Challenges and opportunities for CCS
Transcript of Challenges and opportunities for CCS
Challenges and opportunities for CCS
Dr Andrew Minchener OBE General Manager
IEA Clean Coal Centre
ESI/IEA Coal Roundtable Thursday 31 October 2013
Scope of presentation
• Role of the IEA Clean Coal Centre • Overview of the CCS technology options • CCT HELE initiatives as precursors to CCS implementation • Broad comment on regional CCS programmes • Focus on China pilot programmes • Comment on SE Asia programmes via World Bank and ADB • Hurdles to be overcome • Final thoughts
Role of the IEA Clean Coal Centre
Italy Japan Republic of Korea
UK
Glencore Xstrata
BHEL
Anglo American Thermal Coal
USA
S Africa
Austria
Canada
Germany CEC
Beijing Research Institute of Coal Chemistry
Australia
Coal Association
NZ
Eletrobras
Suek Electric Power Planning & Engineering Institute of China
Banpu
Poland
The foremost centre of excellence for all aspects of clean coal knowledge
transfer
Boiler Air and coal Amine scrubbing
CO2 to storage
N2, excess O2, H2O, etc
De-NOx, FGD, ESP
Post combustion Flue gas scrubbing
Boiler Oxygen and coal
Moisture removal
CO2 to storage
Recycle combustion gases
Oxyfuel combustion
Contaminants removal
Gasification Shift reaction CO + H2
H2O
CO2 + H2 Separation
H2
CO2 to storage
Oxygen, steam and coal
Pre-combustion
First generation CO2 capture processes
Flue gas
Turbine
Mill Boiler
De-NOx EP De-S
Generator Condenser
Steam Water
Coal
CO2 Storage Pollutants to be reduced
•SO2, NOx, •Particulate matter
CO2
CO2 Capture
(2) Reducing non-GHG emissions
(3) Carbon Capture and Storage
(1) Reducing coal consumption
Technologies for cleaner coal generation
EP: Electrostatic Precipitator
HELE Technologies
Focus on technologies to reduce both GHG and non-GHG (NOx, SO2, PM) emissions.
N2, H2O
Decrease generation from subcritical Install CCS* on plants over supercritical
Increase generation from high-efficiency technology (SC or better)
Glo
bal c
oal-f
ired
elec
trici
ty
gene
ratio
n (T
Wh)
Supercritical
HELE Plants with CCS*
USC
Subcritical
*CCS (Post-combustion, Oxyfuel, Pre-combustion CO2 capture)
IGCC
Improve efficiency, then deploy CCS (IEA 2012)
* CCS fitted to SC (or better) units.
Three processes essential to achieve a low-carbon scenario
Data for hard coal-fired power plants from VGB 2007; data for lignite plants from C Henderson, IEA Clean Coal Centre; efficiencies are LHV,net
CO2 emissions reduction by key coal utilisation technologies
Energy Efficiency makes big change but deep cuts of CO2 emission can be done only by Carbon Capture and Storage (CCS)
>2030
but deep cuts only by CCS
Average worldwide hard coal
30.0% 1116 gCO2/kWh
38% 881 gCO2/kWh
EU av hard coal
45% 743 gCO2/kWh
State-of-the art PC/IGCC hard coal
50% 669 gCO2/kWh
Advanced R&D Hard coal
Latrobe Valley lignite (Australia)
28-29.0% 1400 gCO2/kWh EU state-of-
the-art lignite
43-44%
930 gCO2/kWh
55%
740 gCO2/kWh
Advanced lignite
Drax, UK’s most recent 6*660MWe
Torrevaldaliga Nord 3*660MWe
Shar
e of
CCS
(1=1
00%
)
Efficiency improvement
CO2 abatement by CCS
Aver
age
CO
2 in
tens
ity fa
ctor
in 2
DS
(g
CO
2/kW
h)
33% 34% 37% 42% 43%
Raising efficiency significantly reduces the CO2/kWh emitted (source: IEA HELE Roadmap, Dec 2012)
Efficiency in 2DS
Impact of efficiency improvement on CO2 abatement
CCS status worldwide
Extensive activities under way in Europe, USA, Australia, Japan and China
Some work beginning in Indonesia and elsewhere in SE Asia
Very large amount of R&D on all aspects of CO2 capture and CO2 storage characterisation
Several industrial scale pilot projects under way
Increasing focus on legal and regulatory issues
Many large scale integrated projects proposed (GCCSI) but, apart from some EOR based initiatives, little progress being made to establish commercial prototype demonstrations
Pulverised coal (PC) fired steam cycle power plant
Condencer
Ash handling
Steam turbine PC
Coal
FW Punp
RC Fan Mill FDF
Main steam HT Reheater
LT Reheater
Ash recovery
FGD
GGH ESP AH
SCR
IDF
Generator
Chinese energy efficiency programme for the coal power sector
• Over 200 GWe of advanced, high efficiency large capacity installed between 2006 and 2010 and over 72 GWe of old, small coal plants decommissioned
• Nationwide average coal consumption for power generation reduced from 370 grammes of coal equivalent (gce)/kWh in 2005 to 335 gce/kWh in 2010. Best new plants are achieving <280 gce/kWh
• Policy is being continued during 2011-2015, including closure of units up to 300 MWe in size
Towards 50% cycle efficiency with advanced USC technology
Metals used in boiler and turbine hot spots: • Steels well proven in USC at 600ºC • Nickel based alloys proving capable in
A-USC at 700ºC
In 2010, Huaneng installed a larger unit on the 2x660 MWe Shidongkou No. 2 Power Plant in Shanghai, which can capture 120,000 tonnes of CO2 each year.
As in Beijing, CO2 is sold
to the food and beverage industries
Huaneng post-combustion CO2 capture unit in Shanghai
Great potential of CO2-EOR and storage in China
•China has a proved OOIP in low-permeability reservoirs as 6.32 billion tonnes, which is 28.1% of the total proven OOIP.
•Gas or CO2 injection could improve the oil recovery of these oil fields.
•CO2 is a potentially valuable resource for oil recovery and 60% of CO2 injected could be stored in the reservoirs.
Main oil/gas fields in China
CCUS potential in the coal to chemicals sector of China
There is a growth in scale and extent of application in the coal to chemicals sector, with the opportunity to capture, at relatively low cost, concentrated streams of CO2. These developments suggest a valuable potential for some early CCS demonstrations and commercial prototypes, probably for EOR applications.
CCS activities in SE Asia
• ADB: Enabling Carbon Capture and Storage in Southeast Asia's Coal Power Sector (Indonesia, Malaysia, Thailand, and Viet Nam)
• ADB: Gas processing and EOR pilot project in Indonesia
• World Bank: CCS-ready capacity building technical assistance in Indonesia
Possible hurdles for CCS deployment
Technical issues are not the main worry. All three capture routes will work; they will get better and cheaper from learning by doing
Big issues are non-technical Regulation – especially long term liability for storage Finance – incentives are needed for investment Public acceptance of overland transport and
underground storage
The way forward
• Coal extraction and utilisation are set to continue to expand over the next 2 decades
• Coal has an important role in a secure and sustainable energy future but it will ultimately need to be a low carbon future
• Increasingly the focus for coal use will be China, India and the rest of Asia • While China is taking very significant steps to improve efficiency and limit
environmental impact, there is considerable scope to do better in many of the other Asian countries by creating conditions to enable the use of advanced, cleaner, more efficient technologies
• Need to incentivise best practice, high efficiency and low emissions, rather than just focus on CCS.
• Knowledge transfer will remain important and the Clean Coal Centre can fulfil a key role in disseminating technical, policy and regulatory information on a global basis