management စနစမ်ျားချမDတေ်ပးရန်

• ပိတဆ်ိ, ့ြပည့က်ျပ်မ(အများဆံ,း BCPs ၌ လ,ပ်ငနး်ေဆာငရွ်ကမ်(အချိနက်ိ, တိ,းြမOင့ေ်ပးရန်

Alternative Suggestions➢ Trailer swapping at borders as an intermediate solutions

• Reduces border handling costs and times and costs to operators

➢ Allow approved foreign vehicles to run to ICDs/Dry ports on corridors under local FF/LSP/MM transport operator/ICD operator/AEO guarantee

➢ Permit foreign vehicles to transit to regional seaports such as Laem Chabang under shipping/local FF/LSP/MM transport operator/ICD operator/AEO guarantee

➢ Allow AEOs and approved/registered Freight forwarder to provide guarantees for designated foreign-registered vehicles under their responsibility ➢ Foreign visiting trucks to have 2 drivers with FRETA or concern government approved training certificate for international operations (EU Switch program)

➢ Foreign visiting trucks to have a local representative agent nominated on paperwork to sort out any problems



အြခားအ&ကြံပ*တငြ်ပချကမ်ျား•နယစ်ပ်ဂိတမ်ျား၌ လတတ်ေလာေြဖ9:ငး်သည့န်ညး်လမ်းအေနြဖင့် ေနာကတ်ွယဲာ@ေြပာငး်လခဲျိတဆ်ကြ်ခငး်ကိBကျင်သ့ံBးေဆာငရွ်ကြ်ခငး်

• နယစ်ပ်တငွက်Bနက်ျသည့် စရိတD်:င့် &ကာချိနက်ိBလညး်ေကာငး်၊ ယာ@ပိBင9်:ငမ်ျား ၏ကBနက်ျစရိတက်ိB လညး်ေကာငး်ေလျာက့ျေစြခငး်

•Operator licence ရထားေသာ ြပညပ်DိBငင်မံ:ယာ@များအား စHကIများ9:ိ ICDs/Dry ports များထသံိB ေ့ဒသဆိBငရ်ာကBနစ်ညပိ်Kေ့ဆာငေ်ရး ဝနေ်ဆာငမ်MလBပ်ငနး်9:ငမ်ျား Dryport/ICD operator/ AEO guarantee ေအာက၌်ေမာငး်D:ငခ်ငွ့ြ်ပ*ြခငး်

•ြပညပ်DိBငင်မံ:ယာ@များကိB Laem Chabang ကဲသ့ိB ေ့ဒသဆိBငရ်ာဆပ်ိကမ်းများသိB ြ့ဖတသ်နး်ရာတငွ် သေဘOာကိBယစ်ားလ:ယ/်

ကBနစ်ညပိ်Kေ့ဆာငေ်ရး ဝနေ်ဆာငမ်MလBပ်ငနး်9:ငမ်ျား Dryport/ICD operator/ AEO guarantee များ၏Pကးီ&ကပ်မMြဖင့်ြဖတသ်နး်DိBငမ်ည့် ပါမစေ်ပးြခငး်

•AEOs D:င့် အသအိမ:တြ်ပ* ကBနစ်ညပိ်Kေ့ဆာငေ်ရး ဝနေ်ဆာငမ်MလBပ်ငနး်9:ငမ်ျား ကိB သတမ်:တထ်ားေသာDိBငင်ြံခားမ:တပံ်Bတငယ်ာ@များ အတကွ် တာဝနယ်Kအာမခခံငွ့ြ်ပ*ြခငး်

Ultimate Objectives• Enhance economic corridor development to reduce the cost of transport

regionally• Reduce loss and damage of goods in transit• Minimize the time spent in transit and increase reliability of logistics• Develop value-added activities to expand employment along and around

economic corridors• Attract increased foreign investment into value-added activities• Minimize investments in unnecessary infrastructure


•ေဒသအလိ'က် သယယ်+ပိ'ေ့ဆာငေ်ရးစရိတေ်လ5ာခ့ျ8ိ'ငမ်ည့စ်းီပာွးေရးစ=က>ဖံွA BဖိCးတိ'းတကမ်Dအား တိ'းြမFင့ေ်ဆာငရွ်ကြ်ခငး်

•နယစ်ပ်ြဖတသ်နး်က'နစ်ညမ်ျားပျကစ်းီဆံ'းHD ံးမDအား ေလ5ာခ့ျြခငး်

•8ိ'ငင်ြံဖတသ်နး်ရာတငွက်'နဆ်ံ'းသည့အ်ချိနက်ိ' အနညး်ဆံ'းြဖစေ်စြခငး်8Iင့် ေထာကပံ်ြ့ဖည့ဆ်ညး် စမီံေဆာငရွ်ကမ်D

၏ယံ'Lကညစ်တိခ်ျရမDကိ' တိ'းြမင့ေ်စြခငး်

•စးီပာွးေရးစ=က>များတစေ်လ5ာက8်Iင့် ၎ငး်တိ'တ့စဝ်ိ'ကတ်ငွ် အလ'ပ်အကိ'င် ကျယက်ျယြ်ပန ့ြ်ပန ့O်Iိေစမည့် တနဖိ်'းြမFင့်

လ'ပ်ငနး်များ ေပPေပါကေ်စြခငး်

•တနဖိ်'းြမFင့လ်'ပ်ငနး်များတငွ် 8ိ'ငင်ြံခားရငး်8IးီြမFပ်8IမံDပိ'မိ'ရOIိရန် ဆွေဲဆာငြ်ခငး်

•မလိ'အပ်သည့အ်ေြခခအံေဆာကအ်အံ'များတငွ် ရငး်8IးီြမFCပ်8IမံDကိ' အနညး်ဆံ'းြဖစေ်စြခငး်

Way to make corridors more seamless

Step1: Manual transshipments

Step 2: Exchange of containers

Step 3: Exchange of trailers

Step 4: Free flow of trucks

SEAMLESS TRANSPORT ALONG THE ROAD

Pilot Project on Semi-Trailer Swap

Thilawar SEZ Cargo

Under Customs transport Bonded system with e-Seal

-A trailer exchange operation

requires minimal physical

infrastructure.

-It basically needs a parking lot

so trucks can park their trailers.

-At the same time, trailer

swapping eliminates the need

for a truck to wait for the relay

truck, saving several days at

some borders. Captain Aung Khin Myint 17

Issues for Guidance● Is there general agreement that vehicles from all GMS countries should be

able to travel freely within the region?● Can we contemplate allowing a vehicle from one GMS country to serve

customers within the territory of another GMS country?● How can GMS improve road maintenance management and funding and

enforce vehicle weight limits?● What is GMS doing to implement provisions of the WTO’s Trade

Facilitation Agreement?● What sort of multimodal initiatives can help optimize trade logistics

service provision?● What measures are needed to help cope with the growing pains associated

with creating conditions for increased overland trade flows?● How to create additional opportunity for private sector investment in

seaports and logistics facilities?



လမ်း%&န(်ိ*ငေ်ရးအတကွ် ေဆးွေ(းွရမည့အ်ချကမ်ျား

•GMS (ိ*ငင်မံျားအားလံ*းမ9 ယာ;များသည် ေဒသတငွး်လတွလ်ပ်စာွသာွးလာ(ိ*ငေ်စရမညဟ်*ေဖာ်ြပသည့် သေဘာတDညခီျက်တစစ်ံ*တစရ်ာ F9ိပါသလား

•GMS (ိ*ငင်ံ တစ(်ိ*ငင်မံ9ယာ;တစစ်အီား အြခား GMS (ိ*ငင်၏ံပိ*ငန်ကန်ယ်ေြမအတငွး် ခရီးသညဝ်နေ်ဆာငမ်Jေပးရန်ခငွ့ြ်ပKြခငး်ကိ* မ9နး်ဆLကည့(်ိ*ငပ်ါသလား•GMS သည် လမ်းြပKြပငထ်နိး်သမိ်းေရးစမီံခန ့ခ်ွမဲJ(9င့် ရနပံ်*ေငတွိ*က့ိ* မညသ်ိ*တ့ိ*းတကေ်စ၍ယာ;အေလးချိနက်န ့သ်တခ်ျကမ်ျားကိ* မညသ်ိ*လ့ိ*ကန်ာေစ(ိ*ငသ်နညး်

•GMS သည် WTO၏က*နသ်ယွမ်Jလယွက်DေချာေမွPေရးစာချKပ်ပါ ြပဌာနး်ချကမ်ျားကိ*အေကာငအ်ထညေ်ဖာ်ေဆာငရ်န်မညသ်ညတ်ိ*က့ိ*ေဆာငရွ်ကေ်နသနညး်•က*နသ်ယွေ်ထာကပံ်ဝ့နေ်ဆာငမ်Jဆိ*ငရ်ာစညး်မျ;းစညး်ကမ်းများ ြပန ့ပ်ာွးတိ*းတကလ်ာေစရန် မညက်ဲသ့ိ*ေ့သာ ကRစံ*ပဏာမေဆာငရွ်ကခ်ျက် အမျိKးအစားများက ကDညေီပး(ိ*ငသ်နညး်•က*နး်လမ်းြဖင့် က*နသ်ယ်ွစးီဆငး်မJ တိ*းတကလ်ာြခငး်မ9ြဖစေ်ပTလာေသာ သတမ်9တခ်ျကမ်ျား(9င့စ်ပ်လျ;း၍လ*ပ်ငနး်အစပျိKးချိန၌် LကKံရေလF့9ိေသာြပဿနာများကိ* (ိ*ငန်ငး်စာွကိ*ငတ်ယွေ်ဆာငရွ်က(်ိ*ငရ်န် မညသ်ည့န်ညး်လမ်းများကိ*လိ*အပ်သနညး်•ေထာကပံ်ြ့ဖည့ဆ်ညး်စမီံေဆာငရွ်ကမ်Jဆိ*ငရ်ာ ပံပိ့*းမJအဂX ါရပ်များတငွ် ပ*ဂYလကိကR၏ရငး်(9းီြမZKပ်(9မံJအတကွ်ထပ်ေလာငး်ရF9ိ(ိ*ငမ်ည့် အခငွ့အ်လမ်းများကိ* မညသ်ိ*ဖ့နတ်းီမညန်ညး်

Lack of awareness by both sides• Implement awareness programs/activities for local

industry associations from Thai and Myanmar

• Enhance communications/collaboration among different levels of ministries from both Thailand and Myanmar

• Hold B2B discussions to address the needs of businesses


Summary of Fact finding trips


Social issue● The fact finding mission observed the followings:○ Imbalance of the number of trucks from Thailand and

Myanmar side. ○ Implementation of IICBTA would cost jobs (Belief of local

transport association)○ Myanmar trucks wish to enter Thailand with empty trucks

(without having to find goods to be exported to Thailand) ○ Local associations asking for Myanmar government to provide

subsidies in order to minimize the potential negative consequences of IICBTA.


The need to improve road infrastructure

• Road conditions in Myanmar side not in line with international standards (observation by Thai truckers)

• Roads in Myanmar side very close to residential area and thus very difficult for freight transport

• Amend road laws to ensure that the rules/regulations are standardized


Interoperability readiness for BCF• Much communications/collaboration needed among

different levels of ministries

• Construction of the Friendship Bridge 2 and the BCF almost complete.

• Standardization of customs clearance procedures yet to be completed.

• Relevant officials from both side to sit down and discuss how to streamline the documentation for custom clearance, import/export declaration etc.


ConclusionDrivers for the need of SW Interoperability

National Level● On average 15 national

agencies Involved in international trade

Cross - border level● Most documents for

processing in SW are generated across borders.

(National) single window of

one country

(National) single window of one

country A

(National) single window of one

country B


Why do we need Cross - border SW Interoperability?

because of the Rise of regional and global products network➔ Need for further National Single Window/Paperless Trade Beyond

Borders

Rise of International Supply Chain Integration

Initiative for Better To - Be Crossborder Paperless Trade Dataexchange in the region andbeyond is needed.

Increased Implementation of As-Is National Single Window tofacilitate Paperless Trade withinthe country.

Now FutureCaptain Aung Khin Myint 26

Cross - border SW Interoperability

Opportunities● One country’s export declaration is another another country’s

import declaration● Time and cost efficiencies in regional integration (eg. Customs

Union)● Data accuracy, advance intelligence and processing● Extending the (national) SW benefits beyond the borders

Challenges● Aligning needs / interests● Inadequate legal framework● Difficulties of cross-border cooperation (lack of appropriate

governance structure)● Lack of necessary ICT platforms


Why do we needCross-border SW Interoperability?

Business Needs /Possible Benefits of Cross-border Information Exchange between SW’s*● for regional integration

➔ by providing measures for closer cooperation among countries in the region

➔ by promoting economic growth through regional trade● for trade facilitation

➔ by facilitating international trade transactions● for risk-analysis purposes● for advanced security declaration● for preparation of border volume● for combating illicit activities


Thank you


Challenges in implementing IICBTA - UN ESCAP › ... › MIFFA-Presentation.pdf · Improve...

Documents

Transcript of Challenges in implementing IICBTA - UN ESCAP › ... › MIFFA-Presentation.pdf · Improve...