CHAIRIL ANWAR SIREGAR MUHAMMAD … Lok asi CDM Sek aroh CHAIRIL ANWAR SIREGAR MUHAMMAD RIDWAN...

Peta Lokasi CDM Sekaroh

CHAIRIL ANWAR SIREGARMUHAMMAD RIDWAN

LEARNING FROM A/R CDM IN EAST LOMBOKLEARNING FROM A/R CDM IN EAST LOMBOK

LAND REHABILITATION IN EXTREEME ZONE C

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CERINDONESIACarbon and Environmental Research

Kementerian Kehutanan

here is interesting, contrasting phenomenon on national emission reduction effort in

Indonesia. Although most GHG emission in Indonesia is coming from forestry sector, very

few forestry carbon projects have been registered. Until the end of 2012 there were 93

projects registered at the Executive Board (EB - UNFCCC) from energy sector on Clean Development

Mechanism (CDM) activity, of which mostly about methane avoidance with highest CERs earnings

coming from geothermal. How about forestry sector? None has been registered at EB-UNFCCC.

How could this happen? Was it due to complicated methodology, Government Policy, or some

company internal factors? In the Presidential Regulation (Perpres) No. 61 year 2011 about National

Action Plan on GHG emission Reduction, forestry sector and peat-land were targeted to reduce

emission up to 87.61%. Why was the very sector which was planned to have highest reduction has not

had even single activity registered at EB?

This book explains technical obstacle, policy, implementation, validation of an AR CDM activity in East

Lombok, Indonesia. The AR CDM activity in this book would be registered as the First Forestry CDM

Activity from Indonesia at EB-UNFCCC.

Foreword : Jin SunpilPutera ParthamaZulkifli Hasan

KOICA Program succeeded to change local community from ignorant to environmentally conscious. This

book described how to approach society with extreme attitude and against the rehabilitation activity

toward society which care about environment.

Turmudzi – Leader of NGO Aliansi Masyarakat Peduli Lingkungan (AMPEL)

Sekaroh Protection Forest is extremely dry area with many illegal grazing that is difficult to rehabilitate.

Land rehabilitation program by KOICA and FORDA within CDM scheme has become a new model for

cooperation with local community. This cooperation model between KOICA and local community has

enriched available models of approach to community.

Dr. Ir. Abdul Hakim, MM – Head of Forestry Service of West Nusa Tenggara Province

From the beginning I thought that the AR/CDM project needed to give a try in Indonesia; not only to meet

the commitment for mitigating global climate change, but also because it is very relevant with the context

and the need for land rehabilitation and increasing land production in many area of Indonesia. Even

though a little late, this book was based on result of first research effort that contained many lessons for

us to learn.

(Dr. Iman Santoso, one of the initiators of the AR/CDM Project of Indonesia-Korea)

I followed all the process of this cooperative CDM project activity between Korea and Indonesia in East

Lombok. Climate change and forestry is new issue in the field that one problem after another would

always appeared. Based on the faith that active role of community is very important in rehabilitating

marginal land and would give multiple effects, I consistently encouraged and supported this project until

the Recommendation Letter from the Minister of Forestry was issued, for community based forestry

(HKm) and followed by issuance of Letter of Approval (LoA) from National Committee of CDM (Komnas

MPB) of National Board for Climate Change (DNPI). This book should be read by any party who has

concern with land rehabilitation activity, community participation and coping with climate change.

Dr. Yetti Rusli – Chair of Working Group on Climate Change of Ministry of Forestry.

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9 7 8 6 0 2 1 4 7 6 3 1 4

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9 7 8 6 0 2 1 4 7 6 3 1 4

I S B N 6 0 2 - 1 4 7 6 3 - 1 - XISBN 978-602-14763-1-4

LAND REHABILITATIONIN EXTREEME ZONE

Chairil Anwar Siregar

Muhammad Ridwan

Learning from A/R CDM in East Lombok

LAND REHABILITATION IN EXTREEME ZONE

Learning from A/R CDM in East Lombok

Foreword:

Jin Sunpil

Putera Parthama

Zulkifli Hasan

Authors:


Muhammad Ridwan

Translator:

Dr. Ir. Ulfah J. Siregar, M. Agr.

Editor:

Ari Suharto

Cover Design:

Ma'sum and Ari Suharto

Published in cooperation between:

Korea International Cooperation Agency (KOICA)

6th Floor, Block 7, Gedung Manggala Wanabakti

Jl. Gatot Subroto, Senayan, Jakarta Pusat, Indonesia

And

Forestry Research and Development Agency, Ministry of Forestry

9th Floor, Block 1, Gedung Manggala Wanabakti

Jl. Jenderal Gatot Subroto Jakarta 10270

CER Indonesia,

Jl. Arya Widura VIII No. 2

Arya Widura Residence, Bogor, 16152

RA Visindo

Jl. Taweuran IV. No. 25 Perumnas Bantarjati Bogor. 16152

email: [email protected]

March 2014

ISBN: 978-602-14763-1-4

Copyrights reserved

IIITable of Contents

Contents .................................................................................... III

List of Tables .............................................................................. VIII

List of Figures ............................................................................. IX

Foreword by the KOICA Representative ..................................... XI

Foreword by the DG of FORDA ................................................. XIII

Foreword by the Minister of Forestry .......................................... XV

Preface ....................................................................................... XVII

CHAPTER I ON INDONESIA A/R CDM ............................ 1

Since Kyoto Protocol .................................... 1

Kyoto Protocol Ratification ........................... 3

National Policy on Carbon Trading ............... 4

Example of A/R CDM Study in Indonesia...... 7

CHAPTER II COOPERATION WITH KOREA..................... 9

History of Cooperation with KOICA.............. 9

Selecting the Location ................................... 11

Land Suitability ............................................ 12

TABLE OF CONTENTS

IV Land Rehabilitation in Extreeme Zone

CHAPTER III LAND CONDITIONS OF SEKAROH

PROTECTION FOREST ................................ 17

Land Status .................................................. 17

Real Condition of the Land ........................... 18

Land Occupation by Local Community ........ 19

Permissiveness by Government Officials ........ 20

CHAPTER IV SOCIAL CONDITION OF THE LOCAL

COMMUNITY................................................ 23

Information on Land Clearing and Utilization 23

Economic Conditions .................................... 24

Condition of Education ................................. 34

Raskin (Rice for the Poor) for Everybody ...... 34

Would the Condition Persist? ........................ 34

CHAPTER V KOICA A/R CDM ACTIVITY .......................... 37

Agreement on Site Determination ................. 37

Plant Species Selection ................................. 38

Site Suitability ............................................... 39

CHAPTER VI PROCESS OF ADVOCACY........................... 43

Advocacy by Local Technical Implementation

Unit (UPTD) ................................................. 43

Trust Based Advocacy ................................... 44

Cooperation with Gapoktan (Farmers

Group Association) ....................................... 45

Working with Stakeholders ............................ 47

Advocacy by AMPEL NGO........................... 48

CHAPTER VII SOCIALIZATION PROCESS .......................... 51

The objectives of Sekaroh Village Orientation 51

Outputs of Sekaroh Village Orientation ......... 52

Target of Sekaroh Village Orientation Activity 53

Techniques of Sekaroh Village Orientation .... 53

VTable of Contents

Stages of Sekaroh Village Orientation ........... 54

Visiting Influential Figure Tuan Guru ............. 55

Prime Planting .............................................. 56

Group Socialization ...................................... 59

Hidden Problem Needs to Be solved............. 59

CHAPTER VIII LAND REHABILITATION PROCESS............. 61

Community Based Land Preparation ............ 61

Technological Input (Hydrogel & Compost) .. 63

Collaborative Planting ................................... 64

Replanting .................................................... 64

Maintenance ................................................. 67

CHAPTER IX BASELINE ESTABLISHMENT ...................... 69

Above ground ............................................... 70

Below ground ............................................... 70

CHAPTER X PLANT CENSUS ........................................... 73

Socialization on Census ................................ 73

The Importance of Census ............................ 73

Census Method ............................................. 74

Census Results .............................................. 75

Response to the Census ................................ 77

Lesson Learned from the Census .................. 77

CHAPTER XI COMMUNITY BASED A/R CDM ................... 79

Why It Has to Be Community Based? ........... 79

Socialization Process to the Community ........ 80

Technical and Non-Technical Aspects ............ 82

Issuance of License for Designated Working

Area .............................................................. 86

East Lombok Regent Community Based

Forest Utilization License (IUPHHKm) ........... 87

VI Land Rehabilitation in Extreeme Zone

CHAPTER XII CARBON POTENTIAL OF SEKAROH .......... 89

Breakthrough on Plants Species Composition 89

Forest Tree Species ........................................ 90

Fruit Tree Species .......................................... 96

Total Carbon ................................................. 103

CHAPTER XIII VALIDATION ACTIVITY................................ 105

Brief information about JACO CDM ............. 105

Things Questioned By Validator .................... 106

Local Stakeholders Discussion ...................... 109

Central Stakeholders Discussion .................... 110

Lessons From The Validator .......................... 111

CHAPTER XIV OBSTACLE/EXPERIENCE FROM INITIAL

30 HA PLANTATION..................................... 115

Experience from Initial 30 ha Plantation ....... 115

Social Obstacles ............................................ 116

Policy ............................................................ 118

Technical and Institutional Issues ................... 119

CHAPTER XV PRESENTATION AT THE NATIONAL

COMMITTEE OF CDM.................................. 123

Presentation Contents ................................... 123

Sustainable National Development ............... 124

The presentation ........................................... 125

CHAPTER XVI STAKEHOLDERS COMMENTS .................... 129

Community Still Needs NGO Advocacy ........ 129

Gapoktan Would Continue Maintaining

the Trees ....................................................... 130

Need More Water Resources ......................... 130

KOICA Made Next Rehabilitation Program

Easier ........................................................... 132

VIITable of Contents

Society Believe That They Can Increase

Their Income ................................................ 133

Hoping That This Program Will

be Continued ................................................ 135

It Has Long and Short Term Benefits ............ 136

Hoping KOICA Keep Maintaining Plantation

until Their Third Years ................................... 137

REFERENCES ........................................................................... 139

ATTACHMENTS ........................................................................ 143

ABOUT AUTHORS.................................................................... 191

VIII Land Rehabilitation in Extreeme Zone

LIST OF TABLES

Table 1. Legal frameworks in Indonesia related to forestry

carbon activities ........................................................ 5

Table 2. Estimation of potential area for carbon project in

Indonesia .................................................................. 7

Table 3. Some plant species found around Sekaroh Protection

Forest ........................................................................ 40

Table 4. Name of farmers involved in the first planting phase . 65

Table 5. Plant species selected for the first planting phase ....... 66

Table 6. Summary of soil carbon conserved on the study area 71

Table 7. Survival percentage and replanting intensity .............. 76

Table 8. Meeting Schedule of JACO CDM team with

Stakeholders ............................................................. 111

Table 9. Types, numbers and potential income of fruit tree

Species ..................................................................... 118

IXTable of Contents

LIST OF FIGURES

Figure 1. Location of Sekaroh Protection Forest, which was

degraded before 1990 ............................................... 11

Figure 2. Degraded area with < 30% of forest cover ............... 14

Figure 3. Occupied land with maize as community's main crop 19

Figure 4. Number of family member at Sekaroh ....................... 24

Figure 5. The loss suffered by farmers at Sekaroh in 2010 ........ 25

Figure 6. Width of farm land of each farmer at Sekaroh

protection Forest ....................................................... 26

Figure 7. Income of Sekaroh farmers in 2009-2010 ................. 27

Figure 8. Total farming cost of each individual farmer

in the community ...................................................... 28

Figure 9. Main and additional income of local community ....... 29

Figure 10. Early survey to figure out local community

perception on Sekaroh Protection Forest ................... 32

Figure 11. Getting to know village figures by discussion

with Sekaroh Village Officers ..................................... 54

Figure 12. Meeting with Tuan Guru Sibawaihi and Tuan Guru

Abdullah Nuh............................................................ 56

Figure 13. Vice Governor of West Nusa Tenggara Province

motivated local people in Sekaroh village

to rehabilitate the land and support the AR CDM

program .................................................................... 57

Figure 14. Korean Program Manager of the AR CDM Program,

Mr. Lee planted a tree at the prime planting............... 58

Figure 15. Layout and spacing of planting agreed by local

people ....................................................................... 62

Figure 16. Mahogany trees planted for the CDM activity

in Sekaroh Protection Forest ...................................... 91

Figure 17. Trembesi tree in Sekaroh Protection Forest ................ 93

Figure 18. Mimba tree is suitable and grow well in Sekaroh

Protection Forest ....................................................... 94

X Land Rehabilitation in Extreeme Zone

Figure 19. Carbon Potential of the Four Forest Tree Species ....... 95

Figure 20. Jackfruit tree grows well in Sekaroh Protection

Forest ........................................................................ 97

Figure 21. Tamarind grows well in Sekaroh Protection Forest ..... 98

Figure 22. Srikaya grows and produces fruit well in Sekaroh


Figure 23. Mango tree grows well in Sekaroh Protection Forest .. 101

Figure 24. Carbon potential of each fruit tree for 30 years .......... 102

Figure 25. Total Carbon Potential in 309 Ha Area of Sekaroh


Figure 26. JACO CDM team held a discussion with Jerowaru

Head District, Dishutbun East Lombok, Sekaroh

Village Chief, and Gapoktan Sekaroh Maju ............... 109

Figure 27. JACO CDM team taking photo together with West

Nusa Tenggara Provincial Forestry Agency, KOICA,

FORDA, and CER Indonesia ..................................... 110

Figure 28. Meeting between JACO Team with Chairman of

the Working Group on Climate Change of Ministry

of Forestry, Dr. Yetti Rusli .......................................... 112

Figure 29. Hermanto - Head of Blok II ....................................... 129

Figure 30. Budi Mulyawan - Chairman of Gapoktan Sekaroh

Maju ......................................................................... 130

Figure 31. Sirajun Nasihin - Religious Leader ............................ 131

Figure 32. Turmudzi - Chairman of AMPEL NGO ...................... 132

Figure 33. Drs. Purnama Hadi, MH - Head of Jerowaru District . 133

Figure 34. Marjahan - Chairman of Ampibi East Lombok

Regency .................................................................... 135

Figure 35. Ir. Sahri - Forest and Agriculture Service of East

Lombok Regency ...................................................... 136

Figure 36. Dr. Ir. Abdul Hakim, MM - Head of Forest Service

of West Nusa Tenggara Province ............................... 137

XILand Rehabilitation in Extreeme Zone

FOREWORDBY KOICA REPRESENTATIVE

Indonesia and Korea are two friendly countries which need each

other and have been collaborated in many sectors. Climate change is a

global issue that captures great attention from many countries, including

Korea and Indonesia. Therefore, as two friendly countries Indonesia and

Korea since 2006 have communicated intensively to conduct researches

and pilot projects in ordert to participate in global emission reduction.

The Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) activity which was

implemented in Sekaroh Protection Forest, East Lombok Timur Regency,

West Nusa Tenggara Province was one of commitments in the cooperation

between Indonesia and Korea to follow up climate change issue. Since

then many people said that conducting CDM is very complicated which

made activities on forestry CDM less developed in Indonesia. Many people

do not know, however which part or stage, precisely, that is complicated,

and what kind of step necessary to sove such problem.

The AR CDM activity in Sekaroh had tried to see through the

complexity and find solution to overcome any obstacles. We, from Korea

was very happy to be able to collaborate with Indonesia in Sekaroh

Protection Forest, as we somehow could tackle many problems. This

land rehabilitation program within the CDM framework has potential to

increase local community income.

XII Land Rehabilitation in Extreeme Zone

In the early process of the AR CDM in East Lombok, everything

looked difficult, but somehow every obstacles could be overcome. Local

community who formerly rejected this land rehabilitation program, in

the end could embrace the idea and willing to cooperate in planting and

maintenace of the trees.

This book entitled “Land Rehabilitation in the Extreme Zones”

tells the story of how the AR CDM activity in Sekaroh Protection Forest

was implemented in an easy language. We believe that this book would

bring many valuable benefits to those other parties who concerned with

land rehabilitation issue and community empowerment. I could say this

because this book explains detailed process in the field, the downward

experience and triumphant moment when receiving support from

stakeholders.

Finally I congratulate Prof. Dr. Ir.Chairil Anwar Siregar, M.Sc. and

Muhammad Ridwan, S.Hut. who have spent their time compiling the

AR CDM activity in Sekaroh into one interesting book. I hope this book

brings many valuable insights.

Jakarta, December 2013

Project Manager of KOICA

Dr. Jin Sunpil

XIIILand Rehabilitation in Extreeme Zone

The result of COP 3 (Conference of Parties 3) in Japan at 1997,

which is known as Kyoto Protocol consisted three schemes for emission

reduction, i.e. Joint Implementation (JI), Emission Trading (ET) and Clean

Development Mechanism (CDM). Out of this three schemes Indonesia

could only participate through CDM, while in the case of JI and ET the

participation was intended for among developed countries.

Indonesia which was following climate change issue from the

beginning, including CDM activities, has been continuously conducting

various activities which aimed at reducing emission. After COP 3 in Japan,

various preparations for CDM projects emerged and developed in

Indonesia.

According to the results of a national strategic research in 2002 it

was estimated that Indonesia has big potentials to participate in the CDM

projects. The estimation showed that Indonesia could potentially absorb

carbon market from two sectors, i.e. energy and forestry, which accounted

for 36 million ton CO2 equivalent annually or about 6% of total world

carbon market. With the amount of 36 million ton Indonesia should be

able to generate high number of CDM projects with big amount of money.

However, until 2012 there was not even a single forestry CDM project,

which was approved by the National Commission on Clean Development

Mechanism (Komnas MPB).

FOREWORDBY THE DIRECTOR GENERAL

OF FORESTRY RESEARCH ANDDEVELOPMENT AGENCY

XIV Land Rehabilitation in Extreeme Zone

This low achievement was because of many obstacles hampered,

of which both technical and non technical in nature. For forestry CDM

project, which is known as Afforestation and Reforestation under Clean

Development Mechanism (AR CDM), several factors which are considered

as obstacles, among others are low knowledge on CDM, complicated

methodology, unclear carbon market and supporting regulation which is

in need for improvement.

The CDM Project at Sekaroh Protection Forest is the first CDM

project on community forestry in Indonesia. Surely it is important that

the experience conducting Sekaroh CDM is shared and disseminated,

especially to many parties concerned with climate change issue. Upon

the acquiring of recommendation from the Minister of Forestry and

successful presentation in front of Komnas MPB, there must be many

important information which could be share to other stakeholders

concerned with activities on land rehabilitation in Indonesia.

I heartily welcome the publication of the book on Land

Rehabilitation in the Extreme Zones, which was written by Prof.Dr.Ir.

Chairil Anwar Siregar and Muhammad Ridwan. Both writers were

involved from the beginning in the CDM activity at Sekaroh Protection

Forest, that they know very well the bio-physical condition of the land,

characteristic of the local community and other challenging obstacles in

the field. Congratulations for the published book. Good luck.


Director General of Forestry Research

and Development Agency,

Putera Parthama, Ph.D

XVLand Rehabilitation in Extreeme Zone

Issue on climate change has been much discussed in the last two

decades by all parties, at all levels, and related to all sectors. It is

understandable because climate change impact has been realized beyond

an imaginative theory. Rising sea level, changes in the dry and wet

seasons, emergence of new pest and disease are among direct impacts

that affect human being.

Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) is one of mechanisms

offered in the Kyoto Protocol in 1997 to reduce global greenhouse gasses

and helps developing countries to reach their sustainable development

goals. In this mechanism developed countries or industrial countries

could earn credits for emission reduction, i.e. CER (Certified Emission

Reduction) while developing countries, which conducting project activities

would obtain fund from selling the CER apart of the main result of the

project.

Indonesia is very much concern with the climate change issue. In

2004 Indonesia produces Law No. 17/ 2004 which ratifying Kyoto

Protocol of the UNFCCC. As evidence of Indonesia commitment to

carbon trade, besides issuing regulations related to climate change,

Indonesia is also reviewing every released regulation for revision. The

newest regulation produced, which was aimed at answering some

questions not accommodated in the previous regulations is the Ministry

FOREWORDBY THE MINISTER OF FORESTRY

XVI Land Rehabilitation in Extreeme Zone

of Forestry Regulation No. 20/2012. This regulation was produced

because the previous Ministry of Forestry Regulation No. 14/2004 was

not containing substance related to conservation and requirement for

obtaining license of PES (Payment for Environmental Service) which is

embedded in CDM activity.

The Ministry of Forestry supports all parties who propose emission

reduction activities, included in CDM scheme. In the case of CDM activities

at Sekaroh Protection Forest, East Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara, the

Minister of Forestry has issued the Ministry of Forestry Decision No. 356/

2011 about Establishment of Working Area for Community Forest

covering 1450 Ha in East Lombok Regency. Later in order to fulfill the

requirement stated in the Ministry of Forestry No.14/2004, the Minister

of Forestry issued a recommendation letter for CDM activity at Sekaroh

Protection Forest on June 10 th, 2013. This letter was the first

recommendation letter ever given by the Minister of Forestry for forestry

CDM activity in Indonesia.

I appreciated very much the publication of this book on Land

Rehabilitation in the Extreme Zones written by Prof.Dr.Ir. Chairil Anwar

Siregar and Muhammad Ridwan. This book was written by two persons

who really involved in the CDM activity at Sekaroh Protection Forest

from the beginning. As such this book reflected the real condition in the

field and would become excellent reference for anyone who would like

to conduct rehabilitation activity on extreme land. Congratulations to

both writers and good luck.


Minister of Forestry of Republic of Indonesia

Zulkifli Hasan

XVIILand Rehabilitation in Extreeme Zone

Alhamdulillah, finally this book on Land Rehabilitation in the

Extreme Zones could be published as expected. This book elaborates

the process of Clean Development Mechanism (CDM) Activity in forestry

sector at Sekaroh Protection Forest, East Lombok Regency, West Nusa

Tenggara Province.

Activity of CDM has been publicly discussed since 2000. From

2000 – 2007 enthusiasm of various stakeholders in forestry had been

very high as apparent from the existing high numbers of research on

forestry CDM. However within 2007 – 2012 practically there was not

any progress on forestry CDM, due to various obstacles. As such,

completion of this reported CDM Project Design Document (PDD)

followed by validation activity by validator from JACO CDM, Japan,

has become an important event in the history of Indonesia forestry CDM.

This book was about that event, which was the first community based

forestry CDM in Indonesia.

In the writing process we had received many helps from many

colleagues and friends, without which this book would never materialized.

First we would like to express our deep gratitude to KOICA, especially

DR. Jin Sunpil who had facilitated publication of this book. We are also

grateful to DR. Yetti Rusli, Chairman of The Working Group on Climate

Change of Ministry of Forestry, who had assisted in the issuance of

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

XVIII Land Rehabilitation in Extreeme Zone

Recommendation Letter by the Minister of Forestry for the AR CDM

activity at Sekaroh Protection Forest.

High appreciation is also given to the team who prepared PDD,

i.e. Prof. Dr. Rizaldi Boer, Han Ki Joo, Jin Sunpil, Delon Marthinus,

Syahrina D. Anggraini and Ari Suharto, who have become important

resource persons for writing this book. Many thanks to Mita Ramayanti,

staff of KOICA management and Ari Suharto of CER Indonesia who

provided many necessary documents and comments needed for this

book.

We had received valuable support and collaboration from various

stakeholders in West Nusa Tenggara Province. High appreciation goes

to Ir. Abdul Hakim, MM – Head of Forest Service of West Nusa Tenggara

Province, Ir. Sahri – Forest and Plantation Service of East Lombok

Regency, Marjahan – Chairman of NGO Amphibi of East Lombok Timur

Regency, Drs. Purnama Hadi, MH – Head of Jerowaru District, Mansur

– Head of Sekaroh Village, Turmudzi – Chairman of NGO AMPEL, Sirajun

Nasihin – Religious Leader, Budi Mulyawan – Chairman of Gapoktan

Sekaroh Maju, Hermanto – Head of Block II and all people at Sekaroh

Village who had participated in the AR CDM activity at Sekaroh Protection

Forest. We are thankful to DR. Ulfah J. Siregar and Monica Ade Ayu for

their help in the English translation. Many thanks also to those who

involved and helped in the process of preparing the draft and publishing,

which we have not mentioned individually.

I hope this book could provide necessary information to those

who have concern about climate change. Happy reading.


Authors,


Muhammad Ridwan

1On Indonesia A/R CDM

CHAPTER I.

ON INDONESIA A/R CDM

Indonesia has made considerable effort in decreasing national

emission rate. It is interesting to note, however, that in contrast to non-

forestry sector the effort to reduce national emission rate was less profound

in the forestry sector. Until the end of 2012 the number of CDM activities

from Indonesia, which were recorded at the Executive Board (EB) has

reached 93 projects, which were coming from energy and industry sector

with highest number of methane avoidance, while highest CER obtained

was from geothermal. How about the forestry sector? It turns out that

none of CDM forestry has ever recorded at the EB. How this could have

happened? Was this due to complicated methodology or some internal

factor of the company?

Since Kyoto Protocol

Climate change issue within last two decades has become topics

of discussion among different stakeholders at all levels and was related

to all sectors. This is understandable because climate change impact is

not just theory and has been experienced by all. Rising sea level due to

rising global temperature, shifting cycle of wet and dry season, emergence

of new pests and diseases are among impacts which have affected all

people.

2 Land Rehabilitation in Extreeme Zone

Industrial revolution was pointed out as the starting point of global

environment pollution which leads to climate change. When the industrial

revolution was started in 1850 the concentration of the most important

GHG, which is CO2 in the atmosphere was only 290 ppmv (part per

million by volume). At the moment after 150 years the concentration

has reached 350 ppmv. If the pattern of consumption, life style and

population growth remains the same, 100 years later the CO2

concentration is predicted to increase up to 580 ppmv, or even doubled

as compared to pre-industrial age. Consequently within the next 100

years time the global temperature will increase on average 4,5 o C, together

with its huge impact on various sectors of human life (Murdiyarso, 2003).

In order to reduce the climate change impact, which is still and

will be happening all countries in the world have responded by conducting

series of international meetings, started with June 1992 at Rio de Janeiro,

Brazil. This event was known as Earth Summit held by UN, entitled The

United Nations Conference on Environment and Development (UNCED).

With the spirit of unity all 179 participated countries in the summit declare,

that economic, social and environmental development should not be

separated and should be integrated into one developmental program.

One of the famous results from the Earth Summit in 1992 was the

emergence of United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change

(UNFCCC). In this framework any issue on global warming, climate

change and impacts of climate change are worked out intensively.

Indonesian Government has actively participated in the

preparation process of any UNCED conferences, in the formulation and

preparation of the Global Agenda 21, as well as other products which

will be ratified in those conferences. In those conferences, Indonesia has

ratified several agreements on:

1. Rio declaration on environment and development

2. Statement on forestry principles

3. Convention on climate change

4. Convention on biodiversity

5. Document on Global Agenda 21 (Ministry of Environment, 1997).


Those international political commitments have been followed up

with the meeting of the Conference of Stakeholders (CoP 1) in Berlin,

which is well known as Berlin Mandate in 1995, then continued in 1996

with the CoP 2 in Genewa, Switzerland, which is known as Ministerial

Declaration. The culmination of global plan in the effort of reducing global

emission was achieved in 1997 at the Cop 3 in Kyoto, Japan with its

result known as Kyoto Protocol. At that conference a consensus was

reached, called Decision 1/CP.3, to adopt a protocol as a basis to legally

bind industrial or developed countries to reduce their collective GHG

emissions at least 5 % of their emission level in 1990 for a period of 2008

– 2012 (Murdiyarso, 2003).

After Kyoto Protocol a new era of international negotiation on

global emission reduction was begin. All community levels, both

government and non-government organizations of any country started

strong campaigns and discussions to reduce GHG emission, especially

CO2 .

Kyoto Protocol Ratification

Result of CoP 3 in Japan, in 1997 which is known as Kyoto

Protocol consists of three schemes to reduce emission, which are joint

implementation (JI), Emission Trading (ET) and Clean Development

Mechanism (CDM). Out of those three schemes, Indonesia could only

participate in the CDM. Others, i.e. JI and ET are only applicable among

developed countries.

Indonesia is one country which actively involves in managing the

green house effects, for example by preparing Law No. 17/2004, which

was used to ratify the Kyoto Protocol (KP), and by forming a National

Committee on Clean Development. The KP itself has been effectively

implemented, after ratification by many developed countries, which

requires GHG emission reduction up to 55% of total global GHG

emission. With the adoption of Kyoto Protocol ultimately Indonesia could

participate through CDM, especially through forestry sector by establishing

projects on carbon sink or carbon sequestration (Boer, 2004).


Since its early commitment on climate change issue Indonesia

has conducted various activities, which aimed at reducing emission. Since

then many CDM projects were developed in Indonesia. Until Mei 31st

2012 there have been 76 CDM projects in Indonesia registered at the

Executive Board (Iges, 2012). Out of those 76 projects, mostly are about

biogas (26 projects), preventing release of methane are 10 projects, 7

projects on biomass, 7 projects on recovery and utilization of methane

gas, hydro power 6 projects, renewable energy 5 projects, cement 5

projects and some other CDM activities on energy saving. What striking

is up to December 2012 none of Afforestation/Reforestation (A/R) CDM

project has been registered at the Executive Board from Indonesia.

Indonesia has seriously made effort to participate in the CDM

activity, including the forestry sector. It turned out that it was not as easy

as expected before. Some issues such as baseline, additionality, and

leakage are known as the most technical obstacles for the realization of

CDM activity in the forestry sector (Ridwan, 2012).

Apart of those technical problems mentioned earlier other

constraint identified was funding. According to present standard

procedures in order to obtain a transaction on carbon trading it is required

to prepare a Project Design Document (PDD), followed by the document

validation and verification activities. According to the Ministry of Forestry

Regulation (Permenhut) No 36/2009 it is stated that budget required for

validation activity is about US$ 5.000 – 12.500, while for verification is

US$ 15.000 – 30.000. In reality the budget needed for developing a

PDD ranges between US$ 40.000 – 60.000 (Ridwan, 2012). The

expensive budget has proven as preventing some stakeholder to

participate in the activity, notably local community.

National Policy on Carbon Trading

Indonesia has been very concern with climate change issue, as

could be seen from various regulations, which were made by the

Government, both at the ministerial and presidential levels, even law

level. Those laws and regulations have reflected Indonesia high and

serious commitments in the efforts to reduce GHG emission. The President


No National Laws/Regulations

1 Law No. 6/1994 on Ratification of the United Nations Framework

Convention On Climate Change

2 Law No. 17/2004 on Ratification of the Kyoto Protocol to The

United Nations Framework Convention On Climate Change

3 Ministry of Forestry Regulation No. 14 /2004 on Procedures of

Afforestation and Reforestation within The Framework of Clean

Development Mechanism

4 Government Regulation No. 6/2007 on Forest Management,

Preparation of Forest Management Plan and Forest Utilization

5 Government Regulation No. 3/2008 on Revision of Government

Regulation No. 6/ 2007 on Forest Management, Preparation of

Forest Management Plan and Forest Utilization

6 Presidential Regulation No. 46/2008 on National Council on

Climate Change

7 Ministry of Forestry Regulation No P.68/2008 on Establishment of

Demonstration Activities on Reduction of Carbon Emission from

Deforestation and Forest Degradation (REDD)

8 Ministry of Forestry Regulation No. P.30/2009 on Procedures on

Reduction of Carbon Emission from Deforestation and Forest

Degradation (REDD)

9 Ministry of Forestry Regulation No P.36/2009 on Procedures on

Obtaining Permit of Bussines Venture on Carbon Sequestration

and/or Sink at Production or Protection Forest

10 Presidential Decision No. 19/2010 on Taskforce on Development of

Institution for REDD+

Table 1. Legal frameworks in Indonesia related to forestry carbon activities.


of the Republic of Indonesia at 25th September, 2009 in Pittsburgh, USA

declared that Indonesia will reduce its emission as much as 26 %, self-

funded by the Indonesian Government, and if supported by foreign fund

Indonesia promised to reduce even further up to 41%. Some legal

frameworks related to issue on emission reduction in Indonesia can be

viewed in Table 1.

As proofs of Indonesia commitment to carbon trading, aside from

releasing regulations concerning climate change, every regulation that

was issued have been reviewed and re-evaluated for improvement. For

example, newer regulation that was released recently, i.e. Ministerial

Regulation No. 20/2012 was meant to answer some questions, which

was not accommodated in the previous rules. This regulation was issued

because the Ministerial Regulation No. 14/2004 did not include regulation

No National Laws/Regulations

11 Presidential Instruction No. 10/2011 on Postponement of New

Licensing and Improvement of Management of Primary Forest and

Peat Land

12 Presidential Decree No. 25/2011 on Taskforce on Preparation of

Institution for REDD+

13 Presidential Regulation No. 61/2011 on National Action Plan on

Green House Gas Emission Reduction

14 Presidential Regulation No. 71/2011 on Conducting National Green

House Gas Inventory

15 Ministry of Forestry Regulation No. P.20/Menhut-II/2012 on

Executing Forest Carbon

16 Presidential Decision No. 5/2013 on Amendment of Presidential

Decision No. 25/2011 on Taskforce on Preparation of Institution for

REDD+


for conservation forest and obligation for environmental service business

license of area outside forest region.

Example of A/R CDM Study in Indonesia

Many studies on the potentials of forestry CDM in Indonesia were

conducted within 2001 – 2007 intensively. At that time both national

and international institutions were optimistically seen big chances for

Indonesia participation in CDM activity, especially in forestry sector.

Several studies on CDM in Indonesia done in 2001 – 2007 showed

that almost all provinces outside Jawa Island have potential and feasible

for CDM activity. Based on the data obtained from National Strategy

Study (NSS) on CDM in Indonesia in 2003, the extent of area having

potential for CDM activity in Indonesia, referred to Afforestation/

Reforestation of Kyoto Protocol was 49,179,224 ha (Table 2).

Table 2. Estimation of potential area for carbon project in Indonesia.

No Land Cover/

Land Use

Area in

1990 (ha)

Area in

2000 (ha) Note

1 Marginal land inside and outside forest area

6,787,800 23,725,552 Most probably has been converted to other landuse or planted with trees since 1990

2 Fallow land 9,823,175 10,260,492 Not feasible for Kyoto land if canopy closure is more than 30 %.

3 Grassland/ alang-alang

3,219,648 2,424,469 Most probably has been converted to other landuse or planted with trees

4 Shifting cultivation land/deserted farm/land

12,718,787 12,768,711 Not feasible for Kyoto Land if canopy closure is more than 30 % and the area is more than 0,25 ha.

Total land area 32,549,410 49,179,224

Source: NSS-CDM Forestry (KLH, 2003) in Guidelines of MPB Activity in Indonesia,2006


Distribution of area (province) which is suitable for CDM has been

identified in several studies. However, the following up CDM activity,

especially in forestry sector were very few. Many stakeholders feel

pessimistic with the continuation of CDM activity in the forestry sector,

due to technical aspects, such as methodology, leakage, transaction cost,

carbon price, policy and market option.

Huge obstacle of CDM activity in Indonesia has made Ministry of

Forestry of the Republic of Korea interested in looking deeper into the

obstacle of CDM activity in Indonesia, whether it is due to technical factor

or non-technical factor, such as policy or social and society.

9Cooperation with Korea

CHAPTER II.

COOPERATION WITH KOREA

History of Cooperation with KOICA

In August 2006 Indonesia and Korea signed a Memorandum of

Understanding/MoU through Korean Ministry of Forestry and Indonesian

Ministry of Forestry, regarding joint investment in forest plantation and

A/R CDM in Indonesia. The MOU covered three important points, i.e.

(1) Both stakeholders will cooperate in following up Kyoto Protocol by

conducting an A/R CDM in Indonesia, (2) Establishing an effective

cooperation between forestry institutions in both countries within the

framework of capacity building, research and development, survey on

land availability to support A/R CDM project, (3) Indonesia will facilitate

by providing suitable land area for establishing forest plantation and A/R

CDM project at the maximum 500,000 Ha (KOICA – FORDA, 2013).

In the following December 2006 another MOU was signed between

Korean Ministry of Forestry and Indonesian Ministry of Forestry concerning

development of a forestry forum. This development was recognized by

the Presidents of both countries as necessitates in establishing strategic

partnership. The MOU consisted of three points of establishments of three

organization committees, i.e. (1) Committee for Forest Plantation and A/

R CDM, whose task is to push and support Korea investment on forest

plantation and A/R CDM project in Indonesia, (2) Committee for Forest

Protection and Conservation, whose task is providing suitable land area


for forest plantation and implementation of the first A/R CDM project,

(3) Committee for Forestry Research and Development, whose task is

formulating collaborative research agendas on forest plantation and A/R

CDM, forest conservation and development of bioenergy.

In June 2007, the Committee for Forestry Research and

Development reported results from the first meeting of Korea-Indonesia

Forestry Forum. At that meeting Indonesia representative pointed out

requirement of deeper research on forest plantation, forest product

technology and REDD. Indonesian Ministry of Forestry proposed four

(4) Project Plan Documents (Dokumen Rancangan Proyek/DRP) for 9

(nine) proposed locations. Both stakeholders agreed to develop a

collaborative research on REDD.

The next MOU was signed by both stakeholders in July 2007.

The MOU was about collaborative adaptation and mitigation of climate

change in forestry sector through A/R CDM and other related mechanisms.

The scope of collaborative activity was collaborative research and

implementation of the first A/R CDM and REDD project in Indonesia,

including feasibility valuation for monitoring, methodology, transaction

cost, incentive mechanism and distribution. The MOU also explained

the role and contribution of each stakeholder, of which the Republic of

Korea will secure funding sources by pushing the potential investor to

conduct A/R CDM and REDD project in Indonesia. Meanwhile the

Republic of Indonesia will provide potential land and related information

for collaborative research and implementation of A/R CDM and REDD

in Indonesia.

In the subsequent development of the cooperation starting

January, May, September and December 2008 it was decided to start

implementing A/R CDM activity in Indonesia, of which the KOICA (Korea

International Cooperation Agency) sent a team of field surveyor; held a

discussion between KOICA and Indonesian Ministry of Forestry on the

project; drawing conclusion from ROD (Record of Discussion) between

KOICA and Indonesian Ministry of Forestry; and KOICA would decide

on the implemented forestry research project.


The cooperative activity between the Republic of Korea and the

Republic of Indonesia through their respective Ministry of Forestry was

named “The Korea-Indonesia Joint Project for Adaptation and Mitigation

of Climate Change in Forestry through A/R CDM and REDD in Indonesia

(KIPCCF)”. Period of the joint activity stands for five years starting 2008

until 2013. About implementing agency it was decided that the Republic

of Korea would assign KOICA through KIPCCF, while the Republic of

Indonesia assigned Indonesian Ministry of Forestry through Forest

Research and Development Agency (FORDA). Later in March 2009,

Indonesian Ministry of Forestry prepared information on the location of

the proposed project of A/R CDM and REDD.

Selecting the Location

In accordance with the information from FORDA, the KIPCCF

immediately took a follow up step by conducting a field survey and

analyze land condition and suitability with available Landsat imagery.

Figure 1. Location of Sekaroh Protection Forest, which was degraded before 1990


Activity of analyzing Landsat imagery and field survey on land suitability

were conducted by a consultant UBIS. From UBIS analysis it was

concluded that the area of Sekaroh Protection Forest is suitable based

on technical requirement for CDM. Requirement stated in the Kyoto

Protocol is that the land for A/R CDM should have been degraded or

deforested before 1st January 1990. Based on the analysis of Landsat

imagery of Sekaroh Protection Forest area, also result of discussion with

local community it was found out that the land had been degraded before

1990. Thus the area is suitable for AR CDM activity from the technical

point of view of base year.

Land Suitability

Climate. Recorded climate data in the Meteorological Station at

Selaparang, Mataram for 10 years (2000 – 2009) shows that the location

for A/R CDM activity has average yearly rainfall at 1,539.3 mm with 4

dry months, of which could be longer up to 6 months. For large scale

plant cultivation the climate factor is the limiting factor which could not

be altered (Prima Kelola, 2010).

Effective Soil Depth. Effective soil depth would affect root

development of a plant. Perennial crops have deep root system, which

requires a deep effective soil depth. Some perennial crops could have

short roots that deep solum is not necessary. The location for A/R CDM

activity has various effective soil depths, i.e. 80-120 cm of SMU (Soil

Mapping Unit) 1, 50-100 cm of SMU 2, 40 - 80 cm of SMU 3, dan 20 -

40 cm of SMU 4 (Prima Kelola, 2010).

Level of Soil Fertility. Soil at the location of A/R CDM activity

is categorized as slightly basic in nature (pH 7,5-8,5) with moderate level

of fertility according to criteria from Soil Research Center (Pusat Penelitian

Tanah 1983). However, C-organic content and the amount of N, which

indicate content of organic matter in the soil, are categorized as very low

to low (Prima Kelola, 2010).


Results of Evaluation on Land Suitability

The location of A/R CDM activity in East Lombok could be utilized

for both tree planting and cultivation of annual crop. Other than tree

species, analysis on land suitability was also done for hazelnut (kemiri),

cashew nut, peanut, green bean, soybean, corn and chilli pepper. Species

selection was done considering the experience of local farmers. Result of

evaluation on land suitability using criteria from Ministry of Agriculture

(1997) showed that the research site could be categorized into 3 (three)

classes of land suitability, i.e. relatively suitable (S2), mostly suitable (S3)

and not suitable (N), with the main limiting factors consist of low rainfall

with long period of dry month (w), shallow solum (r) and nutrient retention

due to slightly basic pH (n). Srikaya and other tree species which has

been cultivated at most of the study area seemed suitable. In order to

increase the land suitability class and increase land fertility at the study

site, addition of organic matter either in the form of compost, plant litter

or manure is necessary.

Feasibility of the Land as A/R CDM Site

Land feasibility was assessed using “Procedure for Assessing Land

Feasibility for Activity on Afforestation and Reforestation CDM Project”.

Proposed land was not forested at the beginning of the project.

Field survey was done to give evidence that the proposed land was not

covered by forest. Result showed that most of the land has been utilized

for agricultural activity by local community. Most of the study area has

been cultivated with food crops such as corn, green bean, chili pepper,

banana, and tobacco. Sekaroh Protection Forest Land according to base

year of Kyoto Protocol is suitable for forestry activity because it was not

covered by forest since 1st Januari 1990. Forest cover of selected land

was < 30% (Figure 2).

Analysis of Landsat imagery is used as evidence that the proposed

area is not covered with forest. Proposed CDM activity consisted of

regreening activity which was proved by strong approach integrating result

of interview and Landsat imagery analysis. Based on interviews with

local community who inhabited the surrounding proposed area, they


Figure 2. Degraded area with < 30% of forest cover

stated that the proposed area was not covered with forest since about

1980. To get a clearer picture of their statement another analysis of

Landsat imagery was done on other images as materials which were

captured in August 1987 and 15th October 2009. After interpretation

methodology was explained all project participants concluded that the

proposed land has not been forested since 31st December 1989.

Selecting a location for some activity requires preliminary study.

From the preliminary study some information on feasibility, and some

supporting or inhibiting factors to the program are obtained. In the case

of selecting location for CDM activity at Sekaroh Protection Forest, there

are several factors which support and/or inhibit the program as input for

technical and non-technical consideration of which eventually lead to

adoption of the site as selected location for the activity.

According to Mr. Han Ki Joo (Program Manager of KOICA in

Sekaroh Protection Forest), “The truth was that mechanism of selecting

a location for the activity was based on agreement between Indonesia


Government and Korea Government. Indonesia Government through

Ministry of Forestry had recommended East Lombok Province, while

other candidate than East Lombok was Bandung, West Jawa”.

Based on data from Central Bureau of Statistic, Korea and

Indonesia joint team knew that East Lombok has low income or

considered as economically marginal. Korea Government strongly

committed to give support to developing countries. The location, East

Lombok, which has low infrastructure, was considered as suitable with

this program objectives, of which full funding was provided by KOICA.

Through CDM program Sekaroh would be supported for its rehabilitation

activity. Those were the cause why Korea had selected Sekaroh, East

Lombok than other site (Majalah Tropis, 2011).

17Conditions of Sekaroh Protection Forest Land

CHAPTER III.

CONDITIONS OFSEKAROH PROTECTION FOREST LAND

Land Status

Sekaroh Protection Forest Group is located at ° 31’ 22" – 08° 37"

05" SL and 116° 27’ – 116 36’ 33" EL. Historically this land was originally

a Ground Government, and due to its condition, such as the existing

bushes, degraded forest, and ex-shifting cultivation, the land needs to be

maintained as forested area. Furthermore, there was an agreement by

Eastern Lombok Regency Government that has been included in the

Forest Land Use scheme with the decree issued by the Ministry of

Agriculture of Republic of Indonesia No 756/Kpts/Um/10/1982 on October

12th 1982 which determined Sekaroh into Protected Forest Area of 3.000

hectares. On July 10th until August 17th 1983 measurement and installation

of definitive boundary marks have been assembled by the Boundary

Committee. The results of these boundary marks was agreed by the

Boundary Committee and then decided by the Minister of Forestry No:

8214/Kpts-II/2002, which determined Sekaroh Forest Group of 2.834,20

Hectares as permanent forest area with protection function.

In further development the Ministry of Forestry issued Decree

Number 337/menhut-VII/2009 stating that Sekaroh Protection Forest will

be maintained under a forest management scheme called FMU (Forest

Management Unit).


Real Condition of the Land

Based on Technical Plan of Forest and Land Rehabilitation

(RTKRHL) of Watershed Management Agency (BPDAS DMS), the

location of A/R CDM belonged to priority 2 (second priority), SWP

Dodokan management area, covering 4 watersheds, i.e. Kenyaru,

Lendang Lobok, Teluk Sunut, and Tanjung Ambitmaling. In this case

priority 1 (First priority) refers to areas with highly marginal, and marginal

lands, while priority 2 (second priority) refers to areas with less marginal,

or potentially marginal lands.

From the discussions with local community in formerly Persiapan

Sekaroh Village and now Sekaroh Village, the location of Protected Forest

where this CDM activity will be implemented had been degraded before

1990 in the form of bush land and shifting cultivation area. This

information was supported by satellite imagery obtained, which showed

that the location had become bush land before 1990 and was suitable

for CDM activity.

Sekaroh Protection Forest Area formed one stretch of landscape

at Persiapan Sekaroh Village, in which location the 300 Hectares AR

CDM activity was including 3 hamlets. Local community has been

practicing agriculture in all the designated CDM area. The dominant crops

are corns, beans, chili, and others.

The local community has already known agroforestry system, and

familiar with reforestation activity. In addition to agriculture, the local

community also actively performs animal husbandry. The livestock is

grazed by herdsman, and some others let their livestock graze in the

forest but still under control of the owner.

Several rehabilitation activities have been done in Sekaroh

Protection Forest Area, namely GNRHL or Gerakan Nasional Rehabilitasi

Hutan dan Lahan (National Action for Forest and Land Rehabilitation)

conducted by the Forest Service as well as reforestation conducted by

JIFPRO together with the Ministry of Forestry of Republic of Indonesia.

Some of these activities are considered successful, and some are less

successful. The cause of failure of the reforestation activity was

inappropriate timing of seeds arrival, which affected planting time. In


Figure 3. Occupied land with maize as community’s main crop.

some times planting of reforestation was carried out during dry season.

The start of rainy season in Eastern Lombok is in November-December.

Land Occupation by Local Community

Results of socio-economic survey on August 2010 concluded that

Sekaroh Protection Forest land became main place for agricultural

activities and source of income for the surrounding local community.

The area of farm varies around 1-5 ha/household.

In this 300 hectares location of A/R CDM activity, there are 215

household that practiced agriculture (Figure 3). Time length of land

occupation by the local community varies between 30-20 years, while

some are just doing activities around 3-5 years.

Houses of the local community around and in the Sekaroh

Protection Forest area are semi-permanent, and in fact some of them

have satellite television in their houses. Generally the local community,


who have lived there for more than 10 years would have permanent

house already.

Fresh water source for local community needs is located between

100 - 1000 meters distance. In 2010 total freshwater ponds in Sekaroh

Protection Forest area are 26 ponds.

Permissiveness of Government Officials

Southern Lombok local community has rather strong characteristic

as influenced by geographic and climatic conditions that are relatively

hotter than the other areas. This area is also called the rain-fed farm

(embung bangket) or dry land agriculture. Agriculture activity in this area

relies on rain water, as water availability is very little in the dry months

(March-October).

Local community of Eastern Lombok, especially those who settled

around Sekaroh Protection Forest Area usually lives and cultivates to

generate income solely on the land at that area. The activity eventually

affects the number of trees presence in the Sekaroh Protection Forest.

The more agricultural activities being done, the more trees population

would be reduced because of less competitive with agricultural crops.

No matter how many forest rangers and guards deployed, without

awareness from the local community, it would be difficult to maintain

sustainable forest. Thus, partnership with the local community would

have to be build in order to promote sustainable forestry.

The Extension Agency (Bapeluh) which is combined extension

agencies from agriculture, horticulture, and forestry sectors has not been

effective in raising people awareness, despite of already established since

2009. In practice, extension will become effective if the officer is respected

and has influence to the local community. On the contrary, extension

won’t be effective if the officer do not master their field, do not have

persuasive communication skills, and indecisive on illegal activity.

The permissive behavior from the forest officer was apparent from

the beginning, since local community occupied Sekaroh Protection Forest

Region by project, such as GNRHL and JIFFPRO. Ideally after

transplanted trees were grown, the people were expected also to take


care of them and no longer cultivate crops, which needs more than 60%

sun light.

Conflict of interests between local community leaders contributes

to the permissiveness of farming activity on Sekaroh Protection Forest

Area. In fact, often in the event of local politics like village leader election,

some public figure would lure local people to vote for him with a prize of

a Certificate of Land Property Rights in Sekaroh Protection Forest.

The presence of awig-awig or local local community rules that is

usually obeyed by the local community has almost forgotten. In this case

awig-awig existence needs to be fostered and promoted again among

local community in order to support successful land rehabilitation.

While launching this CDM program in several meetings efforts

had been made to explore local knowledge, especially about awig-aiwg,

which has been forgotten. Local knowledge needs to be revived; also

environmental awareness of the forest officers needs to be raised in order

to erase permissive behavior on forest degradation.

23Social Condition of the Local Community

CHAPTER IV.

SOCIAL CONDITION OFTHE LOCAL COMMUNITY

Information on Land Clearing and Utilization

Local community started farming in Sekaroh Protection Forest

Area around 1960 - 2005. From totally 30 respondents, 14% cleared

forest and used the land in 1960-1970. Land clearing between year 1971

- 1980 was about 7%. Most land clearing activity done by local community

in Sekaroh Protection Forest Area was happened in 1981-1990, which

made up 46%. Surprisingly this later period was the time when Sekaroh

area was determined to become a Protected Forest based on Decision

Letter of the Ministry of Agriculture of the Republic of Indonesia No.

756/Kpts/Um/10/1982 dating 12 October 1982. Between years 1991 -

2000 there were still many local people cleared forest for agricultural

lands, which was about 25%. After 2001 about 7% of additional land

was cleared.

Forest clearing for agriculture in Sekaroh Protection Forest Area

by local community was done with help from their own family without

cost. Main motivation of these land clearings was economical motivation,

and some of them were influenced by friends, relatives, or parents. There

was neither permit to clear forest from the authority nor distinct prohibition

to these activities.


Figure 4. Number of family member at Sekaroh.

Economic Conditions

Household Characteristics

Socio-economic survey of local community around Sekaroh

Protection Forest Area was conducted in November 2010 with 30

respondents. Respondent ages varied between 30-60 years old, were

married and had family. Of the 30 respondents interviewed, on average

had 5 family member, of whom mostly children at age more than 15

years old, which accounted for as much as 62% of the population (Figure

4).

Husband, wife, and children (under 15 years old) usually work in

the family own field, particularly in Sekaroh Protection Forest Area.

Moreover, children older than 15 years would be the family’s hope to

help in family farming.

Agriculture activity in Sekaroh Protection Forest Area is only done

once a year in rainy season. Rain usually occurs in November-April. In

the growing season January-April 2010, whole (100%) respondents

suffered losses because of crop failure. These losses happened in 2010

0

2

4

6

8

10

12

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29

Total

The Number of Family Member

Number of Respondents


Figure 5. The loss suffered by farmers at Sekaroh in 2010

ranged between Rp 1,250,000.- - 9,000,000.- or about Rp 3,600,000.-/

Household in average (Figure 5).

To start agriculture activity, most of the local community borrowed

money from their relatives, neighbors, or middleman traders on one

condition, i.e. to sell their harvest crops to traders. Generally the

middlemen are still willing to lend their money to the farmers for initial

capital, although in the previous year there were still unpaid debts due to

the crop failure. For example for losses in 2010, the middlemen were still

lending their money to the farmers for the next growing season.

Tenure System

Sekaroh Protection Forest was main source for generating income

of the respondents. The width of farm land of individual respondent in

Sekaroh Protection Forest varied between 1-5 hectares. There was one

respondent who has much wider land than the others, i.e. 60 hectares.

This was happened because of his parents status as influential Tuan Guru

in Sekaroh area. If this landowner was excluded from the calculation,

0

1,000,000

2,000,000

3,000,000

4,000,000

5,000,000

6,000,000

7,000,000

8,000,000

9,000,000

10,000,000

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29

IDR


Farmers' Losses in 2010


Figure 6. Width of farm land of each farmer at Sekaroh protection Forest

then in average a respondents has 2,2 hectares/household, and if included,

then the average changed into 4 hectares/household (Figure 6).

Farmers Income

Income of the farmers in 2009 varied between Rp 2,700,000.- -

32,000,000.- To some urban people maybe a household income of Rp

2,700,000.-/year is unreasonable. What kind of basic need could be

fulfilled with such yearly amount of money? From the amount of Rp

2,700,000.- yearly, the average monthly income would be only Rp

225,000.-. How to pay the cost of consumption and social activities of

the local community?

To fulfill its basic need local community with such low income

would be very dependent on government assistance, such as Raskin (Rice

for the Poor). As for other cost of social activities, local community would

conform to their financial condition. Sekaroh village is categorized as

“Poor”, and all people get government aid in the form of Raskin program.

0

10

20

30

40

50

60

70

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30

Area of Farm in Sekaroh Protection Forest


Ha


Figure 7. Income of Sekaroh farmers in 2009-2010

Farmer having Rp 32,000,000.- income in 2009 did not mean

that they had huge profits, in fact they loss Rp 5,000,000.- because at

that time, tobacco harvest at that time gave only Rp 20,000,000.- while

the total production cost of was Rp 25,000,000.-. This had made farmers

did not cultivate tobacco in 2010.

The average farmers’ income in 2009 was Rp 11,000,000.-/

household (gross, excluding production costs). Average farmers’ income

in October 2010 was only Rp 480,000.-/household (Figure 7).

Cost Component of Farming

About 80% respondents in 2009 grew corns as their main crop.

Cost of farming activity varied between IDR 1,500,000.- - 25,000,000.-

in 2009, depending on how wide the land and kind of crops cultivated

(Figure 8). The most expensive plant in 2009 was tobacco for having

cost of Rp 25,000,000.- and only one person grew it from total 30

respondents.

0

5,000,000

10,000,000

15,000,000

20,000,000

25,000,000

30,000,000

35,000,000

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29

Farmers' Income

Revenue in October 2010

Revenue in 2009

IDR

Number of Responden


Figure 8. Total farming cost of each individual farmer in the community

Calculation of Cost component for cultivation (predominantly

corn) of Sekaroh local community consisted of 27% for seed, 16%

fertilizer, 17% medicines, 14% land clearing and planting, 20% harvesting

and stripping corn skin, and 5% transportation. The average cost for

seed was Rp 1,300,000.- Average total cost for farmers to bear was about

Rp 5,000,000.-/household for one growing season.

Main and Additional Income

Main income of local community that planted corn in 2009 varied

between Rp 1,000,000.- - 22,000,000.- for 1-5 hectares area, or about

Rp 9,000,000.- on average, and the side income obtained was about Rp

3,000,000.- on average. The main crop was corns, while the side crops

were green bean or chilli (Figure 9).

The yearly income amounted at Rp 1,000,000.- - 22,000,000.-

from cultivating 1-5 hectares land was considered very little. This low

productivity was caused by several factors such as unimproved seed,

inappropriate soil preparation, and lack of maintenance, also marketing

0

5,000,000

10,000,000

15,000,000

20,000,000

25,000,000

30,000,000

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 101112131415161718192021222324252627282930

The Total Cost of Farming in 2009ID

R

Number of Responden


Figure 9. Main and additional income of local community

strategy which was depended on the money lender. All these aspects

had significantly caused farmers in Sekaroh continuously held in the

poverty trap.

Farm Products Marketing

For corn marketing, 100% of the local community sold their crops

to middlemen traders. Traders usually come to the harvest location or to

the farmer’s house to buy harvested crops. These traders were usually

the ones who lent money to the farmers, and eventually formed an

emotional bond with the farmers to sell their crops to the traders.

Both sides felt equally benefited. Those farmers could borrow

money to buy seeds, fertilizers, and pesticides, while traders had benefit

from the availability of cheap product for their trading supplies. As

expected the traders usually the one who decide the price of the harvested

crops. Only in the case of green bean, the local community sold it directly

to the market, as green bean was a side crop.

0

5,000,000

10,000,000

15,000,000

20,000,000

25,000,000

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19 21 23 25 27 29

Main and Additional Income

of Local Community

Main Result

Other Result

IDR



Local Community Interaction with the Protection Forest

The local community can access very easily the protection forest,

because of very close distance (100-200 meters) from their home, also

due to their dependency on Sekaroh Protection Forest. There are several

purposes to enter Sekaroh Protection Forest as if it were their own garden,

i.e. gathering firewoods, while some of them even live in the Sekaroh

Protection Forest. The road entering the forest is good, accessible by

motorcycles and cars, made local community entering to Sekaroh

Protection Forest with various reasons.

Sekaroh Protection Forest is also served as an entry gate to the

sea for some local community. Sekaroh Protection Forest which is located

at coast line plays important role for many people. From the

environmental view, Sekaroh Protection Forest is very important to

maintain optimum micro climate, and as a buffer for agriculture crops

from the sea breeze. For some local community, Sekaroh Protection Forest

functioned as an income source for the family, while some others utilize

Sekaroh Protection Forest as a recreation spot, because Sekaroh

Protection Forest has a beautiful forest and beach around it.

Preferred Plant Species and Information on Climate Change

Generally, local community has already familiar with planting trees,

whether planting it around their houses or to join government planting

programs, such as GNRHL activity or reforestation. Some of forest trees

preferred by the local community are imba, sonokeling, sengon,

mahogany, teak, and turi. While MPTS plant species selected by the local

community are mango, srikaya, kapuk, asam, jambu, sawo, jackfruit,

soursop, and orange. Among all plant species listed above, two most

preferred trees by local community are srikaya and mango. These two

species are also the most planted by local community around their houses.

Most local community has never heard and does not know about

climate change. Somehow from their daily activity of planting and farming

they have felt direct impact of climate change. Local community often

experienced crop failure and could not predict the rainy and dry season

cycle as important information for agricultural activities.


Information on Utilization of Unproductive Land

One hundred percent of local community does not have deserted

land. All arable lands have already managed by the local community.

Currently (November 2010) there wasn’t new land clearing, because there

wasn’t any left, and they can’t clear a new land in Sekaroh Protection

Forest, because it’s prohibited by the Forestry Service. Before 2005, there

were still local community who cleared up new land in Sekaroh Protection

Forest; nowadays there are employees who take care of Sekaroh

Protection Forest territory.

Information on the Potential of Household Industry

It is interesting that from the point of view of land productivity the

crop productions activity which is only done once a year has high chance

of failure. However most of the local community (54%) doesn’t have

initiative to open a new business venture to increase the income. Was it

due to no other idea, not enough information, or was it because they

have already surrendered to the existing condition?

Approximately 46% of the local community wished to open a

new business, i.e. to sell daily goods, petrol, buying a car for timber

transportation, selling cold drinks, tofu productions, and raising livestock.

The obstacles in initiating these new businesses were limited capital and

lack of information access.

Social Interaction

Most of the local community (64%) is still practicing traditional

culture of mutual cooperation. It can be seen from how they always help

each other out when their neighbors or other famers opening new

farmland, maintaining and harvesting crops, or making a public road.

Most of the local community (60%) believes on the presence of

dominant social status in the local society itself. In this case, the most

respected status is Tuan Guru. The respected public figures from the local

community are Tuan Guru, village chief, and hamlet chief. About 50%

believes that Tuan Guru is the most respected figure in the local society

(Figure 10).


Figure 10. Early survey to figure out local community perception on SekarohProtection Forest

When a conflict occurs the mediators to reconciliation are hamlet

chief, village chief, Tuan Guru and the Policeman. These institutions could

work together to resolve conflict, or else in a smaller scale of conflicts the

hamlet chief, village chief, and Tuan Guru are satisfactory. When it comes

to criminality, the local community tends to hand it over to the Policeman.

Until now, fellow local community has never been in a big conflict.

The closest institutions involved with the local community daily

life are hamlet and village chief. This is because there are many businesses

directly related to these two institutions, such as making of identity card,

the distribution of Raskin, Direct Cash Assistance (BLT), or other social

affairs.


Institution of CDM Program and Obstacles

All respondents agreed to tree plantation program in Sekaroh

Protection Forest. Some obstacles that may exist in land rehabilitation

activities in Sekaroh included strong weather, grazing and some negative

attitude from local community towards the program. All of these obstacles

could be overcome by tree species selection and better socialization

method.

Institutions which are willing to collaborate in addressing this issues

are Tuan Guru, NGOs, Chief Village, LKMD (village social security),

hamlet Chief and Youth Institution. According to the local community

necessary collaboration for land rehabilitation could be initiated with

institutions such as local Forest Service, Tuan Guru, Village Chief, and

local social security. Somehow the local people still do not know what

kind of role each institution would play and how the benefit sharing of

this activity in the future.

Experience from Former Rehabilitation and Reforestation

Implementation

About 77% of the public is aware of the rehabilitation activities

that have been done around Sekaroh Protection Forest. Some previous

activities known by local community are: reforestation, Gerhan (national

movement for land rehabilitation), HKM (social forestry) and JIFPRO.

The success rate of these rehabilitation programs according to the

community varies between 25-70%. However there was no supporting

data available. About 10% of people said they know that the data on

previous rehabilitation activity in Sekaroh Protection Forest was saved

by UPTD (management unit) of the Ministry of Forestry.

The greatest obstacle to this program according to local community

was lack of community involvement in the program, so that the

community did not have sense of belonging toward the program, also

the absence of good network between local communities with local NGOs.


Condition of Education

Education level of most people around the Sekaroh Protection

Forest is elementary school graduates. Apart from economic factors low

levels of people education was caused by lack of family motivation to

pursue school further. Most local community still thought that after

finishing school everybody would also work in the field anyway, so that

they prefer to encourage their children to the farming fields.

Raskin (Rice for the Poor) for Everybody

This is indisputable evidence. Sekaroh Chief Village also stated

that 100% Sekaroh people get rice-for-the-poor (Raskin) from the

government. Based on this observation it’s easy to guess what the

economic level of Sekaroh villagers is.

The poor condition was in fact the main driving reason for the

implementation of AR CDM by KOICA in Sekaroh Protection Forest.

Apart from the technical factors, such as land suitability for CDM, the

economic condition of the local community which is below the poverty

line was the main consideration. Existence of AR CDM program was

expected enabling transfer of information and technology to the local

community, so that the AR CDM is not only benefit the environment but

also build community capacity to increase income.

Would the Condition Persist?

Apparent from the discussion with local community was general

people recognition that the way of their agricultural practices would not

change their life for better. This fact has been realized by local community.

But it just seemed there was no other choice than usual agricultural

activities.

If other activities or business choices are available with more

economic returns, people are willing to change their way of life. However,

people need concrete example. Otherwise people would keep planting

corn despite of frequent loss, since these activities are familiar to most

people and easy to do.


The task of various stakeholders involved here is to help people

make a change by providing input of technology, information and

marketing systems of agricultural products. Without technological

innovation, new public information and marketing strategy, the economic

condition will likely stay in the poverty line. Would this kind of condition

be kept? People said that they want to improve the economy and their

family livelihood. How would they do that? It’s everybody responsibility

to think about it. FORDA and KOICA had actively been trying to find a

way that can boost the economy of the community with the AR CDM

activity, but for just once program certainly would not be enough to

make change. Changes in the local community economy require

simultaneous and continuous efforts.

37KOICA A/R CDM Activity

CHAPTER V.

KOICA A/R CDM ACTIVITY

Agreement on Site Determination

Any decision related to field activities of the AR CDM program at

Sekaroh Protection Forest always came from a consensus. The

stakeholders, such as KOICA, FORDA Representative, East Lombok

District Forestry Service, Jerowaru District Government, Sekaroh Village

Chief, Farmers Group Association (Gapoktan) Sekaroh Maju and local

public figures always held a discussion first before making a decision.

That same process was done when deciding the exact location of

the project in the field. Out of several hamlets in the Sekaroh Village,

representative hamlets, of which community social capital are more

conducive for the activity were selected for CDM pilot project.

Determination of field location was carried out jointly by all stakeholders.

Requirements for determination of planting location were following

criteria:

• Recommended by local community leaders

• Local people agreed upon their location to be used as the CDM

activity site

• Bio-physical condition of the field was suitable with the planned

plants species

• Condition of the location fulfill the technical requirements of A/R

CDM


Based on all the agreed terms several hamlets, i.e.Pongoros, Ujung

Gon and Pada Kelawe were selected. This agreement was socialized again

by local public figures and Committee of Gapoktan Sekaroh Maju to the

people who will be involved in CDM activities. By this agreement it was

expected that any activities carried out would work properly.

Plant Species Selection

Species selection is one of the most important things in land

rehabilitation involving local community. Ideally, the species selected

satisfy the following criteria:

• Suitable to bio-physical land condition

• High economic value

• Favored by local community

After discussions with the local community and local public figure,

an agreement was reached on species that will be planted on the site.

The tree species consisted of two groups, i.e. forestry species and MPTS

(multi-purpose tree or fruit tree species).

Selected forestry species were:

• Imbe/mimba (Azadirachta indica)

• Mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla)

• Trembesi (Albizia saman (Jacq.))

• Khaya (Khaya anthotheca)

Selected MPTS or fruit trees were :

• Srikaya (Annona Squamosa)

• Mango (Mangifera indica)

• Jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus)

• Asam/tamarind (Tamarindus indica)

The ratio between forestry tree and MPTS or fruit tree species

were 50%: 50%. This equal percentage between forestry trees and MPTS

or fruit tree species were a breakthrough in rehabilitation activities in


Indonesia. Usually in a rehabilitation activity of certain forest areas the

percentage is 70% of forest tree and 30% of MPTS or fruit tree species

(Ministerial Regulation No 22/2007).

The equal percentage between forestry tree and MPTS or fruit

tree species was an effort to improve farmer’s income that eventually

alleviates their social and economic livelihood. With this strategy it was

expected that the local community would maintain well the planted trees

in order to make Sekaroh Protection Forest returned back to its normal

condition and later becoming attraction site for tourism development as

planned by local government.

From the cost point of view the 50%:50% ratio of forest tree and

MPTS or fruit tree species had increased the cost. All stakeholders knew

that the price of fruit tree seedlings was more expensive than forest tree

seedlings. KOICA and the FORDA were also aware of the impact of

50%:50% choice would increase the cost. On the other hand, all

stakeholders’ decision should form the basis to implement this first AR

CDM program in Indonesia.

Site Suitability

Suitability between the plant species and the planting site was the

most important factors for successful program. Not all species could be

grown in any place. For example, plants grown up on the coast generally

do not grow well in mountainous areas, and vice versa.

Related to determination of site suitability for forest tree species,

before the project started KOICA had conducted survey plant and site

suitability with IPB in 2010. From the study it was found out that there

are about 20 plant species which are grown well around Sekaroh

Protection Forest. These plant species are shown in Table 3.

As seen in Table 3. neem (mimba) was found at stage of seedling,

sapling, pole and tree. Srikaya was found in stage of sapling and pole.

Tamarind (Tamarindus) was found at tree stage. Decision to select

mahogany, trembesi and khaya for planting activities was done based

on site planting suitability. For mango and jackfruit, which were not listed


Table 3. Some plant species found around Sekaroh Protection Forest.

Source: IPB and KOICA 2010

No Species Growth stage

Seedling Sapling Poles Trees

1 Tamarind (Tamarindus

Indica) √

2 Banten √ √ √ √

3 Bune √

4 Jarak (Jatropa Sp) √ √

5 Jati (Tectona Grandis) √

6 Kayu duri √

7 Kapuk (Zeiba Pentandra) √

8 Kesambi (Schleichera

Oleosa) √

9 Lamtoro (Leucaena Sp) √ √

10 Lengkuku √

11 Maja Mani √

12 Menunang √

13 Mimba (Azadirachta

Indica) √ √ √ √

14 Pidara √ √ √ √

15 Ringa √ √ √ √

16 Sengon (Albizia Procerra) √

17 Sonokeling (Dalbergia

Latifolia) √ √ √ √

18 Srikaya (Annona Sp) √ √

19 Turi (Sesbania Grandiflora)

√ √ √ √

20 Kelor (Cucumis Sp) √ √


in the IPB Survey Report year 2010, were included based on input from

local community, also these species were found growing well in Sekaroh

Protection Forest area.

43Process of Advocacy Activities

CHAPTER VI.

PROCESS OF ADVOCACY ACTIVITIES

Advocacy by Local Technical Implementation Unit (UPTD)

Trend of changes in carbon sink at above ground is almost similar

to the below ground, however decreasing level of above ground would

be more drastic when forest is converted to shifting cultivation and shifting

cultivation is converted into settled agriculture (Mulyoutami et al, 2010).

General condition of Sekaroh Protection Forest before arrival of the AR

CDM KOICA planting activity was encroached forest which was converted

to settled agriculture by local community. In order to bring back the forest

function as before, extension and facilitation activities which could be

accepted by local community were needed.

Ideally in the first phase of land rehabilitation activities any agency

should be accompanied by local agency which is familiar with the bio-

physical condition of the land, social capital of the society and have

good relationship with both local governmental and non-governmental

institutions. This strategy was used in implementing AR CDM activity at

Sekaroh Protection Forests by appointing Regional Technical Task Force

Unit (UPTD) as an implementing partner.

In the initial phase, all activities work properly. However, within

few months after planting programs, advocacy by forestry UPTD did not

work optimally. This was understood as logical consequences of UPTD

officers’ lack of time. The UPTD main job was not just taking care of one


activity, instead it covered wide area, many issues, while less manpower

and competency in advocacy were in need for improvement.

Many complaints from the public were submitted to the FORDA

team, such as minimum supervision from UPTD and ineffective

communication style which tend to be one-way communication from

UPTD to the local community. UPTD manpower tended to give instruction

to local community due to their limited time available, rather than

intensively communicating an issue. The local community considered

the way as less appropriate.

On the other hand the UPTD officers also felt the heavy workload

by adding this CDM activity to their main task. Serving as extension aid

for communication between local community and the KOICA, UPTD

officers often were also asked to advocate the community. Advocacy is

very much different from giving extension about silvicultural techniques.

Advocacy required much time allocation listening to people concerns

and then providing rapid response for each dynamic event in the local

community. One of the key is a long time allocation to stay with the

people. This kind of task was not necessarily couldn’t be done by UPTD,

only long time allocation was not possible for UPTD because of the time

constraint and limited resources. Therefore, it was agreed that UPTD

would only supervise the AR CDM implementation in Sekaroh Protection

Forest.

Trust Based Advocacy

The main point of advocacy was building trust, where the

facilitators believe in local community and the local community trust in

the individual facilitator. When the trust is gained by both stakeholders

then the field activities will work properly. To gain confidence and mutual

trust, however were not a simple job. To get the trust needed mutual

understanding and great patience, especially from the facilitators.

Besides the patience to listen to the problems and grievances, it

also takes a sufficient time allocation. Many people might have the capacity

to facilitate; both in terms of experience, patience, attitude, good


communication skills, but maybe only few had a lot of time allocation to

assist the communities.

The stakeholders who have concerns for environmental

sustainability and Sekaroh Protection Forest conditions were quite a lot,

both from government, local public figure, NGOs and other professional

individuals. Communications about AR CDM in Sekaroh Protection Forest

were always performed with various stakeholders to get support.

Eventually all stakeholders supported the AR CDM program in Sekaroh

Protection Forest and hope for its success. Various stakeholders gave

trust and wanted to participate for the successful AR CDM program in

Sekaroh Protection Forest. Various visits and input from local institutions

and community has also been received to the program. As limited time

could be spent with local community those input, views and visits from

various stakeholders was highly appreciated to help convincing and

encouraging local community to participate in successful AR CDM

program in Sekaroh Protection Forest.

Cooperation with Gapoktan (Farmers Group Association)

Farmers Group Association (Gapoktan) is an institution in the

village that bridging inter-group relations and had direct contact with

farmers. Gapoktan usually consists of 20 -30 farmer groups that exist in

one village.

In the Sekaroh village there is also a Gapoktan namely Gapoktan

Sekaroh Maju. Gapoktan Sekaroh Maju was established on June 2, 2010

with Notarial Deed No. 10 of Fanniyah, S.H., having existence in East

Lombok Regency. Members of Gapoktan Sekaroh Maju are all farmers

in the Sekaroh Village.

The Organization Structure of Gapoktan Sekaroh Maju as stated

in its Notarial Deed was including a Board of Trustees above the structural

committee. Board of Trustees members consist of the Sekaroh

Foundation Village Chief (now the Sekaroh Village) and Head of

Agricultural Extension, Fisheries and Forestry extension agency (BP3K)

Jerowaru District. Committee structure consisted of a chairman, a

secretary, a treasurer and chairman of several sections.


From this structure it was apparent that there was strong intention

in the establishment of Gapoktan Sekaroh Maju to have good term

structurally with village government and technically with Agriculture,

Fisheries and Forestry Extension Agency (BP3K) Jerowaru. This structure

also showed the serious intention of its committee to increase capacity of

the people or majority of its members which are farmers.

In the early presence of the CDM program at the Sekaroh

Protection Forest, main board members of Gapoktan Sekaroh Maju had

rejected this KOICA program. Gapoktan Sekaroh Maju at that time

assumed that the presence of KOICA (Korea) had only profit oriented

business and would make the local community even more miserable.

The emerging negative perception and suspicious attitude from

local people toward the AR CDM program, which was actually

collaboration between the Indonesian and Korean Government, were

caused by lack of information and communication with the local

community. To decrease suspicions from Gapoktan Sekaroh Maju

committee and Sekaroh local community in general, team of FORDA

had intensive consultation with all members of local community, including

the committee of Gapoktan Sekaroh Maju.

Eventually, the committee of Gapoktan Sekaroh Maju understood

the purpose of the AR CDM program that will rehabilitate the land and

intend to increase income communities. Nowadays, the committee of

Gapoktan Sekaroh Maju became the main partner of CDM

implementation in Sekaroh Protection Forest.

The effort of Gapoktan Sekaroh Maju Committee members to

convince their farmer members to support the AR CDM program was

also difficult. There was a time when some board member was considered

as a betrayer. This was understood because in the beginning the

committee members also refused the program, although at the end they

eventually supported the AR CDM program.

After all committee members were convinced it was the

committee’s turn to convince all farmer members to have similar view

and perception that the AR CDM program aims for better environment

and increase income of local community of Sekaroh village. It was not


easy for the committee of Gapoktan Sekaroh Maju to change farmers

way of life who have for decades experienced planting corn and have

settled market (with middleman traders) who are ready to buy the crop

at every harvesting season. The AR CDM program was a new program

with agroforestry setting, long-lived plants, and do not have confirmed

buyers for the harvested fruits as opposite of corn does.

Local community has a simple principle in agricultural life. Farmers

will readily follow some successful example of particular

commodity. Farmers usually would be hard to adopt some new initiative

in the absence of successful examples of new commodities or types of

business. As for now is the time to wait for the agroforestry fruit

harvest, during this period, farmers were still unsure whether the fruits

from agroforestry would bring a benefit to the local community, or to the

contrary bring loss to the local community. Would the harvested fruit of

AR CDM program have a settled market? This was homework for

Gapoktan Sekaroh Maju and other stakeholders who concerned with

environment integrity and welfare of Sekaroh villagers to continuously

give effort convincing people to maintain agroforestry plants until harvest

time comes.

Working with Stakeholders

After all communication steps were done with all stakeholders the

AR CDM program eventually could collaborate with all stakeholders. In

addition to collaboration with government agencies, such as the Local

Forest Service, District Chief, Village Chief, and LKMD, the CDM team

also worked with Gapoktan Sekaroh Maju, Tuan Guru and local public

figures. Planting as main activity was conducted with all society

constituents and witnessed by local public figures.

Some of the AR CDM plantation area in the Sekaroh Protection

Forest was monitored under Gapoktan while some other part was

monitored by Tuan Guru. The monitoring task division was agreed by

local stakeholders as part of their participation in the AR CDM activity.

For KOICA and FORDA team the more stakeholders involved

and gave attention to this program, the better the result. It was anticipated


that some kind of competition would emerge from these groups showing

which one have higher success rate.

Challenges for the program success were surviving hot and dry

microclimate in Sekaroh Protection Forest; and equally important was to

convince local people that agroforestry plantation would benefit them.

Only few people believed agroforestry plantation is more profitable than

annual horticultural crops they cultivated. Although they know that corn

and other crops cultivation could not improve their living standard, local

people was guaranteed of corn market. On the other hand middleman

traders might also still want local community to cultivate corn in order to

save their business.

This was the crucial point. Which stakeholder would be able to

convince farmers, whether the middleman trader who had long

cooperated with the people or the local public figures that also had some

influence to local community?

Advocacy by AMPEL NGO

In order to strengthen network and intensify communication with

local people KOICA and FORDA team had also collaboration with one

NGO, i.e. AMPEL (Aliansi Masyarakat Peduli Lingkungan). AMPEL NGO

has had long experience facilitating local community in East Lombok

Regency, including Sekaroh Protection Forest. The NGO has wide

knowledge about Sekaroh Protection Forest and Sekaroh local community

from several previous advocacy programs on land rehabilitation in and

around Sekaroh Protection Forest.

Involvement of NGO AMPEL as facilitator in the advocacy

program had helped local community to understand and believe in the

objectives of this AR CDM program. Formerly being doubtful and

indifferent, after continuous facilitation by AMPEL NGO the local

community had started paying attention and maintaining planted trees.

Changes in local community perception towards supportive

attitude by AMPEL NGO facilitation was due to personal approach taken

by NGO, as they paid visit to each of planted farm or farmer house. The

AMPEL NGO presence to local people houses had built their sense as


being taken care; there was information and technological transfer from

AMPEL NGO personnel to local people. After involvement of NGO

AMPEL the social condition was much better that any objection from

local community was almost not seen any longer. The facilitation however,

should be kept as long as possible and never be terminated until local

community is ready, otherwise some other stakeholder would take

chances to change back community perception by giving undesirable

information.

51Socialization Process

CHAPTER VII.

SOCIALIZATION PROCESS

Before the main activities of planting or rehabilitation were

implemented, an orientation about Sekaroh Village was done. This first

activity was conducted long before planting time. This activity was carried

out together by KOICA consultants, FORDA, consultants of UBIS and

CER Indonesia. Orientation activities were conducted several times in a

relaxed atmosphere.

Sekaroh Village orientation was a process of getting to know the

village in the early stages of AR CDM program implementation. This

activity included observation on the state of the environment and natural

resources, identification of stakeholders that play important role in natural

resource management, recognizing values accepted by local community,

the pattern of inter-relations in the society, relationship between local

people with existing forest resources (Yayasan Alamanda and Lestari

Hutan Indonesia 2003).

The objectives of Sekaroh Village Orientation

The orientation activities were conducted at several places in

accordance to the needs and places recommended by local community

and local public figure. The meetings in the orientation phase could be at

the Preparation Village Office of Sekaroh, at local community house, in

a people farms or gardens and also been conducted at the Jerowaru

District Office.


Orientation was done in a relaxed atmosphere. All stakeholders

should discuss and give opinions. In general, the goal of Sekaroh Village

orientation was to open up communication, knowing the general state

of a rural area and know the key figure in the Sekaroh Village. In detail,

orientation Sekaroh Village aimed to:

• Build trust, openness, and a familiar atmosphere so that all ele-

ments of the local community and stakeholders in the Sekaroh

Village were able to accept the presence of CDM activities in

Sekaroh Protection Forest.

• Identify the relationship and influencing power of stakeholder in

the Sekaroh Village and mapping it as the preparation for the next

activity.

• Recognize the conditions of Sekaroh Forest resource and the proper

management system especially related to the CDM.

• Recognize the social and cultural characteristics of the local com-

munity and stakeholders in Sekaroh Village in order to build a

bottom-up process.

• Growing confidence of the public towards CDM activities in pro-

tected forests and get input on Sekaroh public perception on CDM

activity plan.

• Minimize the risk of failure, as well as facilitate the implementa-

tion of assistance, planting and monitoring activities.

• Starting the processes of building partnership between the local

community and other stakeholders in Sekaroh Village.

Outputs of Sekaroh Village Orientation

The expected results from Sekaroh Village orientation process were:

1. Planned activities could be delivered to the local people and get feed-

back from them

2. Early identification of the most influential stakeholders

3. KOICA and FORDA team got general idea of the rural situation,

relationship between stakeholders in the village, local community in-

teraction with natural resources


4. Opening up people minds to the AR CDM plans; familiarize indi-

vidual team members of KOICA, FORDA and other agencies, i.e.

CER Indonesia and East Lombok Regency Forest Service Office.

Target of Sekaroh Village Orientation Activity

The target of Sekaroh Village orientation was all constituents of

local community and stakeholders in Sekaroh Village. Each stakeholder

involved or being influential should be identified regardless of their

religion, political stakeholder, race, customs, education, economic level

and others. As for religion, a hundred percent of the Sekaroh village

population is Muslim. In this orientation it was also important to identify

some figures or to map possible conflicting rival community groups in

order to avoid partisanship of the AR CDM program on one group. This

activity was expected to benefit all stakeholders, that neither stakeholder

felt marginalized by the AR CDM program. The AR CDM activity In

Sekaroh Protection Forest worked its best to avoid being caught in a

conflict between individuals or community groups.

Another target of orientation activities was getting to know general

state of the village related to its natural resource, management conflict,

relationship pattern of local people with natural resources, tenure system,

land use and others (Yayasan Alamanda and Lestari Hutan Indonesia,

2003).

Techniques of Sekaroh Village Orientation

Sekaroh Village Orientation was done by socialization gathering,

sudden visits, and participation in the existing group activities. All

processes were done in a relaxed and informal situation. In an effort to

find out the natural resource condition in Sekaroh Protection Forests,

team of KOICA, FORDA or CER Indonesia usually worked together with

the people or local public figure to see the real nature setting and discuss

about it directly. At this stage the KOICA and FORDA team listened

carefully and took information from the people rather than giving their

own opinion, because it was still in the orientation phase.


Figure 11. Getting to know village figures by discussion

with Sekaroh Village Officers.

Stages of Sekaroh Village Orientation

Introduction

Introduction and getting to know local public figure and local

stakeholders was very important. This was the first thing being done by a

team of KOICA, FORDA, UBIS and CER Indonesia partner (Figure 11).

Recognizing local public figure was important to establish early

communication with all local community members and stakeholders in

the Sekaroh Village. This introduction aimed to open people mind and

build trust. Familiar with the local public figure, would increase opportunity

to be familiar with the local people.

Initially the first visit by KOICA, FORDA, UBIS and CER Indonesia

team was to the government, of which included Provincial Forest Service

Office, East Lombok Regency Forest Service Office, Jerowaru District

Head Regency. After knowing each influential figure at different


government level then KOICA, FORDA, UBIS and CER Indonesia team

met the Village Chief of Sekaroh Village (formerly Sekaroh Preparation

Village).

The AR CDM team introduced themselves and explained the intent

and purpose of their presence in the Sekaroh village, which was to conduct

rehabilitation activities at the Sekaroh Protection Forest. Although the

team was accompanied by District officers, the team still required to show

the letter of assignment from their respective organizations. Submitting

this letter was important to easily convince the Village Chief that the

teams were genuine from institutions that have a good purpose for them.

After meetings with the village chief, then the team expressed the intention

to directly meet and socialize with local community.

Sekaroh Village Chief allowed the team to meet with the local

people directly. On some occasion, the Sekaroh Village Chief also offered

that meeting to be held at the Village Chief Office, so that the Village

Chief could formally introduce the team to the local community and

avoid unnecessary suspicion.

From the meeting with Sekaroh Village Chief it was also identified

other influential figures, such as Tuan Guru, Head of Hamlet, Gapoktan

and other individuals. In this phase KOICA team paid home visits to the

influential figures, or on other occasions met in the village office facilitated

by the Village Chief. Meeting at the village office had many advantages,

e.g. shorten the visit and simplify the process of obtaining initial

information or map of the village natural resource, local public figure

and others.

Visiting Influential Figure Tuan Guru

Based on suggestion from the Village Head and other local public

figures, it was agreed that the KOICA team should visit Tuan Guru who is

influential in East Lombok. There were two persons, i.e. Tuan Guru

Sibawaihi and Tuan Guru Abdullah Nuh (Figure 12).

The purpose of visiting Tuan Guru was to introduce the team,

explaining program plans and seek advice from this influential figure. It

turned out that both Tuan Gurus in East Lombok are friendly individuals


Figure 12. Meeting with Tuan Guru Sibawaihi

and Tuan Guru Abdullah Nuh

who respect the environment. The Tuan Gurus supported the KOICA

AR CDM program and were willing to attend meetings with the local

community. Later both Tuan Guru Haji Abdullah M. Nuh and Tuan Guru

Sibawaihi were actually attending the AR CDM inaugural planting activity

on 10 November 2010. More than merely present, the Tuan Gurus also

did the prime planting in this CDM activity.

Prime Planting

Prime planting activity was done after all the social pre-conditions

and bio-physical land conditions were considered supportive. The timing

of prime planting and pilot planting site were decided thru agreement

among all stakeholders.

This prime planting had been also involving students of elementary

and junior high schools surround the Sekaroh Protection Forest. The

purpose of involvement was to raise the sense of respect to the


environment early in the next young generation’s mind. In addition to

the elementary and junior high school students, all the teachers of those

schools surround the Sekaroh Protection Forest were also involved in

prime planting activities in Sekaroh Protection Forest.

As religious leaders and influential figures in East Lombok and

West Nusa Tenggara Provinces the presence of Tuan Guru Sibawaihi

and Tuan Guru H Lalu M. Nuh at prime planting time was important.

Their presence could enhance people motivation for forest rehabilitation

activities at Sekaroh Protection Forest, which benefit the environment

and potentially increase local community’s income.

The guests from the government side were Vice Governor of West

Nusa Tenggara (Figure 13), Head of Provincial Forest Service of West

Nusa Tenggara, East Lombok Regent, Head of District Forest Service of

Figure 13. Vice Governor of West Nusa Tenggara Province

motivated local people in Sekaroh village to rehabilitate

the land and support the AR CDM program


Figure 14. Korean Program Manager of the AR CDM Program,

Mr. Lee planted a tree at the prime planting

East Lombok, Chief of Jerowaru District, Sekaroh Village Chief, police

and army officers in West Nusa Tenggara and local public figure in the

East Lombok Regency. The collaboration was a good start for

rehabilitation activities in Sekaroh Protection Forest.

Prime planting was also attended and done by representative of

Korea (Figure 14)

Prime Planting was conducted at November 10th 2010. This date,

November 10th was intentionally chosen because it is a national Heroic

day for Indonesian, and so it was a kind of wish that rehabilitation activities

in the Sekaroh Protection Forest has a heroic spirit, a hero for the

environment. The national heroic spirit was the source of inspiration that

the land rehabilitation activities could also be regarded as a heroic action

for the environment; when most people would rather destroy it.


Group Socialization

After the Prime Planting activity at November 10th 2010, all

stakeholders started an intensive socialization to the local community.

Socialization process had actually been done several times, such as by

home visits, meetings at the Village Chief Office or other informal

meetings, however after the prime planting, socialization activities became

more intensive.

That was necessary because the local community would be the

main actor of the planting and maintenance of the AR CDM plantation.

Consultation with local community was also conducted on planned

activity in their farmland. Although people had been reassured several

times, some of them were still doubtful, whether they would be asked to

leave their assigned farmland after planting mixed species of forest and

fruits trees. The issue was critical for some of the people because to some

of them those farmlands were the only land available for them for

cultivation to earn for a living.

Hidden Problem Needs to Be Solved.

Working out a rehabilitation activity with local community was

full of dynamics. Often some earlier first hand information obtained from

various stakeholders was not valid the next day. Many factors caused

these information discrepancies, such as local community vague fear of

intimidation from some irresponsible parties.

As the activities approved by local community would take place

on areas, which might have conflicting economic interest with other

stakeholder, in such case the AR CDM team must consider managing

opposition from other stakeholders towards the on-going activity. All those

problems had necessitated an intensive communication and engagement

with local stakeholders, particularly people who were directly involved in

the activity.

During implementation of the AR CDM program in East Lombok,

sometimes previously agreed agenda by all stakeholders, including local

community, turned out differently in practice. What’s the problem? Was

this due to stakeholders’ inconsistencies towards agreed agenda? Or was


it merely dynamics of working with diverse communities and stakeholders

with various motivations that resulted in dynamic changes?

Apparently there was still unknown and hidden problem that had

not been addressed in the previous meetings. Who could unwind the

problems that still a mystery? KOICA and FORDA team was demanded

to hold more intensive communication with all levels of local community,

especially involved farmers.

61Land Rehabilitation Process

CHAPTER VIII.

LAND REHABILITATION PROCESS

Community Based Land Preparation

Negotiation on climate change is not entirely about reduction of

GHG emission. In the Article 2 of the UNFCC it was stated that the

ultimate objective of the convention was to stabilize GHG concentration,

as well as ensuring food security and sustainable development (Brown,

Seymour dan Peskett, 2010). The essence of global climate change

mitigation is planting and plant maintenance.

After the prime planting which was attended by all stakeholders

and people around the forest, the actual rehabilitation activity was started.

The area for prime planting was only about 1 ha, whereas all AR CDM

program area covered †300 ha, as agreed by Korean Government and

Indonesia Government.

It was agreed at the time of orientation activities, as well as in the

subsequent meetings, that all stakeholders and local community would

be committed and being involved in all phases of activity, starting from

planning to implementation in the field. This commitment was very

important for the sustainability of the program.

Subsequently all stakeholders agreed that plantings of AR CDM

project area was started at Pongoros, Ujung Gon and Pada Kelawe

hamlets. The width of this first planting phase was 30 ha involving 20


Figure 15. Layout and spacing of planting agreed by local people

6 m

3 m

small individual farms. The spacing for AR CDM planting was 6 x 3

meters (see Figure 15).

Several steps of land preparation conducted before planting were:

• Measuring the farm area owned each farmer and determining the

field coordinates

• Clean the weeds

• Digging planting hole

• Depositing compost

All those stages were done together with local community and

coordinated by Gapoktan Sekaroh Maju. In practice it was agreed that

the measurement of farm size, clearing weeds, digging holes and compost

application were done directly by owner farmers who cultivate those

farms within the Sekaroh Protection Forest. In the case some famers

were unable to conduct those tasks it was agreed that the tasks would be

done by Gapoktan and some people under some agreement before.


Monitoring of land preparation was be done by UPTD along with

Gapoktan Sekaroh Maju. All implementation process showed

collaboration with local community starting from planning.

Technological Input (Hydrogel & Compost)

Sekaroh Protection Forest area is famous for its very high

temperature that people usually say that ‘there are two suns’ at Sekaroh,

which makes the air very hot. Farming system has adapted to this high

temperature. Farmers usually begin field work at 07.00 in the morning,

and then go home at 11:00 before noon time. They take a break for a

while, and back to work again in the field after 14.00. Time at 11:00 to

14:00 is the heat peak at Sekaroh, particularly in the area of Sekaroh

Protection Forest.

The hot air caused relatively small plant survival compared to other

cooler area. The effect was harsher if planting were late, i.e. was not

done at the beginning of a rainy season. The crop survival will be even

smaller. Therefore in order to increase plant survival on this extreme area,

the KOICA AR CDM program provided hydrogel for each planting hole.

The addition of hydrogel aimed at maintaining soil moisture in

the planting hole. It was expected that adding hydrogel would keep

enough soil moisture for newly planted seedlings that eventually would

increase the plant survivals.

The application of hydrogel in land rehabilitation activity was a

new practice for local community. This was part of information and

technology transfer from the AR CDM project to surrounding local

community, which was expected, could help drawing local people

attention to the AR CDM activity.

Logically addition of hydrogel affected the project cost. Activities

cost would increase accordingly, however, because this AR CDM activity

was a pilot project for local community, the risk of increased cost was

considered as inevitable.


Collaborative Planting

Planting activity is actually the beginning of real work in a land

rehabilitation project. After orientation activities, exhausted discussions,

plant species selection, planting site selection, land preparation and

preparing planting hole with all the people, now it is the time to plant.

The plan for first planting phase covered 30 ha area, of which involved

20 farmers. However, exact measurement, which was done

collaboratively, showed that the area was only 26.75 ha (Table 4).

Similar to land preparation, planting was also supposed to be done

by farmers. That way a sense of belonging and responsibility to the

plantation would grow. Most farmers had planted each of their area

according to the agreed schedule.

The number of plant species selected for the first phase of this trial

planting was 14 species, consisted of fruits and forest trees, e.g. imbe,

mahogany, khaya, rosewood (sonokeling), mango, jackfruit and sawo

(Table 5).

This first phase activity was a field implementation try-out of various

pre-conditions that had been prepared before. All stages were performed

together with the local community. Selected plant species was a result of

people’s choice and based on its suitability to biophysical land condition.

For the whole plantation area of 300 ha, the number of selected plant

species would be reduced upon agreement with local people. It would

be difficult to supply too many species seed or seedlings.

Agreed plant spacing was 6 x 3 meters. This wide spacing would

allow local people to plant corn or other horticultural crops until the

planted trees reach 5 years age. Started at 5 years old the fruit trees were

expected to give economic return to local community already. Meanwhile

before fruiting age the farmers could still grow horticultural crops to meet

their economic needs.

Replanting

Replanting dead seedlings of the AR CDM program in Sekaroh

Protection Forest had been planned since the beginning. Replanting dead

or less survive seedlings in the field is common practice in forestry, in


Table 4. Name of farmers involved in the first planting phase

No Name of Farmer Width (ha)

1 Keredap 2.00

2 Ama Ida 1.00

3 Saban 3.00

4 Ama Senang 1.00

5 Ama Sul 2.00

6 Ama Siah 2.00

7 Ama Jering 3.00

8 Merte 0.50

9 Ina Monet 1.50

10 Keman 1.25

11 Ama Udi 2.00

12 Dahri 1.00

13 Ina Repan 1.00

14 Ina Supar 1.00

15 Panjang 0.25

16 Ama Senum 1.00

17 Ama Eli 0.25

18 Ama Nyemek 1.00

19 Ama Acip 1.00

20 Ama Andri 1.00

Total 26.75


Table 5. Plant species selected for the first planting phase

No Plant Species

1 Imbe (Azadirachta indica)

2 Mahoni (Swietenia macrophylla)

3 Kaya (Khaya anthoteca)

4 Kapuk (Zeiba pentandra)

5 Sonokeling (Dalbergia latifolia)

6 Lamtoro (Leucaena Leucochepala)

7 Asam (Tamarindus indica)

8 Turi (Sesbania grandiflora)

9 Sengon (Albizia procerra)

10 Trembesi (Samanea Saman)

11 Jeruk (Citrus sp)

12 Mangga (Mangifera indica)

13 Nangka (Artocarpus sp)

14 Sawo

order to fulfill the normal number of plants per unit area, according to

the planned spacing.

Replanting is usually done after field observation on planting

survival. From survival census the number of plants, which either survived,

healthy or died would be obtained. Replanting would be done according

to the number of died seedlings in order to achieve the original purpose

of land rehabilitation.

When survival percentage reaches 100% planting activity is

excellent and replanting is unnecessary. When survival percentage is


between 80-100% planting activity is good, as small number of replanting

is necessary (maximum 20%). A planting activity with 20% replanting is

considered as successful.

Replanting rate between 20-40% or plant survival percentage

between 60-80% means planting activity is moderate. In such case

replanting would be done intensively, maximum 40%. If survival

percentage were less than 60% the planting activity is considered

unsuccessful, and that would be similar with planting all over again. If

replanting rate is more than 40% it is necessary to know the cause of

high mortality of plants, whether due to natural factors, technical errors,

social issues or other matters.

Replanting has several objectives, as follow:

• To improve plant survival rate in a certain unit area

• To meet the desired number of plants per Ha according to spac-

ing planned.

• To increase land productivity

• Exclusively for AR CDM activities in Sekaroh Protection Forest,

replanting activities served as a mutual learning process for all

stakeholders that implementation should follow originally agreed

plan.

Maintenance

Plantation maintenance is commonly done in forestry to ensure

successful growth of desired quality of planted trees. Well maintenance

requires large investment, long time period and continuous activities.

The AR CDM program in Sekaroh Protection Forest requires collaborative

plant maintenance which was practically done by Gapoktan Sekaroh

Maju, Tuan Guru, a local stakeholder named Amphibi Group and local

community.

Theoretically maintenance defined as a bringing input in the form

of capital, labor and technology into a system to produce output with

desired quality and quantity. Plant maintenance is done because after

planting generally there will appear two issues, i.e. plant death at a young

age and undesirable plant growth which does not meet the expectation.


Some factors that might cause early plant death in a plantation

are:

• Out-season planting time which does not follow silviculture guide-

lines, such as planting during the dry season

• Shallow planting hole which made seedling easily tumble down

• Changing weather conditions after planting

• Poor seedling condition at planting time due to transportation stress

• Animal disturbance

• Presence of weeds and insect pests

• In addition to the above technical factors, the most dangerous is

human disturbance.

Disturbances which came out of silviculture treatments and climate

factors were relatively easy to handle. The most difficult and strenuous

problem was certainly human factor, in which case a different kind of

care would be needed. To handle human disturbance a more intensive

approach, in a long time period would be necessary.

69Baseline Establishment

CHAPTER IX.

BASELINE ESTABLISHMENT

For a CDM project to be accepted, the project developer should

show that the poject activity has additionality from business as usual

scenario or baseline (APHI, 2011). For most CDM project developer

baseline data issue was a crucial problem. The reason why only minimum

number of forestry company interested in participating in carbon trading

was not only baseline issue. Other important issue is technical aspect of

methodology (Ridwan 2013). What is baseline ?

Baseline is one of terms used in AR CDM program. Baseline is the

initial state of carbon stocks, which would be projected in the future if no

action is taken. The objective of establishing a baseline is to prevent

claims of emission reduction or increase in actual carbon absorption which

could occur in the absence of AR CDM project. Thus baseline is a state

that most likely to occur if there is no project, referred as the reference

case (Boer, 2001).

Estimation of projected future changes in carbon stocks (reference

case) can be done using two approaches, i.e. static and dynamic

approaches. If the pattern of future carbon stock is not expected to

change the static approach is used. In this case it is assumed that factors

influencing carbon stock changes, both from inside and outside of the

project area, in the future are similar from starting or historical condition.

If the static approach is selected the project should provide strong

justification that the given assumption is correct (Boer, 2001).


For the baseline of the AR CDM forestry activities in Sekaroh

Protection Forest it was assumed that without the AR CDM project the

area would remain as agricultural land; and static approach was adopted

to estimate carbon stocks changes. Before the AR CDM program was

introduced the site was local people farmland dominated by maize.

Above ground

In order to estimate the above ground biomass (carbon stock) per

unit area, the project proponent used non-destructive method utilizing

established allometric equations. Calculation of the potential carbon

content of a tree using allometric equation (Ketterings et al. 2001) is as

follows.

(Dry Biomass, kg) = 0.11 x ρ x D2.62

Which:

ρ = Wood density (kg/m3), based on ICRAF database

D = Diameter at breast high (cm).

Below ground

Referring to Table 3A. 1.8. in Appendix 3A.1., default biomass

table in Section 3.2., forest land category by IPCC (2006), West Nusa

Tenggara Province belongs to tropical rain forests category. Root shoot

ratio of tropical rain forest canopy in a secondary forest, according to

IPCC guidelines ranges from 0.14 to 0.83 with the average of 0.42.

Before plantation project was implemented, the original vegetation

already contained some amount of carbon, so called baseline (without

project scenario). In contrast, the amount of carbon in new plantations

is expected to be much greater than that of the baseline to obtain better

carbon conservation. On the 300 ha study area, 30 ha of it was then

spitted into four blocks and used for sampling purposes (Siregar et al.,

2012).

One block size approximately 7.5 ha consisted of 10 sampling

points, of which each square of 2 m x 2 m was scattered in each block

71Baseline Establishment

Table 6. Summary of soil carbon conserved on the study area

Measuring

Items

Depth

(cm) Mean

Standard

Deviation

Coefficient

Variation

Number of

Sampling

C content

(%)

0-5 1.57 1.11 71.03 40

5-10 1.21 0.69 57.32 40

10-20 0.87 0.29 33.10 40

20-30 0.96 0.35 36.51 40

30-50 1.15 0.58 50.10 40

50-70 0.84 0.18 21.76 4

70-100 0.73 0.20 26.91 4

Bulk Density

(g/cm3)

0-5 1.16 0.08 6.60 40

5-10 1.10 0.09 7.96 40

10-20 1.08 0.08 6.97 40

20-30 1.14 0.10 9.07 40

30-50 1.23 0.11 8.97 40

50-70 1.24 0.10 8.29 4

70-100 1.30 0.13 9.61 4

C stock

(ton/ha)

0-5 9.12 6.97 76.37 40

5-10 6.68 3.71 55.60 40

10-20 9.45 3.17 33.55 40

20-30 10.93 4.03 36.84 40

30-50 28.37 14.87 52.42 40

50-70 20.89 7.32 35.03 4

70-100 28.51 8.10 28.40 4

Cumulative

C stock

(ton/ha)

0-5 9.12 6.97 76.37 40

5-10 15.81 10.29 65.10 40

10-20 25.26 11.28 44.65 40

20-30 36.18 11.98 33.10 40

30-50 64.56 19.05 29.52 40

50-70 80.31 20.82 25.92 4

70-100 108.82 18.03 16.57 4

Cumulative

CO2

stock

(ton/ha)

0-5 33.49 25.58 76.37 40

5-10 57.97 13.63 55.60 40

10-20 92.62 11.64 33.55 40

20-30 132.66 14.77 36.84 40

30-50 236.72 54.59 52.42 40

50-70 294.47 26.86 35.03 4

70-100 399.006 29.71 28.40 4

Source: Siregar et al. 2012


and was established in August 2011. Those blocks would represent the

existing sparsely grass vegetation grown naturally. Due to the fact that all

grasses vegetation is mostly homogenous in an open area (without

shading effect of a tree canopy) an edge effect, which caused either

underestimate or overestimate biomass was ignored. Accumulative soil

carbon in the study area is summarized in Table 8 (Siregar et al., 2012).

The soil carbon content of each soil layer ranges between 1.57 %,

which occurred at the soil surface of 0-5 cm depth and 0.73 %, which

occurred at the soil layer of 70-100 cm depth. In general, the magnitude

of soil carbon content decreases with soil depth (Siregar et al., 2012).

Soil bulk density in most cases increases with soil depth and the

value ranges from 1.08 to 1.30 gr/cm3. The increase of soil bulk density

in nature is well understood due to the increase in clay particle of the soil

profile from the upper layer to the lower layer (illuviation) (Siregar et al.,

2012).

Carbon stock conserved on each soil layer is affected by level of

soil carbon content, average value of soil bulk density, and thickness of

soil layer per hectare. Average cumulative carbon conserved in terms of

carbon dioxide from soil surface to 100 cm soil layer is almost 400 ton

per ha which is considerably high and thus provides significant information

in the realm of environmental conservation (Siregar et al., 2012).

73Plant Census

CHAPTER X.

PLANT CENSUS

Socialization on Census

Since planting activities started, KOICA and FORDA team had

informed local stakeholders and local community that there will be planted

tree census. Some people still thought that planted tree census is similar

to monitoring activities, of which only few cases are sampled and then

assessed their levels of success.

Several months prior to census, the team once again informed

stakeholders in Sekaroh Protection Forest that plant census would take

place. The date for census implementation was consulted with the East

Lombok Regency Forest Service, Gapoktan and local public figure. Later

Gapoktan Sekaroh Maju and Sekaroh village leaders explained the

planned plant census to local community, especially involved farmers.

The Importance of Census

Result of a census is very useful as representation of the real status

of an activity that is being or has been done. Census data would be used

for comprehensive evaluation on future strategy or even stop the program.

Evaluation process does not necessarily use census if the area is

vast while time is limited. Sampling method could also be applied to

obtain information on current conditions of certain activity. However,


when the area is not as wide and sufficient time is available, census would

serve better.

Census results are much more accurate than survey using sampling.

Census is rarely done by many institutions because of long time process

and high cost. Since KOICA wanted to know the actual condition of the

planted area, which only reached 30 ha, the KOICA and FORDA team

decided to conduct a census.

Census Method

Plant census was new activity to people in Sekaroh Protection

Forest. People who had experience with previous rehabilitation activity

usually use sampling methods only. Most people questioned whether it is

possible to survey 100% plant of 30 ha area?

In plant census method direct observation and measurement of

survive seedlings were done for the whole area. There are four variables

being observed and assessed in this census, i.e.:

• The number of survive plants

• The number of healthy plants

• The number of less healthy plants

• The number of died plant

Percentage of survive, healthy, unhealthy and died was calculated

simply as follows (Gewab, 2013):

Healthy plant (%) =Number of healthy plant

Number of alivex 100

Survive plant (%) =Number of plant alive

Number of planted plantX 100

75Plant Census

Stages in Census Work:

• Hold meetings with stakeholders about the census plan

• Divide the census area based on location proximity

• Contact the farmers to inform the census date for their area

• Observe and measure (count) number of survive plants at each

location

Census Results

Plant census on AR CDM program at Sekaroh Protection Forest

aimed at obtaining exact number of survive plants after one year planting.

The census was conducted collaboratively with the FORDA team,

Representative of District Forest Service, Gapoktan Sekaroh Maju and

farmers of each planted farmland respectively. In this census 100% of

the planted trees were examined.

Data taken were the number of survived, healthy, unhealthy and

dead plants. Each planted farmland was visited together with respective

farmer as had been informed earlier. In practice at the time visit, not all

tenant farmers were in the location for some other reasons. In such case

the census was done by the team only and then the results were delivered

by the Gapoktan Sekaroh Maju to the farmers.

The purposes of plant census are:

• Getting primary data on the number of survived, healthy and dead

plants.

Unhealthy plant (%) =Number of the unhealthy plant

Number of alive plantx 100

Died plant (%) = 100 % - Percentage of plant alive


Table 7. Survival percentage and replanting intensity

Sumber: Fakultas Kehutanan IPB

• Obtain information on survival and mortality of each plant spe-

cies and the number for replanting of each plant species.

• Obtain information on farmer names related to the number of

survival, healthy, and death plants in their respective farms, so

that intensive approach could be extended to each less effective

farmer.

The result of first census on the number of survived or died plants

for 30 ha area was very much different with what was reported before

by facilitators. According to their previous report plant survival percentage

was about 70-80%. The census showed only 11.54% of planted plant

was grown.

For a rehabilitation program, this was very low achievement.

According to common standards, land rehabilitation activity would be

considered successful if the growth percentage was between 80-100%

(see Table 7).

Looking at the census result that is only 11.54%, this activity is

very far from successful and needed almost total replanting. Before

replanting was done, however several points were needed to be done:

• Collaborative evaluation with all stakeholders

• Discussion on the common causes of failure

No % survive Considered as Replanting intensity

1 100 Very good No need to replanting

2 80 – 100 Good Need a light replanting,

approximately 20%

3 60 – 80 Enough Need replanting in the first year,

approximately 40 %

4 < 60 Not good Planting all over again

77Plant Census

• Planning the following replanting activities by setting a standard

of 80% minimum success.

Response to the Census

Result of AR CDM plant census in Sekaroh Protection Forest would

have different meaning for each stakeholder. Either each stakeholder

has the same or different, even contradictory perception towards a census

result.

For the KOICA and FORDA team, the result of plant census

although less satisfactory, nevertheless was still beneficial. The results

had reflected the real condition in the field and would be used as a basis

for mutual evaluation by all stakeholders. The KOICA and FORDA team

were disappointed with low level of 11.54% plant survival.

As KOICA and FORDA were large and famous institutions, the

disappointment did not halt effort to carry out the program. Indeed, the

failure had made KOICA and FORDA team more determined to achieve

better results. The failure was still happened even after all activities were

carefully planned and coordinated with all stakeholders, which was far

from expectation.

The KOICA and FORDA team was then decided to spend more

time preparing new strategy, investing more patience and doing more

careful implementation in the field. As planting was still covered 30 ha,

which was only about 10% of the total plan, the census results had become

important and positive lessons learnt. The next bigger planting activity

for the remaining 90% of total area and the additional replanting of the

previously 10% planted area would be done with the new strategy and

incorporating all stakeholders input, especially from local community.

Lesson Learned from the Census

The result of plant census was a fact, which reflected the activity

that had been done. The fact showed coordination effort so far. The fact

described result of a long continuous discussion. And lastly the fact

described a commitment made. The question was what kind of

commitment required for a successful rehabilitation program?


What was needed to be done after this census? Were there

institutions that still need to be strengthened? Was there any

communication barrier between the various stakeholders that need to

be removed? Was there a miscommunication between stakeholders that

was not expected? Or was there any undetected important issue between

various stakeholders in AR CDM activities in Sekaroh Protection Forest?

Whatever the challenge was KOICA and FORDA team would not

retreat from the plan to reforest the Sekaroh Protection Forest. For more

than 25 years, Sekaroh Protection Forest has been devastated, degraded,

deforested and many stakeholders did not pay any attention. Would

such critically marginal land be abandoned forever?

Hadn’t been proved that mismanagement of this Sekaroh

Protection Forest has made surrounding people constantly in a poor state?

Almost 100% of the people were receiving government aid, i.e. rice for

the poor. This showed that poverty was deliberately maintained and

many stakeholders just accept the condition. Couldn’t this situation be

changed? If not now, then when?

Indeed rehabilitating a long time deforested land was not easy. If

this had been easy, then the Sekaroh Protection Forest would have been

green already long time ago. But the fact remained that Sekaroh Protection

Forest was disappearing. It’s time to wake up. It’s time to be more patient.

Although many stakeholders were pessimistic about the success of this

program, however without any action taken then it is doomed to fail. If

action was taken, there would be a chance for success.

79Community Based A/R CDM

CHAPTER XI.

COMMUNITY BASED A/R CDM

Why It Has to Be Community Based?

Different to common perception it is not easy to obtain business

license in forestry. The reason for the difficulty is the fact that a forest

often affects many people life and offers many interests for many

stakeholders (Hardiansyah and Ridwan, 2012). Obtaining license of social

or community forestry for then AR CDM in Sekaroh Protection Forest

also needed much effort.

According to the Minister of Forestry Regulation No P.37/Menhut-

II/2007, Article 1, Social/Community Based Forestry (HKm) is a forest

owned by the government, which is managed in order to empower local

communities without disturbing the main function of the forest itself. The

purpose of HKm establishment is to develop capacity and provide access

to the local communities in managing forests in a sustainable manner in

order to ensure employment for local people to solve economic and

social problems.

From the above definition and purpose of HKm it was contained

a main message about participation to increase community income

without necessarily destroying the forest function. This objective is suitable

for local community and environment at Sekaroh Protected Forest. As

described in the previous chapter local community around Sekaroh

Protected Forest up to this moment is still trapped in the low income and

has severe degraded environment.


Selection of HKm as an entry strategy to local economy

empowerment and improvement of environmental conditions was

considered the right choice. It was expected that HKM model application

would improve ecological quality, local people’s economy, enhancing

social activities without damaging the local cultural practice.

HKm scheme was expected to make community members

collaboratively maintain the Sekaroh Protected Forest which at this point

had been deforested by human activity. In addition, a HKm shows that

anyone can participate in state forest management. There is common

impression that only big company could manage state forests, such as

Industrial Plantation Forest (HTI) and forest concessions (HPH). The HKm

activities could prove that local people were also able to manage the

forest.

Through HKm activities, utilization of Sekaroh Protected Forest

land by famers for cultivating annual crop, such as corn, which was not

environmentally friendly could be changed to other more environmentally

friendly activity, and still be able to provide better income. While previously

community activity in the Sekaroh Protected Forest area was considered

illegal and people feared being caught by the forest police officers, with

HKM scheme people would be more comfortable practicing the

agroforestry, because it was made legal.

Socialization Process to the Community

The socialization process of the AR CDM program to the

community was one of the most difficult phases in CDM activities. Most

farmers who cultivating and occupying Sekaroh Protected Forest land

wanted to own the land and obtain land certificate. This desire was driven

by some bad person or NGO who gave erroneous information that people

could obtain a land ownership certificate. There is no example that

anybody could own, lease and change the land use of a state forest area.

The desire to own the land made community members suspicious

to each other, because while some member wanted to own the other

land, some others recognized that they cultivated land that was not belong

to them. Consequently people were in a constant state of fear, feared


that any time they would be inspected and caught by forest police officer

or other authorities.

The process to select HKm as the management scheme for the

area which was occupied by community began with listing any possible

license types that could be obtained for an area in a protected forest.

After considering several possibilities such as Village Forests, Community

Forest Plantation and Social/Community Based Forestry (HKm), it was

then decided that the most appropriate with Sekaroh Protection Forest

condition was Community Based Forestry.

Since early 2011 the East Lombok District Forest Service, Jero

Waru District Officers, Sekaroh Village chiefs, Gapoktan Sekaroh Maju

and NGO AMPEL personnel either separately or collectively met

community public figure around Sekaroh Protection Forest. Meetings

were held in several stages, as follows:

• Meeting with local community public figure.

This meeting agenda usually was to reach similar perception and

deliver information on HKm and possibility of giving HKm license for

some farmland in Sekaroh Protected Forest. The meeting place was

usually at Sekaroh Village Office, Jerowaru District Office, or East

Lombok Regency Forest Service Office

• Direct meeting with the people.

This meeting agenda was to deliver information about the possibility

to get HKm license, draw public response and listen to people de-

mand. The meeting place was usually at the Sekaroh Village Office,

farmer’s houses or in middle of farms.

Sekaroh Village Chief, Gapoktan Sekaroh Maju, and NGO AMPEL

personnel never got tired to explain about HKm and the stepwise how to

get its license (IUPHHKm) to the people. Until 2012 resistance to the AR

CDM activities using HKM scheme license was still existed in the

community. In 2012 at one time Sekaroh Village Chief had been

threatened with a machete (traditional weapon) by some local community

because of the plan to transplant the AR CDM area.


Erroneous information which circulated among community

members was that after the area became HKm area and planted with

forest or fruit trees, their farmland would be owned by KOICA and access

to the forest by people would be prohibited. Such issue was kept circulated

by irresponsible stakeholder although effort to correct the issue had been

done several times by Sekaroh Village officials, Gapoktan Sekaroh Maju

and NGO AMPEL, and some people saw the HKm scheme as a trick to

dissipate the community.

In principle any advocacy should be done continuously with a

clear agenda, until the society changes its paradigm. Otherwise other

party would be the one who facilitate community with their own different

interests.

Technical and Non-Technical Aspects

To get the Community Based Forest Utilization License

(IUPHHKm), some requirements and processing stages were required.

Local people couldn’t possibly pass through the various requirements

and processes on their own. In this case local community should be

facilitated, either by a competent individual or some agencies which know

well HKm.

In the Minister of Forestry Regulation No 37/2007 about HKm,

Article 8, the Stepwise Procedures to designate Working Area of

Community Based Forestry is as follows:

1. Local community groups submit application for license to:

a. Governor, for the community based forestry working area, which

cross different regencies/cities in the Governor’s jurisdiction area;

b. Regent/Mayor, for the community based forestry working area with

in the Mayor’s jurisdiction area.

2. Application referred to subsection (1) is accompanied with a sketch

of requested working area and Group Identity Letter containing basic

community group data from the chief of the village.

3. Sketch of the working area shall include information on the govern-

mental administrative area, the potential forest area, coordinates with

clear boundaries that indicate the width of the area.


4. Based on the application referred to paragraph (1) , then :

a. Governor or Regent/Mayor submits a proposal to determine the

community forest working area to the Minister after verification

by a team formulated by Governor or Regent/Mayor.

b. Verification guideline is established by the Governor or Regent /

Mayor no later than one month after this Ministrial Regulation is

issued.

5. Verification as described in paragraph ( 4 ) point (a ) shall be done as

follows :

a. Verification is done by a team consisted of representatives of the

Provincial Office or the District / City Office assigned to and re-

sponsible for forestry issue.

b. Team referred in item (a) can be accompanied by relevant stake-

holders especially NGOs who have a role as facilitators.

c. Verification is done based on and according to the management

plan that has been prepared by KPH (Forest Management Unit)

or an appointed official.

d. Team completes their verification with the community baseline

data and data on region potential

e. Verification includes: the validity of the Village Chief Letter and

land feasibility for the HKm activities.

6. Based on the verification results by Verification Team, the next steps

are:

a. Verification team can reject or accept all part or some part of an

application for determination of community forestry working area.

b. Rejected application as referred to point (a), the verification team

shall report it to the Governor or Regent / Mayor .

c. Accepted application to both all part, or some part in point (a)

verification team shall submit a recommendation to the Governor

and / or the Regent / Mayor.

7. Based on the results of the verification, the Governor or Regent /

Mayor submit a proposal to establish community forest working area

to the Minister of Forestry with a map of candidate location of the

Community Forest working area with at least 1 : 50,000 scale, based


on the available base map (earth topography map), description of

the proposed area, such as physical condition of the area, socio-eco-

nomic data and forest area potential.

To meet these technical requirements local community should be

assisted. In a managerial sense local people needs facilitation to prepare

the technical requirements. Local people would become familiar with

institutional system. Fortunately, in Sekaroh village there is Gapoktan

Sekaroh Maju, which could be strengthened to facilitate local community.

Stages that would likely take a long time in establishing HKm

(Community Based Forestry) are decision on public land, area width,

location and name of the tenant farmer. All of this information should be

put in a map in accordance to the cartographic standard.

In preparation of mapping the location for each farmer working

area, all stakeholders in the region worked together laboriously. Several

stages of technical work, among others are:

• Identification of farmer whose farm was included in location of the

AR CDM area.

This activity was done by visiting directly each farm or farmer’s house

by the Sekaroh Village Officers, Gapoktan Sekaroh Maju, and NGOs

AMPEL .

• Participative Mapping in the Field

After all farmers were identified, then every farmer’s working area

was measured and mapped collaboratively. Obstacle in this case was

finding the right timing to meet up with the farmers. Sometimes, when

the team had come to the farm, the farmer was not present. A farmer’s

presence in the field was very important as it indicates a direct sup-

port from the involved farmer, and also it was needed to verify de-

tailed farm boundaries with other farmer. This activity was done by

the East Lombok Regency Forest service, officials of Jerowaru Dis-

trict, officials of Sekaroh Village, Gapoktan Sekaroh Maju and NGOs

AMPEL personnel.


Data Processing

Processing of data on farmer tenants, their farms boundaries and

width was done by the East Lombok Regency Forest Service and CER

Indonesia. The data obtained should be displayed in the form of a map

according to the requirements of the Ministry of Forestry Planning Agency.

License Application Process

The application process for license to the Governor of West Nusa

Tenggara and East Lombok Regent required documents and attachments

of a sketch map and applicant institution. To prepare all these documents

FORDA and KOICA worked together.

Each of those stages showed cooperation of many stakeholders

to prepare documents for submission to the Governor of West Nusa

Tenggara and East Lombok Regent. Without cooperation of all

stakeholders (people, Gapoktan Sekaroh Maju, NGOs AMPEL, Sekaroh

Village Chief, Jerowaru Head District, East Lombok Regency Forest

Service, West Nusa Tenggara Province Forest Service, FORDA and

KOICA), proposal documents would never be finished. From each phase

it was apparent that no institution could work alone, collaboration with

other institution would always required.

Besides technical aspects, it is also important to solve non-technical

aspects. Non-technical aspects included ensuring smooth process from

beginning of each phase and reminding all stakeholders to oversee any

obstacles. Otherwise the application documents addressed to the

Governor of West Nusa Tenggara and East Lombok Regent would be

stacked somewhere, because Regency Forest Service might be busy with

their own agendas and easily forget processing the documents and

marking boundaries of each farm area.

The role as a direct reminder to all stakeholders involved was taken

by KOICA and FORDA. KOICA and FORDA team would periodically

contact the Regency Forest Service to ask about the progress of the

activities. Beside KOICA, FORDA also directly control the progression

process by meeting any involved stakeholders. In such a way FORDA

could quickly decides the best action to counter any obstacles.


As the proposal on determination of the community forest working

area was submitted by the Regent of East Lombok to the Minister of

Forestry, the hardest task was following up the proposal in the Ministry of

Forestry bureaucracy. Ministry of Forestry is super busy handling a national

scale activity. Therefore only passively waiting for the answer about issued

license on designated area would take very long time.

To oversee the process in the Ministry of Forestry, KOICA and

FORDA ask for help directly from the Chairman of the Working Group

on Climate Change, who is also the Minister of Forestry Advisory Member

for Environment and Climate Change, Dr. Yetty Rusli. She played an

enormous role in directing and pushing all the technical and non-technical

content of the proposal that eventually the Minister of Forestry signed

the document of proposed community forest working area.

This is what cooperation and collaboration is all about. All

stakeholders worked together, starting from the local community,

Gapoktan, NGOs, Village Chiefs, District Head, East Lombok Regency

Forest Service, West Nusa Tenggara Province Forest Service up until the

Advisory Member of the Minister of Forestry for Environment and Climate

Change. All stakeholders had big role in the issuance of the license for

Community based Forestry in Sekaroh Protection Forest.

Issuance of License for Designated Working Area

The long-awaited Letter for Designation of Community Forest

Working Area, covering 1,450 Ha in the Sekaroh Protection Forest, was

eventually issued. The Minister of Forestry issued this letter on Designated

Community Forest Working Area with Decree No 356/Menhut-II/2011

dated July 7th 2011 about the Designation of Community Forest Working

Area as much as 1,450 Ha in Sekaroh Protection Forest.

While the Decree from the Minister of Forestry granted area of

1,450 ha, the area for AR CDM activities was about 309.69 ha. This

letter from the Minister of Forestry provided much flexibility to stakeholders

to select the exact area in the field for the AR CDM activity. The amount

of 1,450 ha area also indicated that degraded land in Sekaroh Protection

Forest was actually much larger, but those which has potential for


becoming HKm area was 1,450 ha. Therefore, there is still wide chance

to any stakeholder other than KOICA to participate in reforestation

program in Sekaroh Protection Forest which was already deforested prior

to January 1st 1990.

This ministerial decree served as a basic reference for the Regent

of East Lombok when establishing a definitive location for HKm. The

decree also gave a time limit for the East Lombok Regent to immediately

issue the Community based Forest Utilization License (IUPHHKm) no

later than two years after the issuance of this decree by the Minister of

Forestry.

License of East Lombok Regent Community Based Forest Utilization

(IUPHHKm)

The struggle to obtain an IUPHHKm was not finished yet with the

issuance of the Decree of the Minister of Forestry. The Ministrial Decree

was only designating certain region for HKm. However, this designation

would serve as a sign for issuance of decree for HKm from East Lombok

Regent.

In order to get the decree from East Lombok Regent, a more

detailed map of the location and the list of people involved, who were

strictly only from the local community, were needed. In the Minister of

Forestry Regulation No 37 year 2007, Local Community is defined as a

social unity consisting of citizens of the Republic of Indonesia who live in

and/or around the forest, who stay in and/or around a forest area, who

have social community with common livelihoods that depend on the

forest and their activities can affect the forest ecosystem.

With the hard work of all stakeholders, within the next ten months

the East Lombok Regent Decree was issued, precisely on May 21st 2012,

entitled Decree No. 188.45 / 443 / HUTBUN/2012 on Community Based

Forest Utilization License (IUPHHKm) addressed to Gapoktan “Sekaroh

Maju” Sekaroh Village, Jerowaru District, East Lombok.

89Carbon Potential of Sekaroh

CHAPTER XII.

CARBON POTENTIAL OF SEKAROH

Breakthrough on Plants Species Composition

In the Forestry Ministerial Decree No P. 22/Menhut-V/2007 about

Technical and Implementation Guidelines on the National Action for

Forest and Land Rehabilitation in 2007, species composition for

reforestation program of Protection Forest Area consists of at least 60%

of timber tree species and at the maximum 40% of MPTS (timber/sap

producing/fruit/skin harvested trees). The timber tree species in this case

is those which have long rotation.

According to the agreement with local community and public

figure, for land rehabilitation activities in Sekaroh Protection Forest in

form of HKm, there would be balance percentage between timber tree

and fruit (MPTS) tree species, which was 50% to 50% that would be

planted. The reason behind this decision was due to the biophysical

condition, i.e. extremely high temperature and in close proximity to the

sea, also because of low economy condition of the community.

With higher percentage of fruit tree species it was expected that

farmer who formerly cultivated annual crops, i.e. corn, would willingly

change to perennial commodity, such as fruits, which have annual harvest

and could potentially improve the environment and local economic

conditions. With this new composition, it is expected that local people

that previously refused rehabilitation program would accept it and like to

keep the transplanted plants.


The adoption of equal 50%:50% percentages between forest and

fruits tree species was the first case implemented in Indonesia. If this

strategy succeeded to improve the vegetation cover in a marginal area

which has high conflict on it, this solution model could be applied to

other locations in Indonesia. This method was expected to have less

negative impact to various stakeholders, because the purpose of this

program was to improve local vegetation cover, economy condition of

local community, also to absorb greenhouse gas emissions, as Indonesia

contribution to mitigate global climate change.

Forest Tree Species

Selected forest tree species were those which had been proven

can grow and adapt to Sekaroh Protection Forest biophysical conditions.

The species were mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla), Imbe/ neem

(Azadirachta indica), trembesi (Albizia saman Jacq.) and khaya (Khaya

anthotheca).

Local communities were also already familiar with those species.

In previous rehabilitation activities of Sekaroh Protection Forest, all of

these species had been planted and grown well.

Mahogany

The mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) was a broad-leaved

mahogany. This plant grows at altitude of 0-1500 m above sea level,

annual temperature of 11 - 36oC and annual rainfall of 1524-5085 mm

(BPT 1986). This tree is economically important, because the timber can

be used for building and utensils. Mahogany is one of the priority species

for commercial tree plantation and reforestation of production forest.

Mahogany is a large tree with the height reach 35-40m and diameter

reach 125 cm. The trunk has a straight cylindrical shape and has no

buttress (Figure 16). The outer skin has blackish brown color, shallow

grooved like scales, while the bark is grayish and smooth when its younger,

then turned dark brown, furrowed and flaked after it gets older (http://

iman56.blogspot.com ).


Figure 16. Mahogany tree crops CDM activities in Protected Areas Sekaroh


According to the Indonesian Timber Atlas Book, mahogany can

grow well in areas with long dry season, i.e. has A - D precipitation type.

It grows on slightly clay and thin soils, altitude up to 1,000 m above sea

level. Timber density average is 0.61, with wood strength class included

into the class II - III (good - fair).

Trembesi

Trembesi (Albizia saman, synonym Samanea saman) also called

Ki Hujan or Rain Tree, is a large tree with a height reach 20 meters and

very wide canopy (Figure 17). Trembesi tree has a wide root dispersal

network, which makes it less suitable for gardening because it may damage

the building and road. Lately the government’s launch of one man one

tree program promotes trembesi plantation in all areas of Indonesia. At

the State Palace, there are two trembesi trees which was planted by the

first president of Indonesia, Ir . Sukarno, and still preserved well up until

now. (http://alamendah.org).

According to Oey Djoen Seng (1951) in the wood density database

(ICRAF), its wood has a specific gravity of 0.61 which shows that trembesi

wood is classified as moderate.

Neem / Imbe

Azadirachta indica or neem has a local name mimba or nimbi.

Neem trees can adapt in the tropics (Figure 18). In Indonesia, neem trees

can grow well in a lowland area with an altitude 800 meters above sea

level. In Indonesia high number of neem trees grow in East Java, Central

Java , West Java, Bali, and West Nusa Tenggara (NTB) . Generally neem

tree is planted as a road shade tree (Rukmana and Oesman 2002).

Mimbe is local name in Lombok people, has Azadirachta indica

as its botanical name (http://isroi.com). Mimba grows well in Sekaroh

protection Forest, which made it as selected species for this rehabilitation

activity.


Figure 17. A Trembesi tree in Sekaroh Forest Protection


Figure 18. Mimba tree is suitable and grow well

in Sekaroh Protection Forest Lindug Sekaroh


Khaya (Khaya anthotheca)

Another forest tree species which was transplanted at the AR CDM

activity of Sekaroh protection Forest was Khaya (Khaya anthotheca).

The species belongs to Meliaceae family. This is not indigenous species

in Indonesia. It naturally spreads out in tropical regions of Africa. In that

region the species is the main internationally traded timber species, known

as African-mahogany. The species is fast growing and have good prospect

for further larger scale development (Irwanto 2007).

The species could grow in dry area, with rainfall between 1500

mm to more than 3000 mm a year. In dry area (rainfall between 1500 –

2000 mm/year) it grows better. Average rainy days is between 70 to 190

days, and average temperature is between 20 o – 26.5o C, with average

humidity 72.88% (Irwanto 2007).

The highest carbon potential in 2020 among the four tree species

is mahogany (Swietenia macrophylla) which amounts as much as 14.946

tons CO2e. Second higher carbon potential after 20-year-old crop is

trembesi which has as much as 14.245 tons CO2e (see Figure 19).

Figure 19. Carbon potential of the four forest tree species.

-

2,000

4,000

6,000

8,000

10,000

12,000

14,000

16,000

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19

ANGRS (t CO

2)

Age (Year)

Trembesi

Neem/Imbe

Khaya

Mahogany


Fruit Tree Species

The selection of some fruit trees to be planted was not only because

of their suitability with the planting site, but also from public suggestion.

Based on public survey conducted in November 2010, main fruit trees

favored by majority of people were tamarind, srikaya , mango and nangka

(jackfruit ).

Nangka (Jackfruit)

Nangka (Artocarpus heterophyllus) is well known to Sekaroh

people. Actually it’s not indigenous species of Indonesia. Originally it

came from South India, then emigrated and distributed throughout the

world including Indonesia.

At Sekaroh Protection Forest nangka trees could be found in several

places, which had been planted by local people (Figure 20). This fruit

tree is tropical plant species, and so its distribution and development is

mostly happened in region with tropical climate. Indonesian people have

long been familiar with this species. Nangka fruit is available all the time,

regardless of season. In Indonesia this fruit tree could be found almost

everywhere, at the people farm or garden without serious maintenance

(www.deptan.go.id).

Asam (Tamarind)

Asam tree (Tamarindus indica) grows well around Sekaroh

Protection Forest and become source of income for Sekaroh people

(Figure 21). Asam tree usually bears fruit in dry season. This has become

a blessing for Sekaroh people, because during dry season corn is not

produced and instead tamarind is the source of income for local people.

Besides as source of additional income, asam tree also is useful

for shade tree along the road. Many house gardens are planted with

asam tree, because this tree is shady and suitable for dry area.

Srikaya

Srikaya (Annona squamosa) is relatively new introduced plant

species to Sekaroh people by the government (Figure 22). Srikaya was


Figure 20. Jackfruit tree grows well in Sekaroh Protection Forest


Figure 21. Tamarind grows well in Sekaroh Protection Forest


Figure 22. Srikaya grows and produces fruit well in Sekaroh Protection


started being cultivated around Sekaroh about 2007/2008, at which time

most local people had rejected the plant. Few people wanted to grow

srikaya.

After srikaya trees produced fruits and the people who had grown

it harvested the fruit, those people who formerly rejected were started to

accept srikaya. This land rehabilitation program at Sekaroh has included

srikaya as one of tree species that would be planted, because of its

suitability to the biophysical land condition, also due to local people

selection.

Mangga (Mango)

Mango (Mangifera indica) is perennial fruit tree which is easily

cultivated (Figure 23). This tree could be found throughout Indonesia,

including East Lombok. Even though the fruit tree is familiar only some

few people in Sekaroh grows the tree. Mangga could be found grow well

in several places of Sekaroh Protection Forest.

This land rehabilitation program in Sekaroh Protection Forest had

selected mangga as one of fruit tree species to be planted because of its

suitability with the planting site and the recommendation from Sekaroh

local people. The price of mangga seedling is relatively more expensive

than other species, that supplying effort could not meet demand for

seedlings requested by local people who wanted to plant it.

The reasons why people selected those trees were because of the

good harvest and their familiarity as fruit crops in Sekaroh Village. In

2011 and 2012 both srikaya and tamarind production in Sekaroh were

considered good enough that people’s perception about these species

was also good. Those fruit trees were planted by local people in Sekaroh

Protection Forest and some private land of local people who are not

participant farmer of HKm.

The highest carbon potential among four fruit tree species is asam.

Carbon potential of each fruit tree can be seen in Figure 24 for srikaya

(Annona squamosa), mango (Mangifera indica), jackfruit (Artocarpus

heterophyllus) and tamarind (Tamarindus indica).


Figure 23 Mangga tree grows well in Sekaroh Protection Forest


Figure 25. Total Carbon Potential in 309 Ha Area of Sekaroh Protection Forest

Figure 24. Carbon potential of each fruit tree for 30 years

-

500

1,000

1,500

2,000

2,500

3,000

3,500

4,000

1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20

Woody

Fruits

Soil

-

1,000

2,000

3,000

4,000

5,000

6,000

7,000

1 3 5 7 9 11 13 15 17 19

ANGRS (t CO2)

Age (Year)

Srikaya

Mangga (Mango)

Asam (Tamarind)

Nangka (Jackfruit)


Total Carbon

Total carbon is the total sum up of the carbon potential of forest

and fruit tree species. Although the main purpose of this rehabilitation

was not really to get the value of carbon trading, but if that is possible,

then it would be done. Calculation on the carbon potential of the eight

tree species, which were transplanted together with the community, had

been done.

The amount of carbon of forest tree species at 20 years of age

would be 42.127 tons CO2e. While the potential of carbon of fruit tree

species at 20 years age would be 22.777 tons CO2e. This suggested that

carbon potential of forest tree species was 19.349 tons CO2e higher than

fruit tree species.

Total carbon sequestered by forest and fruit tree species after 20

years of age would be 64.904 tons CO2e. If added with an estimated soil

carbon potential, which would increase as much as 0.5 tons C per hectare/

year, then the total carbon in an area of 309 ha in the Sekaroh Protection

Forest would be 75.667 tons CO2e (see Figure 25).

105Validation Activity

CHAPTER XIII.

VALIDATION ACTIVITY

Brief Information about JACO CDM

Validation is one of the stages in the MPB (AR CDM activities)

that must be conducted to earn Certified Emission Reduction (CER) from

the UNFCCC. Until the end of 2012, there is no institution which would

conduct validation activities in Indonesia.

Institution that performs validation on AR CDM activities in

Sekaroh Protection Forest, East Lombok was JACO CDM from Japan.

JACO CDM received CDM-AP indication letter dated February 5th 2005

for all sectors scope. This letter showed that the CDM-AP agreed for

JACO CDM to recommend Executive Board to accredit the applicant

institution.

UNFCCC CDM Executive Board accredited JACO CDM as

temporary Designated Operational Entity (DOE) to perform validation

for sector 1 (energy industry), 2 (energy distribution) and 3 (energy

demand) dated February 23th 2005 and sector14 (Afforestation/

Reforestation) on August, 2008 (ww.jaco-cdm.com). List of sectors in

the UNFCCC:

1. Energy industries (renewable-/non - renewable sources )

2. Energy distribution

3. Energy demand

4. Manufacturing industries


5. Chemical industry

6. Construction

7. Transport

8. Mining/Mineral production

9. Metal production

10.Fugitive emissions from fuels (solid, oil and gas)

11.Fugitive emissions from production and consumption of halocar-

bons and sulfur hexafluoride

12.Solvents use

13.Waste handling and disposal

14.Afforestation and reforestation

15.Agriculture

KOICA choose JACO CDM as a validator for AR CDM activities

in East Lombok based on the JACO CDM track record which already

has conducted many validation activities. By selecting institution that

have been accredited by UNFCCC and has many experiences as a

validator, the validation process is expected to run smoothly and all

stakeholders in East Lombok and Indonesia could learn a good lesson

about validation process.

Things Questioned By Validator

Validation activity in the field was carried out by JACO CDM in

East Lombok on July 6th to 14th 2011. Things that were asked by JACO

CDM in its validation activities were those commonly asked at auditing.

For the AR CDM activity the questions were mostly about the AR CDM

methodology and activities in the field. In general, questions and field

inspection by validator were:

1. Argument for Methodology Selection

Project developer needs to explain in detail the reason for selecting a

methodology to the validator. One methodology was selected based

on land suitability out from the available methodologies. Methodol-


ogy for a forest area destined for timber production will be different

with methodology available for a protection forest. Similarly, for

peatland area will be different from an area with mineral soil.

The selected methodology for AR CDM activity in East Lombok

was initially methodology of Clean Development Mechanism Project

Design Document form For Small - Scale Afforestation and

Reforestation Project Activities (CDM-SSC-AR-PDD) Version 02. Later

after some changes in the UNFCCC methodology, this project

methodology was adjusted with the new changes which is AR -

AMS0007 methodology or Simplified Baseline And Monitoring

Methodologies For Small Scale CDM Afforestation And Reforestation

Project Activities Implemented A On Lands Other Than Wetlands.

2. Project Proponent

Project developer needs to explain to the validator about project pro-

ponent. The reasons why the institution A or B served as project

proponent. In the case of AR CDM activities in Sekaroh Protection

Forest the project proponents consists of several institutions, namely:

• Gapoktan Sekaroh Maju (IUPHHKm license Holder), as field ex-

ecutor.

• East Lombok Regency Forest Service (Dishutbun), as a facilitator

and monitoring field activities.

• West Nusa Tenggara Provincial Forest Service, as facilitator.

• Forest Research and Development Agency (FORDA), Ministry of

Forestry, as a facilitator and monitoring activities.

• Korea International Cooperation Agency (KOICA), as the fund-

ing donor.

3. Project Location Boundary

The project boundary would be asked and ground-checked by the

validator. The project boundary in the field must be in accordance

with what is scribed in the map.

4. Planted Tree Species

The reason for selecting the plant species needed to be explained.

Was selection of plant species based on land biophysical factor, com-


munity perceptions or high carbon sequestration? Or was it due to

combination of all the factors above? Selection on plant species for

Sekaroh Protection Forest was based on their suitability to the plant-

ing site (land biophysical condition) and positive perception of the

community towards these trees.

5. Land biophysical conditions (soil type, temperature and precipita-

tion)

While conducting field survey the validator would also cross check

data in the PDD document. Usually validator also brings soil experts

to check whether the soil at the planting site is in accordance with the

type of soil in the PDD document.

6. Suitability of land with requirements for CDM (land cover < 30 %)

Besides using GIS, land cover could also be measured using

densiometer tool. Estimation of canopy closure could be done using

the approach of ‘Chart For Estimating Proportions Of Mottles And

Coarse Fragments’.

7. Stakeholders perceptions towards CDM activity

To know the stakeholders perception towards the AR CDM activity

on the ground, validator would communicate directly with the local

stakeholders. Communication with stakeholders was conducted by

JACO CDM with local people, Gapoktan Sekaroh Maju, Sekaroh

Village Chief, Jerowaru District Head, East Lombok Regency Forest

Service (Dishutbun) and West Nusa Tenggara Provincial Forest Ser-

vice, including facilitator NGO (AMPEL).

8. PDD contents and ground checks

In general the validator will question all the contents of the Project

Plan Document (PRD), and if ground check is needed, they will see

the field condition. Location, boundaries, type of plant, plant spac-

ing, soil type, seedling sources, involved stakeholders, and the others

mentioned in the PRD document will be ground checked.

For one week JACO CDM checked the PDD structures that must

match the selected methodology. As validator, JACO CDM questioned

the reasons for selecting the methodology and suitability between the


selected methodology with field condition. Discussion about PDD content

was done by JACO CDM with KOICA, FORDA and CER Indonesia.

Local Stakeholders Discussion

Among JACO CDM validation activities as mentioned earlier was

discussion with local stakeholders (Figure 26 and 27). This was done by

JACO CDM because in the PDD it was listed participating stakeholders

in the AR CDM activities in Sekaroh Protection Forest. Anything stated

in the PDD would be verified by the validator whether information in

PDD is true.

JACO CDM team met local community, Gapoktan Sekaroh Maju,

Jerowaru District Head, East Lombok Regency Forest Service and West

Nusa Tenggara Provincial Forest Service. Meeting schedule with

stakeholders in the province could be seen at Table 8.

Figure 26. JACO CDM team held a discussion with Jerowaru Head District,

Dishutbun East Lombok, Sekaroh Village Chief,

and Gapoktan Sekaroh Maju.


Central Stakeholders Discussion

After JACO CDM team met stakeholders in the NTB province

then had meeting with the Ministry of Forestry. Meeting with the Ministry

of Forestry was conducted to obtain information on policy of the Ministry

of Forestry on CDM issue.

Meeting with the Ministry of Forestry was done on July 15, 2011

at the Ministry of Forestry Office. The meeting was attended by the

Chairman of the Working Group on Climate Change, which also the

Ministry of Forestry Advisor for Environment and Climate Change, Dr.

Yetti Rusli, the representatives of Directorate of Land Rehabilitation and

Social Forestry (RLPS), FORDA, representatives of CER Indonesia and

representatives of KOICA (Figure 28).

Figure 27. JACO CDM team taking photo together

with West Nusa Tenggara Provincial Forestry Agency,

KOICA, FORDA, and CER Indonesia


Table 8. Meeting Schedule of JACO CDM team with Stakeholders

In this meeting it was discussed about the License from the Minister

of Forestry on Allocated Area for HKm that had been issued and Letter

of Recommendation from the Minister of Forestry toward CDM activities

in Sekaroh Protection Forest. The Ministry of Forestry was very helpful in

this case and JACO CDM team response to the Ministry of Forestry

commitment was very positive.

Lessons From The Validator

Validator will validate the prepared PDD document. Validator in

principle will help the project proponent to endorse the document to the

UNFCCC.

No Date Location Stakeholders Agenda

1 July 12th

2011

Sekaroh

Protection Forest

Sekaroh

Citizen

Revealing community

perception.

2 July 12th

2011

Jerowaru District

Head Office

Gapoktan

Sekaroh Maju

Discover Gapoktan

perception about CDM

activities in Sekaroh

Protection Forest

3 July 12th

2011

Jerowaru District

Head Office

Jerowaru

District Head

Discover government

perception toward CDM

activities in Sekaroh

Protection Forest

4 July 12th

2011

Forest and

Agriculture Service

(Dishutbun) East

Lombok

Forest and

Agriculture

Service

(Dishutbun)

East Lombok

Discover Forest and

Agriculture Service

(Dishutbun) East

Lombok perception

about the CDM activities

in Sekaroh Protection

Forest

5 July 13th

2011

West Nusa

Tenggara

Provincial Forest

Service Office

West Nusa

Tenggara

Provincial

Forest Service

Gain information and

support from West Nusa

Tenggara Provincial

Forest Service toward

the CDM activities in

Sekaroh Protection

Forest


Figure 28. Meeting of JACO CDM Team with the Chairman of the Working Group

on Climate Change, Ministry of Forestry, Dr. Yetti Rusli.

JACO CDM validation team had already submitted the CDM PDD

of Sekaroh Protection Forest to the UNFCCC about two months after

field inspection. Issuance of CDM documents of Sekaroh Protection Forest

on the UNFCCC website was not suspected by the proponent from

Indonesia. Some part of this document was still revised, i.e the IUPHHKm

license from East Lombok Regency, Statement Letter of CDM Eligibility

from East Lombok Regent and Recommendation Letter from the Minister

of Forestry.

The presence of the validator was really helpful for the proponents.

Some deficiencies that still existed in the PDD document were noted for

revision. Validators had worked professionally and assisted proponents

to endorse the document to the UNFCCC.

About matching land suitability with the methodology, validator

suggested to perform detailed calculations on land cover by digitized

every tree in the field. This performance ensured that the methodology


selection was correct. The validator team directly looked at the condition

of the soil and reminded to ensure suitability ofplant species with soil

conditions. The presence of validator team in principle had helped

proponent to improve documents that would be sent to the UNFCCC

Secretariat.

115Obstacle/Experience from Initial 30 Ha Plantation

CHAPTER XIV.

OBSTACLE/EXPERIENCEFROM INITIAL 30 HA PLANTATION

Experience from Initial 30 Ha Plantation

Agriculture and agricultural development has been directly and

indirectly responsible for about 31% of global GHG emission (IPCC,

2007). Any effort to reduce the emission should be aware of continuous

people need for food, feed and fiber, also increasing demand of animal

protein among influential consumer groups, regardless of government

and other parties’ efforts to restrain it. To fulfill those competing demands

modern technology is needed to increase production from limited land

resource; and political solution which understands and resolve potential

conflicts on various contradictory land uses (Rudel, 2011). The existence

of conflict of interest was the main reason for CDM Program in East

Lombok to implement various strategies to achieve its main objective.

KOICA strategy to first plant approximately 10% of the plan which

was 30 ha was correct. The purposes were among others, to observe

support from the stakeholders, planting site suitability, also KOICA was

in the phase of nurseries establishment and other technical matters. By

planting 30 ha at the initial stage it was possible to evaluate any

unfavorable factors, any good result or the right approach model to be

performed.

From the evaluation of the initial 30 ha plantation area, it was

concluded that planting program was failed as indicated by survival


percentage. The cause of failure was technical and non- technical factors.

Technical problems were low rainfall and extreme climate in Sekaroh

Protection Forest. To overcome this obstacle, an intensive maintenance

by watering crops during dry season is necessary.

Watering plants during the dry season has been done for an area

of 309.69 ha based on the evaluation of 30 ha plantation. Gapoktan

Sekaroh Maju was authorized to distribute water to the entire plantation

area. Source of water for irrigation was taken from an artificial pond and

the renewed and deepened pond owned by the Village Chief.

By adding a watering program, the number of died plant could

be reduced during dry season. The water availability in the ponds had

help local community also during dry season. KOICA had planned to

add the number of pond for communities in the Sekaroh Protection Forest.

Non-technical problem was local community suspicion about the

AR CDM activity, which might take their access rights and drive them out

from their farmlands. This information was very important, so that when

the time came to plant the entire area (309.69 ha), KOICA team, FORDA,

and Gapoktan Sekaroh Maju needed to make an intensive approach to

the people. In this case the team had thought of involving local NGO

AMPEL from Jerowaru, East Lombok to communicate intensively with

local people.

AMPEL approach was quite effective in reality. Equipped with

ability to speak local language and experience on advocacy, AMPEL

NGO could convince people who formerly refused the program into

participating, that slowly the survival of transplanted plants was improved.

Social Obstacles

Results and evaluation of initial 30 ha plantation was very

important as lesson learned for everybody, especially for this program.

Social barrier came from local people habit which is used to plant corn

and think that only corn could grow well in Sekaroh Protection Forest;

also the habit of livestock grazing in Sekaroh Protection Forest. Both

issues could seriously obstruct the plantation if it did not solve completely

and immediately.


In order to overcome social barrier by changing local people

opinion that only corn could grow and give economic benefit in Sekaroh

Protercted Forest, the team taught local people calculating the economic

return of the other planted plants. This calculation was based on planted

trees NPV (net present value) and a simple calculation from local people

experiences around Sekaroh .

Some of local community around Sekaroh Protection Forest was

already grew tamarind, srikaya, mango and jackfruit. Some people had

three some others had up to seven trees of mango and tamarind. Fruit

production from the mango, tamarind, jackfruit and srikaya trees turned

out to be high enough.

Most people already knew that harvest from the mango, tamarind,

jackfruit and srikaya trees in Sekaroh was adequately high, but they had

not want to follow the example from their neighbor. The program team

tried to encourage people doing calculations based on the local harvest.

Extension program on calculating economic return of fruit trees was done

together with field facilitators, i.e. Chairman of Gapoktan (Budi

Mulyawan), Chairman of the Block II (Hermanto) and field facilitator of

AMPEL NGO, Turmuzi.

According to them the surrounding communities of Sekaroh who

had 5 -year -old srikaya would be able to earn Rp 200,000.-/tree. A 7-

year–old tamarind was able to gave Rp 1,000,000,-/tree. A 8 -year -old

jackfruit was able to gave Rp 350,000.-/tree. A 8 -year -old mango was

able to earn Rp 800,000.-/ tree. If simplified after 8 years program when

all planted trees could be harvested, assuming that each people have 30

trees, then each farmer would get approximately Rp 70,000,000.-/farmer/

year (see Table 9). Meanwhile the benefit from corn harvest was only

between Rp 500,000.- -5,500,000.-/ha per harvesting season.

To overcome the problem of cattle grazing in Sekaroh Protection

Forest, people had agreed to make awig awig (social norms in East

Lombok). Awig awig for HKm (community based forestry) in Sekaroh

Protection Forest has been established on March 20th 2013. The

agreement was signed by the Chairman and Secretary of Gapoktan


Table 9. Types and numbers and potential incomes of fruit tree species

Sekaroh Maju, Sekaroh village chief, BPD Sekaroh Chairman and

Jerowaru District Head.

In East Lombok community social life the presence of awig awig

is respected by community. People rarely dare enough to violate awig

awig because they would be customary punishment by the local

community. The presence of awig awig would bring positive impact to

the program. Using awig awig, grazing cattle was done outside the area

of AR CDM activities.

Policy

The most complete explanation on CDM policies could be found

in the Minister of Forestry Regulation No: P.14/Menhut-II/2004 on

Procedures for Afforestation and Reforestation under the Clean

Development Mechanism Framework. According to this regulation the

area that may be used for CDM activity is either forest (plantation forest)

area, or customary forest or state land, or privately owned land. It does

not include conservation areas or Protection Forests. So far, it seemed

impossible to have CDM activity at conservation and protected areas

because it is not stated the regulation No 14/2004.

No Types No. harvested

tree Result/tree (Rp) Result/ha (Rp)

1 Srikaya 30 200,000.- 6,000,000.-

2 Jackfruit 30 350,000.- 10,500,000.-

3 Mango 30 800,000.- 24,000,000.-

4 Tamarind 30 1,000,000.- 30,000,000.-

Total 70,000,000.-

Source: Join calculation between Budi Mulyawan (Chair of Gapoktan), Hermanto

(Head Blok II) dan Turmuzi (NGO Ampel) 2013.


In this Regulation P.14/2004 it is also mentioned about License

on Environment Services Utilization (IUPJL), of which the IUPJL has

been considered as one of the factors inhibiting A/R CDM activities in

Indonesia. For the A/R CDM projects implemented in National Parks,

the requirement of IUPJL becomes inhibiting factor because none

institution would like to take the license.

To correct those obstacles found in P.14/2012, the Ministry of

Forestry issued a Ministerial Regulation No P. 20/Menhut-II/2012 on

Implementation of the Forest Carbon. In this latest regulation it was stated

that implementation of forest carbon activities could be done in

production, protection, and conservation forest areas (Article 3, paragraph

3).

Chapter 6, verse 4 says “Executor of forest carbon derived from

implementation through demonstration activities and new implementation

without going through demonstration activities”, are as follow (point e),

Holders of License on Community Forest Utilization (HKm). Ministerial

Decree No. 356/Menhut-II/2011 on Designation of Community Forestry

Working Area Covering An Area of 1,450 ha in East Lombok, West

Nusa Tenggara Province, was followed by the Regent of East Lombok

Decree No. 188.45/443/HUTBUN/2012. In the HKm Decree the

Community Forest Utilization License includes activities such as (point

2); Environmental Services Utilization which includes: Utilization of water

services, eco-tourism, biodiversity protection, environmental protection

and carbon absorption and/or storage.

Technical and Institutional Issues

Each region has unique characteristic, which could also mean that

each area has a specific obstacle. Sekaroh Protection Forest, which is

referred by some as an extreme zone both from the point of view of its

regional condition and community character, the success of land

rehabilitation activities was rarely happened.

On the other hand, the local community institution is not developed

well. Existing formal institutions are already busy with their own problems.

One of the agencies that could be expected to focus on coordination


with local society is Gapoktan Sekaroh Maju. As an institution that is

directly related to farmers, Gapoktan Sekaroh Maju should have a

structured program in accordance with institutional founding chapter (AD/

ART). Reality was this institution could not run effectively.

Gapoktan does not have a well-organized program yet. It was

difficult even to conduct monthly meetings.

The existence of the AR CDM program had already pushed

Gapoktan Sekaroh Maju personnel to work with farmer members,

especially those involved in the AR CDM activities. The coordinative

work between Gapoktan personnel and farmers mostly happened on

the ground field. Gapoktan personnel would routinely supervise farmers

on several planting phases, such as land-clearing, planting preparation,

planting, maintenance activities, and replanting.

After all trees were planted Gapoktan personnel was also actively

involved with farmers through watering activities and inspecting the

condition of the plant. Thus the local institutions slowly had started to

live.

The presence of AMPEL NGO in community facilitation had also

indirectly helped the local institution more alive. AMPEL NGO which

has a lot of advocating experience had provided transforming information

to the community and local public figure.

In the future Gapoktan institution needed to be strengthened

because Gapoktan is a local institution that has direct contact with the

farmers. Some remaining problem of Gapoktan was lack of facilities

capacity, that it was necessary to increase Human Resources (HR) capacity

and supplying equipments such as computers and printers. Until now

Gapoktan Sekaroh Maju does not have a computer and printer yet. This

is understandable because main infrastructure such as electrical source

to operate computer has not been stable yet.

Human resource development was still required for Gapoktan to

improve both institutional and administrative system. Increased ability

of institutional and administrative system would enable Gapoktan to take

better role in the improvement of society and the environment in Sekaroh.


Any new stakeholders entering Sekaroh could strengthen Gapoktan

institution by increasing human resource development and provision of

facilities. As such future land rehabilitation activities in Sekaroh could

improve the quality of the environment, human resources and local

community incomes.

123Presentation at the National Committee of CDM

CHAPTER XV.

PRESENTATION ATTHE NATIONAL COMMITTEE OF CDM

Presentation Contents

Presentation of project proponent in front of National Committee

of CDM (KOMNAS MPB) is one of stages in the AR CDM activity. The

objective of such presentation is to evaluate administrative and technical

conformity of the proposal document content to any national regulation.

Proponent team presentation had been done on 22 July 2013 at the

National Committee of CDM, and the Letter of Approval (LoA) for the

AR CDM activity had been issued on 7 October 2013 (see Attachment

11).

In order to make easy for project proponent to present their case,

the National Committee of CDM has prepared technical reference for

presentation. Points that should be delivered by project proponent in

their presentation are:

• Project title. Name of project developer and project location

• Scope of content. Contained parts of contents which will be deliv-

ered in the presentation

• Proponent (company) profile. Project proponent/developer has

to give date and year of company establishment, capital owner, man-

agement board, company location, number of companies, line of

business, capacity and amount of product/service, scope of market-

ing, company operational method and project contact person


• Project design. In this part the proponent give information on: type

of project, date and year of project establishment, early project op-

eration, location, company’s interest to the project, incoming benefit

for the company, condition of company performance before the

project started, company condition after the project started, general

project design, and blueprint of the project design

• Project funding. In this case project proponent give information

on: funding scheme (self financing, loan, joint, grant etc), CER distri-

bution sheme among stakeholders (if any), and responsibility scheme

among stakeholders (if any)

• Technical project design. Proponent in this case give information

on:applied technology, raw material, amount of raw material and its

supply, project capacity, project utilization, amount of reduced CO2

and crediting period.

• Project methodology. In this case proponent has to give informa-

tion on: adopted methodology for the project, scope of sectors,

baseline methodology, monitoring and additionality.

• Criteria for sustainable development. In this case proponent

should give information on: criteria for sustainable environment,

economy, social and technology

• Conclusion and project time table. Proponent should give in-

formation on: estimated CER obtained, benefit for the company, sur-

rounding local community, environment and project time table.

Sustainable National Development

Any CDM activity should support sustainable national

development.CDM activity should not contradict the main objective of

national development. Participants in the meeting came from various

Ministries technically involved in CDM activity. In order to ensure the

activity conform with the objective of national development the

participants did not only inquire the technical detail of the activity, but

also and its relationship with sustainable national development.


There are four criteria for linking sustainable national development

with CDM program as follow:

1. Criteria for sustainable environment. There are four indicators need

to be shown, i.e.:

• The project should not disturb the sustainability of local ecologi-

cal function of soil, climate and hydrology

• The project meets environmental quality threshold and do not

generate more emission

• The project does not have the potential of disturbing the function

of biodiversity protection in the area and surrounding area, and

in accordance with the land use

• The project does not have the potential of disturbing human health

and safety, with documented effort for health and safety at work

2. Criteria for sustainable economy. The indicators are as follow:

• The project does not reduce local community income; with visible

effort to avoid such possibility; including possibility of lay off

• The project does not disturb public services such as water supply,

health and education quality, and electric supply

3. Criteria for social sustainability. Several indicators that should be shown

are:

• The project has been consulted to the authority with visible effort

to response on input from the authority

• The project does not disturb social integrity of local community

with visible effort to overcome any negative impact.

4. Criteria for sustainable technology. In this case proponent should

shown indicator for independence from foreign technology; applying

proven new technology; also increase local capacity.

The presentation

The presentation of the AR CDM activity in Sekaroh Protection

Forest, East Lombok at the National Committee of CDM (DNPI) was

done on 22 July 2013 at 13.30 – 14.30. Project proponent of the AR

CDM in Sekaroh Protection Forest, as stated in the PDD was Gapoktan


Sekaroh Maju (Beholder of license for IUPHHKm) East Lombok Regency

Forest Service, NTB Province Forest Service, FORDA and KOICA.

The meeting was chaired by Dicky Edwin Hindarto, Coordinator

of Carbon Trade Division – National Committee for Climate Change/

Coordinator of National Committee of CDM Secretariat. Several questions

in this meeting came from DNPI, Ministry of Forestry, Ministry of

Agriculture, Ministry of Finance, and National Landuse Agency.

The AR CDM in Sekaroh Protection Forest is CDM activity in

forestry sector; therefore most questions came from the Ministry of Forestry

as technical ministry. The questions among others were:

• Relationship of the project with the Ministerial Regulation No.14

year 2004, especially on License for Environmental Service

• Allometric equation used for calculating carbon content

• Why proponent was still interested in CDM rather than REDD+?

• Was it possible to change this activity to other mechanism than

CDM?

To answer those questions proponent had explained that according

to Regulation No P.14/2004 the area for CDM activity is forest or plantation

forest area, customary forest, state land of privately owned land. It is not

conservation area or protection forest. The P.14/2004 also mentions about

license for environmental service utilization (IUPJL), of which has been

regarded as inhibiting establishment of AR CDM activity in Indonesia.

To correct those two obstacles found in P.14/2012, the Ministry of

Forestry issued a Ministerial Regulation No P. 20/Menhut-II/2012 on

Implementation of the Forest Carbon. In this latest regulation it was stated

that implementation of forest carbon activities could be done in

production, protection, and conservation forest areas (Article 3, paragraph

3). Chapter 6, verse 4 says “Executor of forest carbon derived from

implementation through demonstration activities and new implementation

without going through demonstration activities”, are as follow (point e),

Holders of License on Community Forest Utilization (HKm).

Ministerial Decree No. 356/Menhut-II/2011 on Designation of

Community Forestry Working Area Covering An Area of 1,450 ha in


East Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara Province, was followed by the Regent

of East Lombok Decree No. 188.45/443/HUTBUN/2012. In the HKm

Decree the Community Forest Utilization License includes activities such

as (point 2); Environmental Services Utilization which includes: Utilization

of water services, eco-tourism, biodiversity protection, environmental

protection and carbon absorption and/or storage.

The proponent also explained that the allometric equation used

was developed by Ketterings et al. (2001). Kettering method was used

because it differentiates each tree species based on its wood density. In

this AR CDM there were 8 different tree species planted. Each tree species

has different characteristic and wood density. Up to that point the team

had not found any allometric equation that match Sekaroh land

biophysical condition. There are many published allometric equations;

however none of them is for those tree species planted, except mahogany.

Most allometric equations do not differentiate species with respective

wood density, that equation from Kettering et al. (2001) was best applied

for this AR CDM activity. Other reason for using this equation was its

user-friendly, that it will be easily used by local community to monitor

increment of carbon potential.

The AR CDM project was implemented because that was the type

of activity which would be done by Korea. Compared to REDD+ the

CDM project activity was still in line with REDD+, which is reducing

deforestation by increasing carbon sink thru plantation. Changing the

project into REDD+ would require changing its methodology according

to suggested methodology for REDD+ activity. Carbon credit was not

the main focus of this project, because the main project objectives were

effort for land rehabilitation, increase local community welfare, transform

the mindset on forest function, and giving new information to local people

that they could get income not only from corn cultivation, but also from

planting fruit and forest trees. At the moment a change in mindset had

happened, that maintaining forest and fruit trees could give chances to

increase local community income.

129Stakeholders Comments

CHAPTER XVI.

STAKEHOLDERS COMMENTS

Figure 29. Hermanto –

Leader of Blok II

Community Still Needs NGO Advocacy

Sekaroh community, especially

farmer member of HKm now agrees with

the activities carried out by KOICA and

FORDA. Explanation from KOICA and

FORDA now makes sense to the society.

The growth percentage nowadays

reaches 85% after replanting. I and the

community are taking care of the planted

trees because we believe those trees would

bring profit in the future. The public wants

to change their economic life.

I think KOICA activity is very

beneficial to the environment. Sekaroh

Protection Forest has a very hot weather,

if KOICA plants grow well, then it would bring a mild weather. People

really are looking for harvesting the fruit. If the fruit trees grow well they

believed that it can increase community income. For that purpose society

will continue to take care of the plant.

People still need advocacy from NGO because NGO can increase

local community knowledge, and (Ampel in particular) can provide a

reasonable explanation for the community.


Figure 30. Budi Mulyawan –

Leader of Gapoktan Sekaroh

Maju

Gapoktan Would Continue Maintaining the Trees

People life usually becomes very

hard, especially during dry season. I strongly

agree with this KOICA program because it

can increase community income especially

in dry season as it is now.

Ratio of forest and fruits trees with a

percentage of 50%: 50% is very good for

the environment and society. So that the

public can expect a lot from fruit trees

harvested.

I think this time growth percentage

already increase up to 80% transplanting

by the community. Communities are now

willing to look after the plants because they

think of their benefit from the harvest later.

This activity will be very useful to Sekaroh environment. Sekaroh

weather will be milder, soil erosion reduced and the spring will start to

appear again. For all the time, society gets less clean water due to degraded

forest. This program is trying to restore the forest to its original function.

The selection of fruit trees in this program is highly appreciated by

the public. Results of tamarind production from Sekaroh were sold to

Mataram and maybe later Sekaroh will be known for its tamarind

production as this program has provided tamarind seedlings.

Gapoktan will continue extension for plant maintenance to the

public. Gapoktan will work for this program success, and eventually make

people’s future lives much better than the present.

Need More Water Resources

In the past condition here was so terrible, as people were so resistant

to any kind of land rehabilitation activities. In 1984, many people

submitted their SPT (yearly tax receipt) in exchange of land certificate.

But then it proved that it was only a game by the local village officials.

Since that time, lots of people resisted any kind of plantation activities,


Figure 31. Sirajun Nasihin –

Religious Leader

even once a forest fire happened around

2007-2008 caused by local community. The

former District Head (Pak Taufik) was ever

being pursued by the people who refuse

rehabilitation activities thru HKm. Started

from 2012, the society began to adopt

HKm, but in May 2013 at the evaluation

meeting in Lombok Lendang hamlet there

were about 60-80 people who seemingly

came to ask for clarity about land ownership

certificate.

Personally and institutionally, I

strongly agree with this CDM activities.

According to my observation up until now the growth percentage is

already reach >80 %. 20 % dead plants occurred because the farmers

who responsible for the plantation were ill, that they planted during the

dry season when weather were hot and water was not available.

In the future more water sources are needed or possibility to provide

water tank cars which regularly supplying water or providing tarpaulins

for each farmer. AMPEL is expected to find investment/development

program for poultry, training on animal feed manufacturing, skills training,

human resource development, so that people get distracted and do not

interfere the forest land looking for income. Nowadays there are investors

who already willing to cooperate with, one of them is ESL, which is

ready to help with capital and training also education.

Nowadays when coming to Sekaroh we are greeted with fierce

hot weather in dry season, but later when the plants already grown taller,

there will be plenty of shade to shelter them from the sun lights. Among

other benefits, is harvesting the fruits that can be enjoyed by farmers

who owned the land and the surrounding communities.

I think people are now already accepting socialization from KOICA

team so I hope they will never return to their previous planting patterns

which significantly disadvantage them and their environment. In the

future, it is necessary to strengthen local institution, either by establishing


Figure 32. Turmudzi – Leader

of LSM AMPEL

new institutions or strengthen the existing institutions. In my point of

view, it is better to strengthen Gapoktan Sekaroh Maju.

Increasing population will increase the number of resident area. It

is important to be aware of existence of speculators/brokers that

continuously provoke public to gain land-ownership certificate. The safest

way is for the Regency Government to start the relocation planning, as

the number of people in need for relocation is still small, rather than

waiting for later when more people involved, which would be more

difficult.

KOICA Made Next Rehabilitation Program Easier

I am very pleased with the AR CDM

program conducted by KOICA. Through

this program, the public perception on

rehabilitation activities has been changed.

AMPEL will continue to facilitate

community although later KOICA will

discontinue the program. AMPEL will

collaborate with other agencies to continue

facilitating communities to maintain KOICA

planted plants that improve Sekaroh

environment. AMPEL commitment is to

develop forest collaboratively with

community and KOICA activities is in

accordance with the mission of AMPEL.

Paradigm changes that have occurred in Sekaroh society on the

environment will be extended to other community and we believe this

community will also broadcast these activities to other communities. If

this activity can be successful and the plants were well-maintained then

this will be a success story of Sekaroh society that can also improve the

environment quality.

I admire the perseverance of KOICA and FORDA that although

initially being rejected by society the KOICA and FORDA team never

gave up approaching the society. Society has also already seen the results


of the formerly rejected tree such as tamarind tree. There was one time

when people do not like the tamarind tree, but now people are enjoying

the harvest from tamarind tree.

AMPEL also will continue to improve the knowledge of its board

and the community. Currently AMPEL has a set of tools to measure

rainfall placed in Pongoros hamlet. This tool is a result of cooperation

with the Meteorology, Climatology and Geophysics Agency (BMKG) and

AMPEL.

AMPEL currently assist community and hold a meeting once a

week. Meeting location depends on the conditions, it can be held in the

public lands, houses or in JIFPRO areas. Meeting agendas usually

associated with people’s perception of the environment and economic

conditions.

KOICA CDM programs should be continued by all stakeholders.

KOICA activities will facilitate various stakeholders to perform

rehabilitation activities in Sekaroh because the society now is more open

to outsiders. KOICA has successfully changed indifferent society who

once does not care about the environment into a environmentally friendly

community.

Society Believe That They Can Increase Their Income

Public perception before KOICA

started the program was very negative.

Society did not only disagree but also

oppose KOICA activities assuming that

KOICA would make people more miserable.

Society assumed that they no longer could

plant intercropping crops and community

income will decrease. KOICA and

community leaders continued approaching

the society and they even went door to door.

FORDA and KOICA team made plant-

spacing 3 x 6 meters so that people can still

grow intercropping crops.

Figure 33.. Drs. Purnama

Hadi, MH – Chief of

Jerowaru District


From approximately 309 ha of plantation area, only 40 % which

is in a very good condition, especially in Rerangan and Lendang Lombok.

Other part grew moderately. The main problem is the fierce hot climate

and uncertain seasons. Currently the community has been supportive

and it does not matter anymore.

In this time, the plants need maintenance and the community is

willing to maintain the plant because it is considered beneficial. We, as

government representative, expect the KOICA is willing to continue this

program on the rest of community forest area that has been reserved by

the Ministry of Forestry. Reserved area for HKm from the Forestry Ministry

was 1450 ha and KOICA has planted 309 ha from the entire area,

meaning that the rest of the area left is still large.

I’m sure in the future rehabilitation activities will be more successful

because people already understood the purpose of this activity. Society

has changed, and KOICA and FORDA team has also been familiar with

the problems in the field that it is getting so much easier to handle.

KOICA activity is very beneficial to the Sekaroh environment and

also Indonesia. Forests as the lungs of the world need to be preserved.

Local community today has faith in the CDM program that has

potential to increase society’s income, especially if the fruit tree is already

producing fruit. Sekaroh village has several tourism sites, so that the

forestry and fruit plantation will increase the tourism potential and

community income. Planting the fruit trees was a correct thing to do.

Some tourism sites in the Sekaroh village include Pink Beach which

is cooperation with Sweden. Another is Gili Sunud which is collaboration

with Singapore. Gili Sunud is a good place for surfing, diving, with a

marine park. Other attraction in Sekaroh village is Tanjung Ringgit with a

very beautiful view of the sea. It is well known for the big wave , the

Japanese heritage site, Cave, Tanks, Cannons and a view of the sunset

and sunrise because it is placed on a high plateau.

HKm land in Sekaroh still needs several water ponds. Preferably

every 25 ha has a water reservoir so that people can easily water plants

especially in the dry season. In the future cooperation needs greater

involvement of village institutions, BPD, and empowering the Gapoktan.


Hoping That This Program Will be Continued

CDM activity implemented by

KOICA has managed to change the mindset

of the people involved in the program. In

the past before the KOICA program, people

just think about growing corn for immediate

family interests, now people have thought

to plant a tree for their children’s and

grandchildren’s life.

At the beginning of KOICA

rehabilitation program people refused to

participate, nowadays it turns out that

people would be the one who ask for

planting in their working area. This activity

is very nice and had a big opportunity to

increase future income of community.

Back then many years ago, Sekaroh Protection Forest was a very

dense forest and the people are afraid to say the word “rain”. Because

when people say the word ‘rain’, then the rain would come down easily.

Now, rain is so rare and dry season occurs longer than the rainy season.

This resulted in one cycle of corn cultivation.

I’m sure people will look after the plants that have been planted

by the KOICA. The community had high expectations of the trees

especially fruits trees. Forest trees will be maintained also. Experience

with JIFPRO on sengon rehabilitation, once people did not support that

program but now people are gaining the benefit in the form of more

springs appearance and sengon seeds, which also can generate money

for the community.

Growth percentage of the community plants estimated is more

than 60 %. People still need facilitation from NGOs, so that people do

have a person to ask. We also hope that this program would be continued,

at least until the plant is become strong enough to grow by itself.

Figure 34. Marjahan – Leader

of NGO Amphibi in East

Lombok Regency


Figure 35. Ir. Sahri – Forestry

and Plantation Officer, East

Lombok Regency

It Has Long and Short Term Benefits

Community initially did not know

and felt suspicious with KOICA program so

that most people did not care and tended

to reject this program. Society has suspected

if KOICA would drive them from the

location. This suspicion arose because of

lack of knowledge and some are giving false

information to the public.

In the past time most local society

had refused it, now all the people had

welcome this program. Other people who

did not included in any of KOICA program,

now asking for inclusion into the program,

but that was not possible because KOICA

limited the program area for only 309.69

ha (initially 300 ha). To those who want to do rehabilitation program,

the Local Government (Pemda) would accommodate their desires in the

form of HKm on the previously designated HKm areas by the Minister of

Forestry. The Minister of Forestry granted community forest area covering

1450 ha and KOICA activity utilized 309.69 ha, therefore the rest would

be used in the form of HKm under cooperation with other stakeholders.

Currently they are in a process of obtaining such IUPHHKm permits,

similar to those already owned by Gapoktan Sekaroh Maju in cooperation

with KOICA.

Forest and Agriculture Service (Dishutbun) of East Lombok

Regency expected KOICA would stay with the program until the plants

reach five (5) years old. If the assistance is stopped then the maintenance

of the plant will not be maximized. Local Forest Services will continue to

maintain this program but we also have limitations including budget

constraints. If KOICA extends this program until the plants age five years

old, it would be much better for the program and the environment.


KOICA program is very useful for the improvement of the

environment. Previously degraded deforested area, now will be vegetated

again in a good quality.

Besides the long term benefits, this KOICA activities also had a

short-term benefits for society. Short-term benefit of this program was

increasing community income. People who normally either do not have

or earn a very few income from harvesting the corn, with KOICA program

has considerable additional income from working with land preparation,

planting and maintenance of the plant.

Our hope that in the future HKM reserved land area of 1450 ha

could all be planted and well maintained. It’s easy to plant, but difficult

to maintain it. We hope KOICA still willing to maintain this plant until 5

years old. Local government of East Lombok Regency would keep the

KOICA program with their capacity.

Hoping KOICA Keeps Maintaining Plantation until Their Third Years

This activity lacks coordination with

the Provincial Forest Service of NTB. There

should be close coordination between

KOICA and FORDA team with NTB

Provincial Forest Service. NTB Provincial

Forest Service had already offered room for

KOICA. We did this in order to know the

developments of the program and maybe

can provide immediate assistance if it

needed.

We see that KOICA CDM program

has very positive impact for the environment

and society. KOICA rehabilitation program

with the CDM scheme provides a new

model of cooperation form with the

community. The model of KOICA collaboration with local community

has added new knowledge on approach model to the community.

Figure 36. Dr. Ir. Abdul

Hakim, MM – Head of

Forestry Office, Nusa

Tenggara Barat Province


I think there was a change in the society mindset out there, and

that was KOICA success in engaging with the community. Sekaroh

Protection Forest is an extremely dry area and there are a lot of wild

grazing so that land rehabilitation is very difficult to be done if there is no

intensive maintenance and consistent approach to the community.

NTB Provincial Forest Service will continue the program that had

been made by KOICA with our capabilities. We expect a funding help

from the APBD or the APBN to continue the CDM program. It will be

such a waste if this program is discontinued as community mindset had

changed already. It is expected in the future rehabilitation programs and

community development would be linked to APBD, APBN and other

partners.

I saw local government leaders and the public figure enthusiastically

assisted this KOICA program. They often come to the field, both the East

Lombok Regency Forest and Agriculture Service (Dishutbun), Jerowaru

District Head and Sekaroh village chief and local community leaders

often come to the field.

Forest and fruit trees are long-lived plants species. It could not be

abandoned right about a year after plantation. We hope KOICA still assist

this program until the plants are three years old or in the other words the

program could be extended for two more years. At the age of three years,

the plant has already been strong enough to grow in the field and resistant

to extreme weather as in Sekaroh Protection Forest.

139References

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ATTACHMENTS

145Attachments

Awig-Awig of Farmers Group HKm Sekaroh Maju

Attachment 1.


Continued appendix 1.

147Attachments

Attachment 2.

Statement Letter of Sekaroh Village Chief


Attachment 3.

GUIDELINES FOR CRITERIA AND INDICATORS

TO EVALUATE FEASIBILITY OF CDM ACTIVITY ON IUPHH-KM AREA

Notice

This Criteria and Indicator is only applied for conformity with the

Ministerial Regulation on the Implementation of Clean development

Mechanism (CDM) activity in Area of License for Community Based

Forestry Product Utilization (IUPHH-KM) Based on Evaluation by Forest

Research and Development Agency. The Guidelines consist of four (4)

Criteria and eighteen (18) Indicators, which are related and support to

each other.

Criteria I. Fulfillment of Policy Requirements

Indicator Activity/ Data Fulfill Not

Fulfill Note

1

Region

designation √ 1. Forest Land-Use Agreement

referred to Decission Letter of

Ministry of Agriculture of RI No.

756/Kpts/Um/10/1982 dated 12

October 1982 on determination

of Sekaroh area into a

protection area covering 3.000

Ha.

2. On 10 July to 17 August 1983

measurement and installation of

definitive boundary signs and

results from that activity was

agreed by the Committee for

Boundary Setting.

3. Designation from the Minister of

Forestry No. 8214/Kpts-II/2002

on designation of Sekaroh

Compound Forest, covering

2.834,20 Ha as permanent

forest area with protection

function.

149Attachments


Fulfill Note

2

Conformity

with Regulation

or requirement

of HKM

√ Decission Letter of East Lombok

Regent No : 188.45/ 443

/hutbun/2012 about

License for Community Based

Forestry Utilization given to

Gapoktan “Sekaroh Maju”

Sekaroh Village, Jerowaru District,

East Lombok Regency had been

in line with any regulation on

HKM

3

Holder of

License of HKM √ Decission Letter of Lombok Timur

Regency No : 188.45/ 443

/hutbun/2012 about

License for Community Based

Forestry Utilization given to

Gapoktan “Sekaroh Maju”

Sekaroh village, Jerowaru District,

East Lombok Regent.

4

Conformity of

Land with HKM

map

√ Match with map from the Ministry

of Forestry dated 7 July 2011

5

Support from

local

Government

√ 1. Issuance of Decision Letter of

East Lombok Regent No : 188.45/

443 /hutbun/2012 about License

for Community Based Forestry

Utilization given to Gapoktan

(Farmers Association)“Sekaroh

Maju” Sekaroh village, Jerowaru

District, East Lombok Regency

2. Presence of the Regent on

several socialization process of the

CDM activity (photograph of the

Regent giving remark).

6

Support from

Village Chief

and local public

figures

√ Letter of support on the AR CDM

activity in Sekaroh Protection

Forest from District Head, Village

Chief and Public Figures dated 10

March 2011



Criteria II. Institutional and Social Requirements


Fulfill Note

1 Institutional

existence √ Existence of Statutes and

Charter by Law (AD/ART)of

establishment of Gapoktan

(Farmers Association Sekaroh

Maju), Notary Certificate No

010 year 2010

2 Completeness of

board members √ Organizational structure in the

Statutes and Charter (AD

/ART)of Gapoktan (Farmers

Association) Sekaroh Maju,

pages 14 – 16.

3 Requirements on

Rights and

Responsibilities

of Stakeholders

√ Technical Guidelines on

Implementation of the AR CDM

activity of KIPCCF (KOICA –

FORDA) with HKM scheme in

Sekaroh Protection Area, 24

Agustus 2011

4 Benefit sharing

(if any) √ Technical Guidelines on

Implementation of the AR CDM

activity of KIPCCF (KOICA –

FORDA) with HKM scheme in

Sekaroh Protection Area, 24

Agustus 2011


151Attachments

Criteria III. Requirements for CDM Technical Issue

Criteria IV. Documentation & Publication


Fulfill Note

1 Applied

Standard √ Clean Development Mechanism

Project Design Document Form

for Small-Scale Afforestation

and Reforestation Project

Activities (CDM-SSC-AR-PDD)

- (Version 02)

2 Exixtence of

CDM Document √ CDM Document entitled

Community-based

Reforestation on Degraded

Lands in East Lombok

Dated 24 Juni 2011 (Documen

submitted to the UNFCCC)

3 Emission

Absorption

Potential

√ 75.667 ton CO2e

4 Validating plan √ Validation has been done by

JACO CDM dated 6-15 July,

and in the process of revision


Fulfill Note

1 Socialization to

Stakeholder √ Had been done continuously

up till now and the most

attended meeting by

community was dated 10

November 2010

2 Socialization in

the Media √ 1. Radar Lombok Newspaper,

dated 11 November 2010,

“Sekaroh Sasaran

Penghijauan Lembaga

Korea” (Sekaroh as target for

reforestation by Korean

institution),pages 1 & 2.

17 di Durban (Will be



2. Lombok Post Newspaper,

dated 11 November 2010, “

Tanam Ribuan Pohon di

Hutan Sekaroh” (Planted

thousands of trees in

Sekaroh).

3. Suara NTB Newspaper,

dated 11 November 2010,

“Menanam Bersama di

Sekaroh – Tree New Hope –

demi Masa Depan Lebih

Baik” (Collaborative Planting

in Sekaroh – Tree New Hope

– For a Better Future)

4. National Magazine (Tropis

Magazine), Edition No 05

year 2011, pages 54 - 61:

• AR CDM Indonesia :

Berjuang Maksimal Saat

Injury Time (Maximum

Effort at Injury Time),

pages 54 – 57

• Yakin Di Register

Executive Board (Surely

Registered by Executive

Board), pages 58

• Stakeholders Punya

Konsep dan Berpartisipasi

(Stakeholders have

concept and

participate),pages 58

• Akan Kita Bawa ke COP

17 di Durban (Will be

brought to COP 17 in

Durban), Pages 59

• Berada di Posisi

Beruntung (At the

advantage position),

Pages 59 – 60

• Terdaftar di UNFCCC &


Fulfill Note


153Attachments


Fulfill Note

• Terdaftar di UNFCCC &

Menghasilkan CER

(Registered at UNFCCC

and produce CER), Pages

60

• KOICA Lakukan

Pendekatan Bagus

(KOICA made good

approach), Pages 61

3 Evidence of

documentation

and

Socialization

√ Photos of socialization

4 Evidence of

Socialization in

the Media

√ Copy of newspaper and

magazines.

Bogor, 25 September 2012

Head of FORDA



Attachment 4.

Support for Land Rehabilitation Activity

in Sekaroh Protection Forest

Nomor : Istimewa

Lampiran : -

Hal : Support for Land Rehabilitation in Sekaroh Protection For-

est

To.

The Regent of East Lombok

At Selong

Bismillahirrahmaanirrahiim

Assalamu'alaikum Wr. Wb.

Refer to our Statement of Conduct dated 11 November 2010 who

belong to Coalition of NGO Youth and Student Together for Jerowaru

(KLPM - JB) which consists of BPM, KPMK-J, FKKJ, FKBNPOM, FKM-

J, YUSRA, AMPEL, IP2SDAK; we wanted Sekaroh Protection Forest

remained functional as protection forest and support tree transplanting

activity (reboisasi). At the moment the Local Government of East Lombok

and Local Government of NTB in collaboration with the Ministry of

Forestry of the Republic of Indonesia and KOICA are conducting land

rehabilitation activity within the framework of A/R CDM (Aforestasi/

Reforestasi Clean Development Mechanism).

We thought the above mentioned activity had two main objectives,

i.e.:

1. Conduct activity of emission reduction through development of

agroforestry in collaboration with community at Sekaroh Protec-

tion Forest

155Attachments

2. Economiy capacity building thru diversifying local community

economic activity.

Based on the activity nature which oriented to rehabilitation for

better ecological condition and local community economy, with this we

state our support to the A/R CDM activity, which is done in the name of

collaboration between Local Government of East Lombok, Local

Government of NTB, the Ministry of Forestry RI and KOICA.

As such this Statement of Support for Land Rehabilitation activity

in Sekaroh Protection Forest was made for common knowledge of

stakeholders.

Billahitaufik Walhidayah. Wassalamu'alaikum Wr. Wb.

Jerowaru, 15 December 2010

COALITION OF NGO YOUTH AND STUDENT TOGETHER

FOR JEROWARU (KLPM-JB)

BPM

SUHARMAN, SH

Director

FKKJ

AHMAD TURMUZI

General Chairman

KPMK-J

L. KHAERUDDIN

General Chairman

FKBNPOM

H. MUHAIMIN YAHYA, S.Sos, SH

General Chairman



YUSRA

M. NASRUDDIN, S.Kel

Director

AMPEL

SIRAJUNNASIHIN, S.Pd

General Chairman

FKM-J

KAMAL MUKHTAR

General Chairman

IP2SDAK

Shalahuddin Mukhlis

Director


157Attachments

Attachment 5.

TECHNICAL GUIDELINES FOR IMPLEMENTATION

AR CDM ACTIVITY

KIPCCF (KOICA - FORDA)

WITH COMMUNITY BASED FORESTRY (HKM)

AT SEKAROH PROTECTION FOREST

Sekaroh Community,

Gapoktan Sekaroh Maju, Government of Sekaroh Village,

Governemnt of Jerowaru District,

Forest and Agriculture Service of East Lombok Regency,


EAST LOMBOK

2011


Abbreviations in the Document

1. AR CDM : Aforestation/Reforestation Clean Development Mecha-

nism (Aforestasi/Reforestasi Mekanisme Pembangunan

Bersih)

2. BPD : Badan Permusyawaratan Desa (Village Assembly)

3. DAS : Daerah Aliran Sungai (Watershed)

4. Dishutbun : Dinas Kehutanan dan Perkebunan (Forest and Agri-

culture Service)

5. Gapoktan : Gabungan Kelompok Tani (Farmers Association)

6. GSM : Gapoktan Sekaroh Maju

7. HKm : Hutan Kemasyarakatan (Community based Forestry)

8. IUPH-HKm : Izin Usaha Pemanfaatan Hutan - Hutan

Kemasyarakatan (License for Forestry Utilization -

Community based Forestry)

9. KIPCCF : Korea Indonesia Joint Project for Adaptation and Miti-

gation of Climate Change in Forestry through AR CDM

and REDD

10.KOICA : Korea International Cooperation Agency

11.LMU : Land Mapping Unit (Unit Pemetaan Lahan)

12.MPTS : multi purposes tree species

13.PDD : Project Design Document (Dokumen Rancangan

Proyek)

14.Perdes : Peraturan Desa (Village Regulations)

15.Permenhut : Peraturan Menteri Kehutanan (Ministerial of Forestry

Regulation

16.PP : Peraturan Pemerintah (Governmental Regulations)

17.REDD : Reducing Emission from Deforestation and Forest Deg-

radation

18.RHL : Rehabilitasi Hutan dan Lahan (Forest and Land Re-

habilitation)

19.RTK : Register Tanah Kehutanan (Registered Forest Land)

20.TUL : Tanaman Unggulan Lokal (Locally superior plant spe-

cies)


159Attachments

TECHNICAL GUIDELINES FOR IMPLEMENTATION

OF AFORESTATION CDM KIPCCF (KOICA-FORDA)

WITH HKm SCHEME

1. Background

Degraded forest and land function which is identified as critical/

marginal land in Indonesia, according to the report on identification and

inventory of the Directorate General of Land Rehabilitation and Social

Forestry in 2009 is amounted to 71.535.937 Ha consisting of 30.869.752

Ha in Critical until Very Critical category and 40.666.185 Ha in Less

Critical category.

Destructed forests and land are scattered all over the region with

various functions, that it become serious threat to the carrying capacity

of the watershed (DAS), both as a life support zone and its hydro-urologic

function of watershed. Indicator of functionally degraded watershed is

indicated by the increasing number of natural disasters such as floods,

landslides and drought that hit most parts of Indonesia in recent decades.

In an effort to control deforestation and land degradation the

Government has issued Government Regulation No. 76 Year 2008 on

Forest Rehabilitation and Reclamation. This Regulation (PP) is guiding

implementation of forests rehabilitation and reclamation on all functional

forest and other land uses. This PP No. 76 of 2008 has arranged the

division of authority and responsibilities of government, local government

and regional license holders to undertake the implementation of Forest

and Land Rehabilitation (RHL) which includes the planning,

implementation and control.

CHAPTER 1INTRODUCTION



The obligations to implement RHL on marginal lands in all

functional area requires all government, local government and regional

license holders allocate for RHL activities the budget from various sources

based on the rules in PP No. 76/2008.

Along with the growing phenomenon of global warming today,

the mitigation and adaptation activities should be increased both at the

site level and in terms of policy.

Each country or region which is able to maintain or improve the

condition of the forest environment as can be seen from the success of

plant growth and conservation of forest vegetation will be rewarded, of

which value will be assessed from the amount of carbon that can be

stored and absorbed by those forest vegetation. This mechanism is referred

to as a carbon trading mechanism which, among others, known as

Aforestation / Reforestation - Clean Development Mechanism (AR CDM)

and Reducing Emissions from Deforestation and Forest Degradation

(REDD).

Along with the things mentioned above, at the Sekaroh Protection

Forest Forest, Registered Forest Land (RTK) 15 an AR-CDM program

has been implemented in cooperation with KOICA, of which activities

will be directed towards effort of rehabilitating Sekaroh Protection Forest

areas through tree planting and maintenance.

2. Definition

1. Seed/seedling is plant material or parts of which is used to repro-

duce and or develop plant, which derived from generative or veg-

etative material.

2. Watershed (DAS) is an area of †land which forms one integral

part of the river and its tributaries/ creeks, which serves to accom-

modate, store, and drain water from rainfall to the lake or to the

sea naturally, of which boundary in the land becomes topographic

separator and its boundary in the sea covers the water area which

still affected by land-site activities.


161Attachments

3. Forest and Agriculture Services of Regency/City are technical of-

fices which entrusted with duties and responsibilities in the for-

estry sector in the Regency/City area.

4. Provincial Forest Service is technical office which entrusted with

duties and responsibilities in the forestry sector in the province

area.

5. A/R CDM is Aforestation/Reforestation Clean Development Mecha-

nism

6. KOICA is the abbreviation of the Korea International Coopera-

tion Agency

7. Tree is a woody perennial plant that has long age.

8. Endemic plant species is native plant species that grow in a par-

ticular area.

9. Versatile plant types (multi-purpose tree species / MPTS) is a type

of tree that produces timber and non-timber (fruits, sap, bark, etc..)

10.HKM is a Community based Forestry.

11.Local Superior Plant Type (TUL) is a native or exotic plant species

of which are preferred by the public because it produces certain

advantages such as wood products, fruit and sap having high eco-

nomic value.

12.Soil conservation is the placement of any soil part according to its

functional ability and managing it accordingly with the require-

ments necessary to avoid damaging the soil, so that it can support

sustainable living.

13.Degraded land is land which located inside and outside the forest

area of which function as an element of a production unit, also as

watershed water regulator has been decreased.

14.Land Mapping Unit (LMU) is the smallest land mapping unit which

has common biophysical condition such as the level of damage/

degradation, regional function and Watershed morphology (DAS).

15.Community empowerment is an attempt to improve the ability

and community independence by providing access to resources,

education, training and facilitation.



16.Plant maintenance is the treatment to the plant and its environ-

ment in order to grow healthy and normally through hoeing, weed-

ing, replanting, fertilizing and controlling pest and disease.

17.Enrichment planting in reforestation is planting of forest trees in-

side forest area in order to increase the number of trees to in-

crease forest productivity.

18.Afforestation is tree-planting activities inside the forest area.

19.Forest and Land Rehabilitation (RHL) is an effort to restore, main-

tain and improve the forest and land function, so that their carry-

ing capacity, productivity and its role in supporting life system is

maintained.

20.Stripe line planting is a planting method by clearing land in stripe

line along planting path.

21.Cemplongan system is a planting method by clearing land around

the planting hole.

22.Intercropping system is cultivation pattern by planting annual crops

or intermediate plant in between the main woody tree (woody/

MPTS) species.

23.Water reservoir is a built pond shaped water reservoir that serves

to collect rain water/water runoff in dry-land area that is useful as

a source of water to supply water demand in the dry season.

24.Terrace is a built land conservation in the form of though, ridges

and water channels according to the direction of the soil contour.


163Attachments

1. Purpose

This technical guidelines for the implementation of AR CDM /KOICA

is intended to provide a reference to all stakeholders involved in the

implementation of AR CDM planting program with HKM scheme on

Sekaroh Protection Forest areas (Registered Forestry Land or RTK

15) so that the implementation activities of the planting program will

run well.

2. Objectives

• To preserve the environment of Sekaroh Protection Forest, par-

ticularly in the KIPCCF activities area of 300 ha, optimization of

land functions and benefits to increase the welfare of the surround-

ing community.

• Conducting rehabilitation activities of the AR CDM project (Affor-

estation / Reforestation Clean Development Mechanism) to in-

crease forest carbon stock (saving) of Sekaroh Protection Forest

• Served as an object for lesson learnt, research on tree cultivation

to those in need, with regard to the applicable rules and possibil-

ity of being used as a tourist attraction.

• To safeguard the assets of state-owned land that can be utilized

by the community at Sekaroh Protection Forest.

CHAPTER IIPURPOSE, OBJECTIVES AND TARGETS



3. Target

Replanted Sekaroh Protection Forest areas that have been degraded

as much as 300 Ha area through AR CDM/KOICA with HKM scheme,

which covers planning, provision of seed/seedlings, forest and land

rehabilitation, soil conservation techniques, supportive activities, com-

munity participation, control and supervision of the Sekaroh Protec-

tion Forest, Sekaroh Village, Jerowaru District, East Lombok regency,

West Nusa Tenggara Province.


165Attachments

A. Source of Funds

Budget for AR CDM development activities through HKm scheme

came from cooperation fund between the South Korean Government

(KIPCCF) with the Government of the Republic of Indonesia (FORDA

of Ministry of Forestry) under project of Korea Indonesia Joint Project

for Adaptation and Mitigation of Climate Change in Forestry through

AR CDM and REDD (KIPCCF).

B Budget Management System

The entire management of the budget is done by KIPCCF.

C Executing Agencies

The executors of this activity is stakeholders that consists of KIPCCF,

Forest and Agriculture Service of East Lombok regency (Dishutbun

East Lombok), Local Government of Jerowaru District, and the Vil-

lage Government Sekaroh, Farmers Group Association (Gapoktan)

Sekaroh Maju (GSM).

CHAPTER IIIBUDGET



A Planning

Planning of AR CDM activities was conducted by KPICCF involving

the Forest and Agriculture Service of East Lombok Regency, District

Government of Jerowaru, Village Government of Sekaroh and

Gapoktan Sekaroh Maju (GSM).

B Implementation

Activities that are included in the implementation activity consist of:

1. Socialization

Socialization is the process of transforming the goals and objec-

tives of the activities undertaken by KIPCCF to stakeholders in

Sekaroh Village, Jerowaru District, East Lombok Regency. Dis-

semination activities carried out in three stages, namely:

• The first step is building nurseries and planting preparation.

First stage socialization was conducted in three meetings, i.e.

one meeting when preparing nursery, and two meetings were

held in preparation for planting.

• The second phase at the planting time. This meeting was con-

ducted only once.

CHAPTER IVACTIVITIES


167Attachments

• The third stage is done for maintenance. The third phase of

socialization was done once at the current year, and twice in

the subsequent year.

2. Seed/Seedling Production

This activity is carried out by KIPCCF involving the local commu-

nity. There are two type of seed/seedlings, i.e. woody and fruit

trees (MPTS).

3. Planting

Planting activities was done by KIPCCF also involving local stake-

holders (Forest and Agriculture Service of East Lombok Regency,

District Government of Jerowaru, village government of Sekaroh,

Gapoktan Searoh Maju and the local community.

Technically this activity consists of:

• Division of crop plots. The planting plots were made with size

of 20 - 40 ha, marked with boundary signs.

• Cleaning bushes and shrubs without fire. This activity is car-

ried out by the farmer participants.

• The composition of the plant. Composition of woody plants

to fruit trees (MPTS) was 50: 50%.

• Spacing. The spacing in these activities is 6 meters x 3 meters,

marked by mounting stake.

• Cropping pattern. Cropping pattern in these activities is inter-

cropping.

• Planting hole. Planting hole was made 30 cm x 30 cm x 40 cm

(length x width x height).

• Planting. Planting was done by farmer participants.

• Fertilizers used. Fertilizer used is organic and inorganic fertil-

izer (if required).

• Watering. The activities were carried at the planting time and

maintenance (if needed).



4. Maintenance

Maintenance activity in the field was technically carried out by the

local community under the supervision of Gapoktan that coordi-

nates with Sekaroh Village Chief. This activity consists of hoeing,

watering, weeding, replanting, and controlling pests and diseases.

5. Safeguarding

Safeguarding activities from the cattle disturbance, destruction by

human and fire were done by the farmers under supervision from

the Gapoktan, Sekaroh Village Government, Jerowaru District

Government and the Forest and Agriculture Service of East

Lombok Regency.

C. Monitoring and Evaluation

Monitoring activities were carried out in order to ensure the

activities will run as planned and carried out at each stage of the work

(land clearing, making plant hole, marker making, planting and

maintenance).

Activities evaluation was carried out by the KIPCCF and Forest

and Agriculture Service of East Lombok regency, Jerowaru District

Government, Sekaroh Village Government and Gapoktan Sekaroh

Maju every time one stage of the work is finished with a purpose to

accelerate a remedial action.


169Attachments

A. Obligations of the stakeholders

1. KIPCCF

a. Provide complete information about the purpose and benefits

of the activities to the stakeholders involved

b. Provide funding for tree cultivation such as land preparation,

planting hole making, planting and other parts of farming ac-

tivities.

c. Conduct regular monitoring of the progress of each phase of

activity.

2. Forest Service of East Lombok Regency

a. Provide technical guidelines for cultivation to the workers,

Farmers Group, Gapoktan and companion.

b. Conduct separation and marking field boundary clearly, espe-

cially for KIPCCF / KOICA activities, either well beyond the

borders or boundaries between farmers

c. Monitoring and evaluation of field activities for each phase of

activity.

d. Helping develop an awig awig of Gapoktan Sekaroh Maju

CHAPTER VRIGHTS AND OBLIGATIONS

OF STAKEHOLDERS



3. District Head (District Government of Jerowaru)

a. Facilitating the meeting of the stakeholders, so that all stake-

holders can express their aspirations

b. Conduct intensive approach to farmer-members and Gapoktan

to maintain and ensure each fieldwork process can work well

c. To monitor and evaluate development of the implementation

activities, primarily related to social aspect - community

d. Assist the formation of awig awig and Village rules in Sekaroh

village.

4. Sekaroh Village Chief

a. Conduct intensive approach to Gapoktan and Farmers par-

ticipants and communicate intensively with the District Head

about particular progress of the program in the field

b. Provide insight to village communities, especially Sekaroh farm-

ers participants about the purpose of the rehabilitation pro-

gram in Sekaroh Protection Forest

c. Creating Village Rules with the Village Assembly Body (BPD)

on support for AR CDM activity so that rehabilitation activities

pogress as expected before

d. Together with the other stakeholders facilitated the formation

of awig awig Gapoktan Sekaroh Maju to succeed the rehabili-

tation program in the Sekaroh Protection Forest

e. Providing consideration of penalties for violation of awig awig.

5. Gapoktan Sekaroh Maju

a. Provide periodic reports on the progress of any field activities

to Dishutbun and KIPCCF

b. Provide facilitation and comprehension to the community so

that people know the purpose of the program

c. To monitor every process of cultivation as land clearance, mak-

ing holes, mounting stakes, planting and plant maintenance


171Attachments

d. Keeping the field stability conditions so that program objec-

tives can be achieved (the plants live and carbon sequestra-

tion could occur as expected)

e. Involve in the formation process of awig awig Gapoktan

Sekaroh Maju with the farmers for the success of the rehabili-

tation program in the Sekaroh Protection Forest

f. Keeping the implementation and give consideration as well as

to apply conviction for violations of awig awig.

g. Actively seeks to prevent the occurrence of forest disturbances

in and around the location of activities such as cattle grazing,

fires, logging the trees and destruction of crops.

h. Obliged to maintain the success of plant growth and develop-

ment at the site of AR CDM at least 90%.

6. Farmer Members

a. Perform all process of AR CDM plantation (land clearing, mak-

ing holes, mounting stakes, planting and maintenance).

b. Provide information/quickreports to Gapoktan / Village Head

/ District Head / East Lombok Regency Forest Service if there

is an indication of the emergence of disruption to each phase

of activity

c. Join the successful establishment of awig awig and execute it

together as a whole.

d. Each farmer is obliged to maintain the success of plant growth

at least 90%.

e. Actively seeks to prevent the occurrence of forest disturbances

in and around the location of activities such as cattle grazing,

fires, logging the trees and destruction of crops.

f. Willing to sign a statement of support for AR CDM activities in

order to be successful activities as expected by all stakehold-

ers.



B. Rights of the Stakeholders

1. KIPCCF

a. Receive periodic report of each fieldwork progress

b. Obtain assurance from the Gapoktan Sekaroh Maju that ev-

ery process of plantation (land clearance, making planting holes,

mounting stakes, planting and maintenance) was done accord-

ing to technically correct procedure.

c. To be assured that the plant can grow and their carbon poten-

tial is as expected

d. Give warning to Gapoktan in case of irregularities or fraud

against a deal that is thought could reduce the success of the

program

e. Get the results if there is a result of carbon trading in accor-

dance to Project Design Document (PDD) KIPCCF or based

on Government Regulations (PP) of the Republic of Indonesia

(Ministry of Forestry Decree No. 36 year 2009)

f. If there is carbon trading results, then the benefit sharing for

the KIPCCF as stated in point ‘e’ will be given by KIPCCF to

the public (farmers involved) in this program.

2. Forest and Agriculture Service of East Lombok Regency

(DIshutbun)

a. Get progress reports in field from the Gapoktan Sekaroh Maju

b. East Lombok Local Governments through Dishutbun get the

benefit sharing if there is a result of carbon trading in accor-

dance to PDD KIPCCF or based on Government Regulations

(PP) of the Republic of Indonesia (Ministry of Forestry Decree

No. 36 year 2009)

c. Obtain information on the progress of PDD made by the

KIPCCF

d. Obtain information about relevant publications that carried the

AR CDM activities in Sekaroh Protection Forest


173Attachments

e. Getting new partners both from sub-district, district, provin-

cial, national and international

3. District Government of Jerowaru

a. Get each progress reports in the field from the Gapoktan

Sekaroh Maju

b. Obtain information on the progress of PDD made by KIPCCF

c. Obtain information about relevant publications on AR CDM

activities in Sekaroh Protection Forest

d. Getting new partners from both sub-district, district, provin-


4. Village Government of Sekaroh

a. Get each progress reports in the field from Gapoktan Sekaroh

Maju

b. Get the benefit sharing of fruit crops in the program (it will be

regulated separately through the Village Regulations)


KIPCCF

d. Obtain information about relevant publications on the AR CDM


e. Getting new partners from both sub-district, district, provin-


5. Gapoktan Sekaroh Maju

a. Get the benefit sharing of fruit crops in the program by 5%

(this will be regulated separately in accordance with the agree-

ment between farmer groups incorporated in GSM)

b. Get the benefit sharing if there is a result of carbon trading in

accordance to PDD KIPCCF or based on Government Regu-

lations (PP) of the Republic of Indonesia (Ministry of Forestry

Decree No. 36 year 2009)




KIPCCF





6. Farmer Members

a. Obtained the right of work in accordance to the rules set out in

IUPH-HKm (Forest Utilization License – Community based For-

est)

b. Getting results from the managed fruit trees by 90% (the per-

centage is according to agreements between farmer partici-

pants, Gapoktan and Village Government).

c. Getting the benefit sharing of carbon trading (if exists) accord-

ing to PDD KIPCCF or based on Government Regulations

(PP) of the Republic of Indonesia (Ministry of Forestry Decree

No. 36 year 2009)




cial, national and international.


175Attachments

Thus the Technical Guidelines for Implementation of AR CDM

activities KIPCCF with HKM scheme was made to be followed by all

stakeholders involved. If in the future there are things that need to be

improved then all stakeholders will discuss it together. Hopefully this

activity would run so well that there is an improvement in the

environmental conditions of Sekaroh Protection Forest and people's lives

could be better, ameen.

Decided in : Mataram

Pada Hari / Tanggal : 24 Agustus 2011

Dr. Chairil Anwar Siregar

Co-Project Manager

Drs. Purnama Hady, MH

Jerowaru District Head

Mr. Han Ki Joo

Co-Project Manager

Ir. Sahri

Forest and Agriculture Service

East Lombok Regency

H. Muh. Mansyur

Village Chief

Sekaroh

Budi Muliawan

Head of Gapoktan

Sekaroh Maju

Saharuddin

Secretary of Gapoktan

Sekaroh Maju

CHAPTER VICLOSING



Attachment 5a.

Time Schedule of AR CDM Activity


No Kegiatan

2011 2012

PJ

July August Sep Oct Nov Dec Jan Feb Mar Apr May Jun

1 Nursery FORDA &

Community

2 Mapping

Forest

Service &

Gapoktan

3 Socialization

a First Stage Stakeholder

b Secon Stage Stakeholder

c Third Stage Stakeholder

4

Digging

Planting

preparation

a Land

Clearing

Farmer

Participants

b Planting Hole Farmer

Participants

c Mounting

Stake

Farmer

Participants

5 Transplanting Farmer

Participants

6 Maintenance Farmer

Participants

7 Monitoring &

Evaluation Stakeholder

177Attachments

Attachment 5b.

Planting Model

1. Ratio of fruit and forest/woody trees 50 % : 50 %

2. Fruit species (Mango, Srikaya dan Jackfruit). Woody trees

(mahogany, trembesi, tamarind, mimba dan khaya)

3. At the most outset space of each farmland is planted for-

est tree

4. Every each step of activity will be supervised by Chair-

man of the block/plot on the ground.


Attachment 6.

Width and Census Coordinate 2012A/R CDM Activity, East Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara

Collaboration of KOICA, FORDA,Provincial Forest Service, Regency Forest Service & Gapoktan

No Farmer Name Area

(ha)

No

Plants

Coordinate

S E

1 Keredap 2 428 08051’49.9” 116031’29.5”

2 Amaq Ida 1 3 08051’48.6” 116031’26.5”

3

Saban (3 nearby

locations)

3 208

08051’41.7”

08051’46.2”

08051’41.8”

116031’33.9”

116031’37.2”

116031’35.9”

4 Amaq Senang 1 152 08051’44.8” 116031’38.3”

5 Amaq Sul 2 109 08051’49.9” 116031’38.1”

6 Amaq Siah 2 21 08051’44.8” 116031’33.5”

7 Amaq Jering (2 far

apart locations) 3 142

08051’51.2”

08051’48.6”

116031’42.4”

116031’51.4”

8 Merte 0,5 16 08051’43.0” 116031’37.6”

9 Inaq Monet 1,5 222 08051’47.4” 116031’40.4”

10 Keman 1,25 132 08051’50.3” 116031’34.5”

11 Amaq Udi 2 85 08051’49.2” 116031’45.5”

12 Dahri 1 17 08051’52.0” 116031’51.1”

13 Inaq Repan 1 60 08051’54.7” 116031’54.1”

14 Inaq Supar 1 117 08051’49.7” 116031’40.5”

15 Panjang 0,25 5 08051’53.2” 116031’37.5”

16 Amaq Senum 1 42 08051’56.0” 116031’56.1”

17 Amaq Eli 0,25 10 08051’56.9” 116031’57.2”

18 Amaq Nyemek 1 49 08051’50.9” 116031’52.3”

19 Amaq Acip 1 20 08051’47.0” 116031’55.3”

20 Amaq Andri 1 3 08051’51.3” 116031’44.4”

179Attachments

RecapitulationA/R CDM Activity, East Lombok, West Nusa Tenggara

Collaboration of KOICA, FORDA,Provincial Forest Service, Regency Forest Service & Gapoktan

* Pak Keredap planted with spacing 3 x 3 m, while others 6 x 3 m.

No Farmer Name Area

(ha)

No Survived

Seedlings

No Planted

Seedlings

%

Survival

1 Keredap 2.00 428 2,222 19.26

2 Amaq Ida 1.00 5 556 0.90

3 Saban 3.00 208 1,667 12.48

4 Amaq Senang 1.00 152 556 27.36

5 Amaq Sul 2.00 109 1,111 9.81

6 Amaq Siah 2.00 21 1,111 1.89

7 Amaq Jering 3.00 142 1,667 8.52

8 Merte 0.50 16 278 5.76

9 Inaq Monet 1.50 222 833 26.64

10 Keman 1.25 132 694 19.01

11 Amaq Udi 2.00 85 1,111 7.65

12 Dahri 1.00 17 556 3.06

13 Inaq Repan 1.00 60 556 10.80

14 Inaq Supar 1.00 117 556 21.06

15 Panjang 0.25 5 139 3.60

16 Amaq Senum 1.00 42 556 7.56

17 Amaq Eli 0.25 10 139 7.20

18 Amaq Nyemek 1.00 49 556 8.82

19 Amaq Acip 1.00 20 556 3.60

20 Amaq Andri 1.00 3 556 0.54

Total 26.75 1,843 15,972 11.54



Attachment 7.

Ministry Approval on HKm

in The Proposed Area (translated)

181Attachments


183Attachments



Attachment 8.

Decission Letter of IUPHHKm from East Lombok Regent

185Attachments


187Attachments

Attachment 9.

Statement letter from East Lombok Regent


Attachment 10.

Recommendation Letter from Ministry of Forestry regarding

AR CDM Activity in East Lombok-Indonesia (Translated)

189Attachments

Attachment 11.

Letter of Approval (LoA) from National Committee of CDM

191About Authors

Chairil Anwar Siregar. He was born

in Medan on 10 September 1958;

finished his undergraduate at Agronomy

Department, Bogor Agricultural

University, Bogor, Indonesia in 1982.

After obtained his Master degree in 1990

at Mississippi State University, Mississippi,

USA, he got his PhD in Soil Science and

Forestry in 1995. His Research

Professorship was earned after giving

scientific speech in 10 December 2012

entitled “Soil and Carbon Conservation

for Forestry Development and Reducing

Climate Change”.

He had received various trainings on agroforestry, watershed

management, climate change and carbon trading. In 1984 he attended

Training Course on Agroforestry Research for Development in Malaysia.

In 1985 he participated in Training Course on USA-ASEAN Watershed

Management, in the USA. In 2000 attended Training Course on Forest

Health Monitoring, also Criteria and Indicators for Tropical Rain Forest,

in Indonesia. He was included in the Capacity Building for Carbon

ABOUT AUTHORS


Accounting in Selected APEC Countries, in the Philippines in 2008. In

2009 he participated in the Strengthening Capacity Building for Climate

Change in Forestry, in South Korea.

He started his career in the early 1982 at Forestry Research and

Development Agency (FORDA) of Ministry of Forestry, becoming senior

researcher in 2006. He has written many scientific publications, of which

45 were published in Indonesian language, and 34 titles were written in

English. During his professional work he has collaborated with various

foreign agencies, such as Winrock, JICA, JIFPRO, Sumitomo, CIFOR,

ICRAF and KOICA. He can be contacted at [email protected]

193About Authors

Muhammad Ridwan. He was born in

Sukamenanti Village, West Pasaman,

West Sumatra; finished his undergraduate

at Department of Forest Product, Faculty

of Forestry, Bogor Agricultural University,

Bogor, Indonesia in 2000. His interest in

carbon trading started in 2001 when he

worked for Prof. Dr. Rizaldi Boer doing

research on potential of forestry carbon.

From 2001-2009 he received

various trainings on environment services,

and involved in several studies on social-

economic issue of carbon trading in

various parts of Indonesia, in collaboration with various institutions such

as Bogor Agricultural University, Ministry of Environment, NGO CER

(Carbon and Environment Research) Indonesia, and some from foreign

country. Since 2004 he worked as assessor at NGO LPI (Lembaga Penilai

Independen- Independent Assessor Institution) to assess Performance of

Sustainable Production Forest Management (PHPL) of HPH/HTI (forest

concession/plantation). In 2010-2011 becoming member of research

team in developing institution for REDD in Musi Rawas, South Sumatra,

a collaboration between NGO CER Indonesia and CCAP from the USA.

In 2010-2012 he joined team for Pilot Project of CDM in East Lombok,

West Nusa Tenggara. At present he is Director of NGO CER Indonesia.

In 2012 with Gusti Hardiansyah he wrote a book in Indonesian

language entitled “REDD: Peluang HPH Menurunkan Emisi Global”.

Since 2011 he was permanent contributor writer of Tropis Magazine for

issue in carbon trading (CDM, REDD and VCM), also occasionally in

several newspapers.. His email address: [email protected]

or [email protected]

CHAIRIL ANWAR SIREGAR MUHAMMAD … Lok asi CDM Sek aroh CHAIRIL ANWAR SIREGAR MUHAMMAD RIDWAN...

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