The ShawCor Difference

Challenges and Complete Coating Assurance Solution for Subsea and Deepwater Pipeline Coating and Insulation Technologies 海底与深海管线防腐、配重与保温涂层技术面临的挑战与全面解决方案 June 27, 2013 中石油海管技术研讨会 CNPC Offshore Pipeline Technology Conference Langfang, China

Dr. Shiwei William Guan, Bredero Shaw 管世伟博士, 加拿大百劭公司

Table of Contents （讨论内容）

1. Introduction 引言 – Deepwater and offshore natural gas is becoming increasingly important to

global hydrocarbon supply深海和海洋天然气业已成为全球油气供应的重要组成部分

– What Does Make a Subsea Pipeline Different? 海底管线有何不一样之处？

2. The Technical Requirements and Challenges of Subsea and Deepwater Pipeline Coatings and Insulations 海底与深海管线涂层与保温的技术要求和面临的挑战

3. New Developments and Solutions for Subsea and Deepwater Pipeline Coatings and Insulations 海底与深海管线涂层与流动保障保温涂层技术的最新发展和解决方案

4. Closing Remarks 结语

引言 1. Introduction

4

Introduction 引言

Deepwater and offshore natural gas is becoming increasingly important to global hydrocarbon supply 深海和海洋天然气业已成为全球油气供应的重要组成部分

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Source 资料来源: Jason Waldie, Douglas Westwood, “Opportunities and Outlook for the Subsea Sector”, Subsea Australiasia 2013

Structural Change in World Pipeline Infrastructure 管道基础设施的结构性变化

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2007－2011 2012－2016

Flowlines （采油采气管） 5727 kms 9457 kms Risers （立管） 2186 kms 2431 kms Trunkline （输气输油管线） 6190 kms 9952 kms Umbilicas （脐带缆） 2588 kms 5965 kms Templates and Manifolds （基盘和管汇） 325 535

Among these pipeline activities, the total global SURF market will grow from 11,501 kms in the year of 2007-2011 to 17,853 kms in 2012-16. 全球总SURF市场将从2007-2011年的11,501公里增加到2012-16年的17,853公里

Douglas Westwood, Subsea Australiasia 2013

What Does Make a Subsea Pipeline Different? 海底管线有何不一样之处？

Subsea （海底） – Water depth （水深） – Temperature （温度） – Hydrostatic pressure

（水压） – Negative buoyancy

（沉降浮力） – Bottom stability

（海底稳定性） – Complicated and often

large subsea architecture （复杂和常常巨大的海底结构）

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湿树

采油/采气立管

跨接管

输出立管

管汇 外输管道

处理平台

采油/采气管 海底

What Does Make a Subsea Pipeline Different? 海底管线有何不一样之处？

Subsea tiebacks with multiphase flow require

flow assurance （多相流的海底回接要求流动保障）

’Dry’ and ’wet’ insulation systems available （“干保”与“湿保”）

Risers （立管） Flow Lines & Field Joints （采油采气管与补口）

Single Pipe Flexibles Single Pipe (Wet Insulation)

Pipe in Pipe (Dry Insulation)

Heated Systems

Pipe Bundles

Subsea Architecture （海底结构）

Custom Coating (Wet Insulation)

What Does Make a Subsea Pipeline Different? 海底管线有何不一般之处？

Marine environment for pipe storage, handling and transportation （海洋环境中的管子储存、处理和运输） – Corrosion （腐蚀） – Temperature （温度） – Humidity （湿度） – Salt contamination （盐污染）

Offshore pipeline installation and field application （离岸管道安装和现场施工） – Different pipe laying methods (S, J and

R) （不同的S, J, R铺管方式） – Everything timely （时间就是一切） – Field joint coating （现场补口） – Custom coating （特殊结构的涂敷）

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海底与深海管线涂层与保温的技术要求和面临的挑战

2. The Technical Requirements and Challenges of Subsea and Deepwater Pipeline Coatings and Insulations

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Challenges on Subsea Pipeline Coatings 海底管道涂层面临的挑战

Industry Trends业内发展趋势 – Longer design life 更长的管线设计寿命 – Lower U (thermal Transmittance) values 更低的传热系数U值 – Deeper water更深的水深 – Higher temperature (up to 150oC) 更高的运营温度 – Longer tie-backs 更长的回接距离 – Tougher design, qualification and QC/HSE requirements for

application process and installation更严厉的有关涂层施工与管线安装的设计、验证以及质检和健康、安全与环境管理HSE等方面的要求

– Corrosion resistance （防腐性能） – Thermal performance （保温性能） – Mechanical performance （机械性能） – HSE （健康、安全与环境保护）

– Longer period of storage in marine environments prior to deployment部署运营之前在海洋环境下管线贮存更久的时间

Examples of Some Difficult Offshore Projects 有挑战性的国际海管项目举例

–Chevron Wheatstone - 110oC, 237 m, 30 yrs design life, tough spec

–Eni Norge Goliat - The 1st major development in the Arctic

–Statoil Åsgard - 140oC, 350 m

–Statoil Kristin - 155oC, 350 m

–BP Thunder Horse - 132oC, 2.200 m multi-layer on very heavy pipe

–Chevron Blind Faith - 150oC, 2.000 m, complex composite multi-layer

–Woodside Pluto - Complex composite multi-layer on heavy pipe

–Shell Kizomba B SHRs - Intricate PiP construction

–BP Block 31 - Extreme thickness on heavy wall pipe

–Total Pazflor - High thickness

–BP Skarv - Low U-value, multi-layer coating

Longer design life required but existing offshore pipeline codes and standards are written only for up to 20-30 years

More new projects ask for a design life of 50+ years (e.g. CNOOC-Husky Liwan Project) 现有的有关海管的标准规范都是按设计寿命仅为20－30年而定，但近年来有不少海底管线工程设计寿命要求为50年甚至更长（例如中国荔湾项目）

International Experience with Cathodic Protection of Offshore Pipelines and Flowlines by Petroleum Safety Authority Norway (Nov. 2007) The table shows overall coating breakdown factors for FBE and insulating coatings on a pipeline with a 25 year design life and where the field joint length represents 5% of the overall line length

Anti-Corrosion Coating 外防腐涂层

Commonly used offshore anti-corrosion coatings for subsea pipelines together with or without a CWC 常用于海管的外防腐涂层为（与或者不与混凝土配重涂层配套使用）: – Asphalt Enamel (AE) 沥青瓷漆 – the only coating with a 50+ year track record 唯一

拥有50年以上使用记录的防腐涂层 – FBE/DLFBE 单层或双层熔融粉末环氧 – 3LPE 三层聚乙烯 – 3LPP or Multi-layer PP (MLPP) 三层或多层聚丙烯

During 2000-2010, the total number of offshore pipeline projects coated in Asia Pacific with a CWC is 272, pipe size range 8” to 40” （在2000－2010年间亚太区一共有272个含混凝土配重涂层的海管工程项目，管径范围8-40”）: – 87 projects involves pipe size of 24” or above （87个项目管径为24”以上） – Over 70% used 3LPP and/or AE （超过70％的项目外防腐涂层为三层或多层聚丙烯

或沥青瓷漆）: – 3LPP or MLPP 三层或多层聚丙烯: 96 projects – Asphalt enamel (AE)沥青瓷漆: 94 projects – FBE （熔融粉末环氧）: 84 projects – 3LPE （三层聚乙烯）: 47 projects

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Failure Records of Anti-Corrosion Coatings for Offshore 海管外防腐涂层失效用户记录

AE沥青瓷漆: No failure has been reported*, however the life expectancy of current systems is to be lower than those applied 30+ years ago^无失效报道，但目前系统的预期寿命会比30年以前的成品短

FBE熔融粉末环氧: Very successful on flowlines^. Mechanical damages underneath CWC on transmission pipes were often reported成功用于采油采气管。在混凝土配重涂层下容易受机械损伤

3LPP/MLPP三层或多层聚丙烯: Some failures regarding field joint coatings have been reported, however only in connection with incorrect system selection or application*有一些补口涂层的失效报道，但只是与涂层系统选择与施工不当有关

3LPE三层聚乙烯: A few bonding failures have been reported*^有涂层剥离失效的报道

Field Joint Coating 补口材料：Incompatibility of parent coating/ FJ coatings and contractors and difficulties in obtaining solid bonding主管线与补口之间的涂层与施工商的不匹配以及补口涂层强粘接之困难

* Nord Stream Espoo Report, Chapter 6, 2009

^ International Experience with Cathodic Protection of Offshore Pipelines and Flowlines by Petroleum Safety Authority Norway, Nov. 2007 15

High Temperature Challenges 高温的挑战

Limits of current coatings 现有涂层的适温限制： – AE: -40oC to +70oC – FBE: -40oC to +85oC (except HT-FBE 高温型熔融粉末环氧除外) – 3LPP/MLPP: -40oC to +110oC (except HT-3LPP 高温型聚丙烯除外) – 3LPE: -40oC to +85oC

As more projects are moving to higher operating temperatures, there is a lack of widely acceptable industrial testing methods and standards 尽管越来越多的管线项目要求更高工作温度，业内缺乏被广泛接受的有关测试方法及标准 – High temperature cathodic disbondment (CD) testing for temperature of

90oC or above, when high temperature FBE coating raw material is also relatively new to the industry （高温型熔融粉末环氧产品在业内出来不久，同时业内尚无有关90oC以上的高温阴极剥离检验的通用方法及标准）。

– Hot water soak testing for insulation system （保温涂层的热水浸泡检验） – Thermal shock testing for insulation system （保温涂层的热冲击检验）

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High Temperature CD Challenges 高温的挑战 － 高温涂层阴极剥离试验

Several key factors with many different arguments 在一些关键参数上有许多争议: – Testing duration (24h, 48h, 7d, 28d or longer?) – Testing potential (-1.5V or -3.5V?) – Testing temperatures: – Hypochlorite attack – an artificial laboratory phenomenon

but significantly affecting the test results, becomes more sever at high temperatures

– Electrolyte temperature (90oC or seawater temperature?) – Sample testing temperature (measured from the steel or

the electrolyte side?) – Higher water vapour permeation and pressure – Testing on FBE standalone or a full insulation system? – Coating film thickness, particularly FBE

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失效表征

防腐蚀性能的缺失和阴保电流的局部增加

3层结构防腐层与钢管表面粘结力的缺失

发生概率远远超出FBE单双层熔结环氧涂层，但FBE剥离不影响阴保

失效结果

涂层从钢表面的完全剥离，表面上并有微少或严重的腐

蚀不等 3层结构防腐层对阴保电流

产生屏蔽，使阴保失效 导致管线产生环境造成的应

力腐蚀开裂

防腐层剥离

• Over the past 15 years, several incidents of coating failures have been reported with massive disbondment of 3LPO coatings 近15年内观察到大量涂层失效问题

• A lack of consistent coating quality and performance of FBE and 3LPO was found from one applicator to another 每个涂层施工商之涂层质量和性能效果不一

• If a coating failure is about a single or dual layer FBE, the cathodic protection can always be the back-up. In contrast, 3LPO disbondment can cause “shielding” to cathodic protection current and further expose the pipeline to environmentally induced cracking. 三层结构涂层与FBE涂层不同之处在于前者可造成“阴极屏蔽”

Concerns on 3LPO Disbondment Failures 业内高度关注三层结构防腐层的剥离失效问题

Coated pipes are stored longer, in more challenging environments 涂层管在更具挑战性的环境中过长存储

New reserves in more “challenging” and remote locations result in transportation difficulties and increased long-distance pipeline constructions. Due to the large pipe volumes required on a single project, coating activities may take place several months or years before the pipes are loaded out for installation.新能源位于更“挑战”和偏远之处带来了运输上的困难，进而增加了对长输管道建设的需求。由于单一管线项目的钢管需求量大，涂敷工作可能需要提前几个月或几年完成之后方能交付管线安装

Storage of coated pipe for an extended period can lead to deterioration of thin film coatings, undercutting (or corrosion creep) of external FBE/3-layer coating, and rust formation of pipe ends due to accumulation of dust and debris on external and internal surfaces.長期堆放防腐管可以导致涂层退化和外防腐层的腐蚀蠕变而造成剥离或翘起，而原来没有涂敷上防腐层的管端部位内外部表面则由于灰尘和杂物积累在長期堆放过程中腐蚀形成铁锈

Mainline FBE blistering during field joint coating application 熔融粉末环氧主管线涂层在补口涂层施工中出泡

FBE coating tends to absorb more moisture with the help of accumulation of dust and debris in the areas of a unprotected cutback and pipe end在未受防腐层保护的管端预留部位，熔融粉末环氧涂层往往会在灰尘和杂物积累的帮助下吸收更多的水分

During the FBE field joint application, blistering can occur when moisture absorbed in the FBE film vaporizes and exceeds the adhesive strength of the FBE film, due to uneven heating profile and too high of a heating rate 在进行补口FBE涂敷时，主管线涂膜吸收的水开始蒸发，汽压一旦超出FBE涂层与基体之间的粘接强度，就会起泡。不均匀的加热分布和过高加热速率加剧这一现象的发生。

Common Failure Modes of CWC 混凝土配重涂层常见失效模式

Crushing/spalling of concrete during installation over the stinger clue to high compressive strains.在安装过程中因为压缩应变较高引起的混凝土涂层破碎/剥落

Slippage between steel pipe and concrete coating during installation caused by low shear transfer capacity of the corrosion coating. 在安装过程中因为防腐层剪力传递能力低而引起混凝土涂层和钢管之间的滑动

Strain concentrations in field joint, or pipe itself 补口或管子本身部位的应变集中

Concrete damage caused by third-party activity, i.e. trawl gear, dragging anchors and falling objects. 由于第三方活动，如拖网、拖锚、高空坠物造成对混凝土涂层的损伤

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Challenges on CWC Application and Installation 混凝土配重涂层涂敷与安装面临的挑战

To redefine the design requirements as recommendations given in DNV-OS-F101 are based on general concrete crushing capacity and a few full-scale bending tests with only minimum requirements for concrete material and strength and no requirements to shear transfer capacity between the concrete coating and steel pipe重新定义设计要求。DNV-OS-F101给出的建议是基于混凝土一般的破碎能力和规模有限的弯曲试验结果而做出的，仅给出了混凝土材料和强度的最低要求，对混凝土涂层与钢管之间的剪传输能力没有做出规定

To source/qualify technically & cost effective iron ores or alternative aggregates in order to improve the performance 寻求和验核从技术和成本上都有效的铁矿石或者可替代的骨料，以改善涂层的以下性能： – density, weight, or chemical stability 密度、重量或化学稳定性

To reduce thickness and/or cost 降低厚度和/或成本

To reduce dusts/dirt during relatively ‘dry’ application particularly in the case of the impingement process降低由于涂敷过程特别是喷射工艺的“干涂”作业造成的粉尘

• Pluto LNG project 澳洲Pluto LNG项目:

• Consists of subsea wells tied into one subsea manifold and one pigging manifold in approximately 830 m water depth （多个海底气井与一个海底管汇和另一个清管管汇先连接在一起） • Two 27 km long, 20” (508 mm) flowlines transport the gas to a riser platform （通过两条27公里长20”直径的采气管线被连接到立管平台上）

• A 7 layer PP based coating for both insulation and weight 七层结构的配重加保温的涂层体系:

• The material was successfully extruded to a density of 2000 kg/m3

挤出密度达2000 kg/m3

Can it be Both a Weight Coating and an Insulation? 能否又配重又保温？

Challenges on offshore flow assurance 海管流动保障保温涂层面临的挑战

Base insulation materials have changed little and are still focused on polyurethane, polypropylene and epoxy foams and syntactics 基本的保温材料变化很少，不外乎聚氨酯、聚丙烯或环氧树脂的泡沫型和复合型

Limitations in existing materials 现有材料的局限性 High installation cost 安装成本高 High thickness 厚度太厚 Hydrostatic pressure limitations 承受水压有限 Subsea stability 海底稳定性有限 Temperature limitations 耐温性有限

Insulation: Dry or Wet? 保温体系：干保还是湿保？ ‘Dry’ insulation (Pipe-in-Pipe or PiP) 干保温 （管中管PiP）

– Achieving low ‘Overall Heat Transfer Coefficient’ (OHTC) / U values of 1.0 W/m2K or less 总传热系数U值可达1 W/m2K或更低

– The most commonly used material is polyurethane foam 常用PU材料 – It is important to ensure that the structural integrity is maintained for both

installation and operational loads (thermal insulation, linepipe, centralisers, waterstop seals, and loadshares) 确保安装和操作负载下的结构完整性很重要

– Water ingress can cause corrosion and destroy the system 一旦进水将导致腐蚀和系统破坏

– Has higher S-lay & J-lay installation costs 铺管（S型、J型）成本较高 – Limitations on pipe sizes and hence water depth capability 管径和水深限制

‘Wet insulation’ (Single pipe) 湿保温 – Generally is more cost competitive than PiP 铺管总成本一般较低 – The main workhorse has been polypropylenes 材料以聚丙烯为主 – Polypropylene is currently the standard steel catenary riser (SCR) insulation

system 钢悬链线立管的保温目前基本上用的是聚丙烯湿保温

Challenges on internal coatings 内涂层面临的挑战

Industry Trends业内发展趋势 – Use high or 100% solids FEC coating for natural gas transmission

天然气输送使用高或者百分之百固含量的内减阻涂层 – Smoother surface for improved efficiency更平滑的表面导致更高的输送效率

– Long term storage performance 耐长期堆放

Challenges and requirements 挑战和需求 Require increased application equipment, capital investment,

enhanced surface preparation requirements for better wetting and flow, and more technical experience and training on application 施工技术难度、设备要求更高 It is necessary to carefully qualify such coating based on

actual plant application equipment and process conditions 需要在实际工厂条件下验核 Long-term evaluation testing after exposure to field

conditions might be needed in order to ensure the performance of the coatings 长期性检验

Challenges on FJ and custom coatings 管道现场补口与特殊预制件涂层面临的挑战

1) The urgent needs for better and careful designs设计要更好更小心

2) The increasingly tougher pipe substrate and construction conditions within a time restriction 在有限的工作时限内表面处理与施工条件更严

3) The impact of field application process control on the final quality of the coating system 现场工艺质量控制要求更严

4) The custom coatings for subsea structures often require high efficiency thermal insulation systems with optimum thicknesses 复杂海洋结构要求高效率和准确厚度

海底与深海管线涂层与流动保障保温涂层技术的最新发展和解决方案

3. New Developments and Solutions for Subsea and Deepwater Pipeline Coatings and Insulations

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Complete Coating Assurance – An Offshore Pipeline Coating Solution 完整的涂层保障- 海底管线涂层解决方案

Addresses every stage of the project to create a complete system that ensures coating integrity across the entire pipeline 触及海底管线涂敷工程项目的每一个环节，创建一个完整的系统，以确保整个管线涂层的完整性

Performs every step of the process, from engineering the advanced coatings, to designing and validating the solution, to logistics management, to line pipe coating application and field joint installation执行涂层解决过程中的每一步：从先进涂层技术的工程研发到解决方案的设计和验证、到物流管理、到主管线涂层的工厂涂敷、最后到铺管船上的补口涂层现场施工。

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RPC – A Next Generation Coating of FBE + reinforced PE下一代外防腐涂层技术

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At half the thickness of 3LPE, RPC provides similar corrosion and impact resistance and cannot peel, being more flexible yet harder, more abrasion resistant, less shrinkage, and compatible with liquid epoxies/PU for field joints. RPC can be used for operating temperatures from -70oC to 100oC. 虽然厚度仅为3LPE的一半，RPC具有相同的抗腐蚀和抗冲击性能，

不会剥离，更柔韧、更硬、更耐磨，无收缩，可以与液体环氧或聚氨酯补口涂层完全兼容，适用于工况温度-70oC to 100oC

≥10.0o/PD @23oC

Thermotite® ULTRATM －Next Generation Insulation下一代保温涂层技术：聚苯乙烯高分子合金

Lower k factor than PP 比聚丙烯更低的热传导系数

Lower film thickness for same insulation value 使用厚度更薄

No glass spheres 无需使用玻璃珠

Infinite water depth 可适于任意海水深度

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Solids •Density 1030 kg/m3

•K-value 0.156 W/m.K Foams

•Density 740 – 850 kg/m3

•K-value 0,115 – 0,145 W/m.K

Thermotite® ULTRATM －Next Generation Insulation下一代保温涂层技术：聚苯乙烯高分子合金

Winner of the Spotlight on New Technology Award at the Offshore Technology Conference 2010

Balboa subsea tieback project in GOM: Mariner Energy and Ocean Flow International (“OFI”), 2010 – 10 km flowline in 975m WD – 47.6 mm foam system on 5.5625”X0.500” line pipe – Coating completed at Bredero Shaw in Pearland, TX in Q2 2010 – Reel lay with Ultra Field Joint

ENI Goliat: Technip, OD 12” and 40 mm Ultra Foam, 2011 – The very first installed wet insulated flowline in Arctic waters

SUREFLO ® SF – A 100% solids flow efficiency coating

100%固含量内减阻涂层技术

20-35 μm (bare steel裸钢)

9-12 μm (conventional solvent based 传统溶剂型)

2-5 μm (82－92% high solids 高固体含量型)

0.6-2 μm (solvent free 无溶剂型)

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VFP inline technology to smooth CWC and reduce airborne dust by over 75% 使用在线VFP技术使混凝土配重涂层表面平滑，管道安装时飘尘量降低不止75%

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Standard impinged CWC Impinged and smoothed CWC

Bredero Shaw’s ACC/FA Design Process 百劭公司的防腐保温设计工艺

Implemented in 1-D FDA algorithms 一维费舍尔判别分析

Easily ported to 2-D axio-symmetric / 3D models 二维轴线对称与三维模型

Material relationships time, stress and temperature dependent 建立涂层材料与管线寿命、应力和温度之间的关系

Accurate prediction精确预测涂层： – Internal stresses 内应力 – Densification 致密性 – Dimensional change 尺寸变化 – Temperature profile 温度梯度 – K-value profile 热导率 – U-value and OHTC 总传热系数U值

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The Industry’s Largest Simulated Service Vessel 业内最大的海管环境模拟实验舱

Winner of 2012 OTC Spotlight on New Technology Award

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The Industry’s Largest Simulated Service Vessel 业内最大的海管环境模拟服务实验舱

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Successfully completed 11 simulated service tests including several tests for end-to-end insulation systems (linepipe + field joint coating) 成功地完成了11个模拟服务测试，包括测试端接端完整防腐保温系统（主管线防腐保温涂层+现场补口涂层）

For offshore projects in Australia, Brazil, the Gulf of Mexico and the North Sea海管项目涵盖澳大利亚、巴西、墨西哥湾和北海

Pipe tested ranged from 8” to 24”, test pressures from 25 bar to 250 bar and test temperatures from 55ºC to 150ºC 测试管子直径从8” 到 24”，模拟压力25到250bar （2200米水深），工况温度55ºC到150ºC

Validation Example – Predicted & Measured 验证案例－预测与实际测量值

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An offshore gas project in Australia 澳洲海气项目 Design temperature 110oC 设计工况温度110oC Water depth 237 m 水深237米 14” (355.9 mm) x 17.8 mm pipe with a 40.2 mm

thick 5LPP Foam 五层聚丙烯防腐保温涂层 28 day SSV testing duration, 25 bar, 110oC Predicted data 预测数据

Expected U-value: 5.19 W/m2K on OD early life

Expected Cool-Down time: 11 hours 24 minutes from 110oC to 21.4oC

Actual measured data 实测数据 Measured U-value: 5.13 W/m2K ± 0.16

Measured Cool-Down time: 11 hours 50 minutes ± 56 minutes

Compression (mm radius): 0.3 mm ± 0.1

A HT-CD Testing Protocol 高温防腐保温涂层阴极剥离的检验

Testing on a full foam system is preferred to validate the performance of the real production-produced insulation system

Attached cell method:

Set up A (Panel) or Set up B (Ring for thick insulation)

Testing duration and potential:

24 h@-3.5V, 48 h, 7 d, and 28 d@-1.5V for PQT

24 h@-3.5V for production QC

Testing temperatures more accurately simulated the service conditions:

Electrolyte temperature (30±2oC or project seawater temperature)

Sample testing temperature (Maximum designed/operating temperature measured from the steel) 40

Logistics Management 物流管理

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End Seal Tape for Coated Pipe End Preservation 防腐保温管堆放管端保护带

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Removal after 18 months external exposure

在热带海洋环境下管子堆放18月之后撕开保护带情况

Before and after application 应用前后对比

Brigden - The 1st “plug-and-play” modular mobile plant technology 业内第一项 “即插即用”模块式防腐保温涂层移动涂敷工厂技术

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Mobile Robotic Cutback System 移动式机器人管端预留全自动制备系统

An innovative end machining technology for insulated pipe

Replaces manual processes that form the cutback including wire brushing, grinding and scraping

The new technology is safer, quieter, requires less labor and produces consistent high quality cutback profiles while generating recyclable waste, all significant benefits to the industry

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Winner of 2013 OTC Spotlight on New Technology Award

In-Situ insulation utilizing 3D modelling

3D计算机模型化海底结构防腐保温

Accurate volumes of material required to achieve the optimum coating and insulation thicknesses 确保准确的材料用量以保障保温涂层的厚度

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End-to-End Solution including Field Joint Coatings 包括补口涂敷的端对端涂层解决方案

The world’s first automatic HSS installation unit 业内第一台全自动热缩带补口安装设备

The same high performance emphasis on field joint coatings 补口涂层在技术性能上与主管线涂层等同要求

And then to ensure them be delivered under the field environmental and application conditions 并确认这些要求可在现场环境施工条件下得以实现

Reduce the level of manual operation and thus human errors 且减少人工操作误差

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结语 4. Closing Remarks

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Closing Remarks 结语

As offshore pipeline installation in deepwater and ultra deepwater applications increases, technical requirements for pipe coating and flow assurance thermal insulation will continue along the following directions: longer design life, longer tie-back, lower U value, deeper water depth, higher operating temperatures, longer period of storage in marine environments, and tougher performance and HSE requirements for application process and installation. 随着深水和超深水海底管线工

程安装项目的不断增加，对海底管线涂层与流动保障保温涂层将继续沿着以下几个方向提出技术上的要求：更长的管线设计寿命、更长的回接距离、更低的U值、更深的水深、更高的工作温度、更久时间在海洋环境下贮存管线、和更严厉的在涂层施工与管线安装的性能和健康、安全与环境管理HSE等方面的要求

The challenges to the pipeline industry are to improve the conventional systems or to develop new coating and insulation materials/technologies to address the new requirements, and to establish meaningful testing standards and capability to validate the performance of these improved/new coating and insulation systems (including field joint systems). 为了满足这些新的技术要求，管道行业面临着的挑战就

是要去改进传统的或开发出新的涂层和流动保障保温涂层材料与技术，并建立起相关测试标准和检验能力来对这些新的或改进了的涂层系统（包括现场管线补口涂层）进行有效的验证。

To meet these challenges and requirements is not an easy task, but has been and will be possible, as demonstrated by the unique and advanced solution of Complete Coating Assurance. 面临着这些巨大的挑战与机会我们重担在肩。但是通过以上讨论的独特与先进的完整涂层保障解决方案我们可以看到，管道涂层技术在这些挑战中是大有可为的。