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BA
x
y
relative maximumf '(x)=0
zerof (x)=0
relative minimumf '(x)=0
absolute maximum
inflection pointf ''(x)=0
a b c d e
k
bf '(x)
d e+ - +
cf ''(x)
e+-
Area = ∫ f (x) dxa
b
Domain:( - ∞, e ]-∞ < x ≤ e
Range:( - ∞, k ]-∞ < y ≤ k
Sample Function f(x)BA
x
y
relative maximumf '(x)=0
zerof (x)=0
relative minimumf '(x)=0
absolute maximum
inflection pointf ''(x)=0
a b c d e
k
bf '(x)
d e+ - +
cf ''(x)
e+-
Area = ∫ f (x) dxa
b
Domain:( - ∞, e ]-∞ < x ≤ e
Range:( - ∞, k ]-∞ < y ≤ k
Sample Function f(x)BA
x
y
relative maximumf '(x)=0
zerof (x)=0
relative minimumf '(x)=0
absolute maximum
inflection pointf ''(x)=0
a b c d e
k
bf '(x)
d e+ - +
cf ''(x)
e+-
Area = ∫ f (x) dxa
b
Domain:( - ∞, e ]-∞ < x ≤ e
Range:( - ∞, k ]-∞ < y ≤ k
Sample Function f(x)
sin ² x + cos ² x = 11 + tan ² x = sec ² x1 + cot ² x = csc ² x
cos (a+b) = cos a cos b - sin a sin bsin (a+b) = sin a cos b + cos a sin b
cos (a - b) = cos a cos b + sin a sin bsin (a - b) = sin a cos b - cos a sin b
transcendental integrals
Double Angle Identitiessin 2x = 2 sin x cos x
cos 2x = cos ² x - sin ² xcos ² x = 1+ cos 2x
2sin ² x = 1- cos 2x
2
Odd/Even Identitiessin (- x) = - sin xcos (- x) = cos xtan (- x) = - tan xcot (- x) = - cot xsec (- x) = sec x
csc (- x) = - csc x
C
B
A
ac
bx
sin x =a/c= opposite/hypotenusecos x = b/c = adjacent/hypotenusesec x = c/b = hypotenuse/adjacentcsc x = c/a = hypotenuse/oppositetan x = a/b = sin x/cos x = opposite/adjacentcot x = b/a = cos x/sin x = adjacent/opposite
trig in a nutshell
logs in a nutshell
personal notes
ln (xy) = ln x + ln yln (x/y) = lnx - lnyln x = n ln xln e = e = xln 1 = 0 ln e = 1
ln x
limn → ∞
n= e(1+ )1
nif: a = x
log x = b
b
a
e10log x = log x
log x = ln x
3 step test for continuity:1. f(c) exists2. lim exists x->c
3. lim = f(c) x->c
derivatives
integration by parts
velocity & motion
volumes & areas
disc & shell methods
partial fractions trig substitutions
transcendental derivatives
Product Rulef ' (u v) = udv + vdu
Chain Rule (f o g)' = f ' g '
Quotient Rule
f ' ( ) =v du - u dv
v ²uv
(Lo D Hi minus Hi D Lo over Lo Lo)
f (x + h) - f (x)h
f ' (x) = limh -> 0
definition of the derivative:
Power Rulef ' ( x ) = c x
Addition Rulef ' (u + v) = f ' u + f ' v
c c -1
Mean Value Theorem
f (b) - f (a)b - a
= f ' (c)
l’Hôpital’s RuleWhen
lim f (x)g(x)x → a
lim f ' (x)g ' (x)x → a=
00
∞∞
lim f (x)g(x)x → a = OR
trig derivatives
Standard Trig(d/dx)(csc u) = - csc u cot u(d/dx)(sec u) = sec u tan u
(d/dx)(cot u) = - csc ² u(d/dx)(tan u) = sec ² u(d/dx)(cos u) = - sin u(d/dx)(sin u) = cos u
ddx
1 duu dxln u =
ddx
dudx
e = eu u
ddx
dudx
a = a ln au u
1
1
f (x) = ax
f (x) = log xa
(Use h(b1+b2)/2 for
trapezoids of
different height)
∫ f (x) dx = F(a) - F(b)
where F is theantiderivative of f
a
b
integrals
Power Rule:∫x dx = x +C
a+1x ≠ - 1
a a+1Average Value
f (x) dxAvg. (f (x)) =a
b 1 . b - a∫
LRAM RRAM MRAM
Rectangular Approximation Methods (RAM)
(use b x h for approximation)
Trapezoidal Rule
T = (y + 2y + 2y + ... + 2y + y )
a & b = bounds
n = number of intervals
b - a2n 210 n - 1 n
First FundamentalTheorem of Calculus
Second FundamentalTheorem of Calculus
(Leibniz's Rule)
dvdx
dudx
= f (v) - f (u)
ddx
f (t) dt∫u (x)
v (x)
= sec | |+ C-1du
u u² - a²1a
ua∫
trigonometric integrals
∫ sin x dx = - cos x + C
∫ cos x dx = sinx + C
∫ sec² x dx = tan x + C
∫ csc² x dx = - cot x + C
∫ sec x tan x dx = sec x + C
∫ csc x cot x dx = - csc x + C
∫ tan x dx = - ln |cos x| + C
∫ cot x dx = ln |sin x| + C
∫ sin² x dx = x - sin 2x + C
2 4
∫ cos² x dx = x + sin 2x + C
2 4
Standard Trig
Inverse Trig
= tan + C-1du
a² + u²
1a
ua∫= sin + C
-1du
a² - u²∫ua
u u∫ e du = e + C ∫ a du = + C
uu
aln a
duu∫ = ln |u| + C ∫ ln x dx = x ln x - x + C
∫a
b2r dx
∫c
d2
r dy ∫a
b
r h dx2π
∫c
d
r h dy2π
∫c
d22(R - r )dyππ
∫a
b2 2
(R - r )dxππ
Volume
X-Axis
Y-Axis
Disc(no hole)
Discw/ Hole
Shell
r = radius R = Outside radiusr = inside radius
r = radiush = height
s(t) or x(t)
v(t)
a(t)position
velocity
the velocity equation
acceleration
dd
∫∫
s(t) = ½ g t ² + v t + s
g = - 32 ft / s ², - 9.8 m / s ²O O
SA(sphere) = 4 π r ²
V(sphere) = π r ³43
V(cone) = π r ² h13s² 3
4A =
∫udv = uv - ∫vduPriority:
Logarithmic
Inverse Trig
Algebraic
Trigonometric
Euler's Constant (e)
Tabular Integration
∫ [(algebraic)(trigonometric/e)]dxex: ∫ 2x³cosx dx
2x³6x²12x120
cosxsinx-cosx-sinxcosx
+-
+-
Alt
ern
ati
ng
Sig
ns
d ∫
2x³sinx + 6x²cosx - 12x sin x - 12 x cos x +C
BA
x
y
relative maximumf '(x)=0
zerof (x)=0
relative minimumf '(x)=0
absolute maximum
inflection pointf ''(x)=0
a b c d e
k
bf '(x)
d e+ - +
cf ''(x)
e+-
Area = ∫ f (x) dxa
b
Domain:( - ∞, e ]-∞ < x ≤ e
Range:( - ∞, k ]-∞ < y ≤ k
Sample Function f(x)
sin ² x + cos ² x = 11 + tan ² x = sec ² x1 + cot ² x = csc ² x
cos (a+b) = cos a cos b - sin a sin bsin (a+b) = sin a cos b + cos a sin b
cos (a - b) = cos a cos b + sin a sin bsin (a - b) = sin a cos b - cos a sin b
transcendental integrals
Double Angle Identitiessin 2x = 2 sin x cos x
cos 2x = cos ² x - sin ² xcos ² x = 1+ cos 2x
2sin ² x = 1- cos 2x
2
Odd/Even Identitiessin (- x) = - sin xcos (- x) = cos xtan (- x) = - tan xcot (- x) = - cot xsec (- x) = sec x
csc (- x) = - csc x
C
B
A
ac
bx
sin x =a/c= opposite/hypotenusecos x = b/c = adjacent/hypotenusesec x = c/b = hypotenuse/adjacentcsc x = c/a = hypotenuse/oppositetan x = a/b = sin x/cos x = opposite/adjacentcot x = b/a = cos x/sin x = adjacent/opposite
trig in a nutshell
logs in a nutshell
personal notes
ln (xy) = ln x + ln yln (x/y) = lnx - lnyln x = n ln xln e = e = xln 1 = 0 ln e = 1
ln x
limn → ∞
n= e(1+ )1
nif: a = x
log x = b
b
a
e10log x = log x
log x = ln x
3 step test for continuity:1. f(c) exists2. lim exists x->c
3. lim = f(c) x->c
derivatives
integration by parts
velocity & motion
volumes & areas
disc & shell methods
partial fractions trig substitutions
transcendental derivatives
Product Rulef ' (u v) = udv + vdu
Chain Rule (f o g)' = f ' g '
Quotient Rule
f ' ( ) =v du - u dv
v ²uv
(Lo D Hi minus Hi D Lo over Lo Lo)
f (x + h) - f (x)h
f ' (x) = limh -> 0
definition of the derivative:
Power Rulef ' ( x ) = c x
Addition Rulef ' (u + v) = f ' u + f ' v
c c -1
Mean Value Theorem
f (b) - f (a)b - a
= f ' (c)
l’Hôpital’s RuleWhen
lim f (x)g(x)x → a
lim f ' (x)g ' (x)x → a=
00
∞∞
lim f (x)g(x)x → a = OR
trig derivatives
Standard Trig(d/dx)(csc u) = - csc u cot u(d/dx)(sec u) = sec u tan u
(d/dx)(cot u) = - csc ² u(d/dx)(tan u) = sec ² u(d/dx)(cos u) = - sin u(d/dx)(sin u) = cos u
ddx
1 duu dxln u =
ddx
dudx
e = eu u
ddx
dudx
a = a ln au u
1
1
f (x) = ax
f (x) = log xa
(Use h(b1+b2)/2 for
trapezoids of
different height)
∫ f (x) dx = F(a) - F(b)
where F is theantiderivative of f
a
b
integrals
Power Rule:∫x dx = x +C
a+1x ≠ - 1
a a+1Average Value
f (x) dxAvg. (f (x)) =a
b 1 . b - a∫
LRAM RRAM MRAM
Rectangular Approximation Methods (RAM)
(use b x h for approximation)
Trapezoidal Rule
T = (y + 2y + 2y + ... + 2y + y )
a & b = bounds
n = number of intervals
b - a2n 210 n - 1 n
First FundamentalTheorem of Calculus
Second FundamentalTheorem of Calculus
(Leibniz's Rule)
dvdx
dudx
= f (v) - f (u)
ddx
f (t) dt∫u (x)
v (x)
= sec | |+ C-1du
u u² - a²1a
ua∫
trigonometric integrals
∫ sin x dx = - cos x + C
∫ cos x dx = sinx + C
∫ sec² x dx = tan x + C
∫ csc² x dx = - cot x + C
∫ sec x tan x dx = sec x + C
∫ csc x cot x dx = - csc x + C
∫ tan x dx = - ln |cos x| + C
∫ cot x dx = ln |sin x| + C
∫ sin² x dx = x - sin 2x + C
2 4
∫ cos² x dx = x + sin 2x + C
2 4
Standard Trig
Inverse Trig
= tan + C-1du
a² + u²
1a
ua∫= sin + C
-1du
a² - u²∫ua
u u∫ e du = e + C ∫ a du = + C
uu
aln a
duu∫ = ln |u| + C ∫ ln x dx = x ln x - x + C
∫a
b2r dx
∫c
d2
r dy ∫a
b
r h dx2π
∫c
d
r h dy2π
∫c
d22(R - r )dyππ
∫a
b2 2
(R - r )dxππ
Volume
X-Axis
Y-Axis
Disc(no hole)
Discw/ Hole
Shell
r = radius R = Outside radiusr = inside radius
r = radiush = height
s(t) or x(t)
v(t)
a(t)position
velocity
the velocity equation
acceleration
dd
∫∫
s(t) = ½ g t ² + v t + s
g = - 32 ft / s ², - 9.8 m / s ²O O
SA(sphere) = 4 π r ²
V(sphere) = π r ³43
V(cone) = π r ² h13s² 3
4A =
∫udv = uv - ∫vduPriority:
Logarithmic
Inverse Trig
Algebraic
Trigonometric
Euler's Constant (e)
Tabular Integration
∫ [(algebraic)(trigonometric/e)]dxex: ∫ 2x³cosx dx
2x³6x²12x120
cosxsinx-cosx-sinxcosx
+-
+-
Alt
ern
ati
ng
Sig
ns
d ∫
2x³sinx + 6x²cosx - 12x sin x - 12 x cos x +C
BA
x
y
relative maximumf '(x)=0
zerof (x)=0
relative minimumf '(x)=0
absolute maximum
inflection pointf ''(x)=0
a b c d e
k
bf '(x)
d e+ - +
cf ''(x)
e+-
Area = ∫ f (x) dxa
b
Domain:( - ∞, e ]-∞ < x ≤ e
Range:( - ∞, k ]-∞ < y ≤ k
Sample Function f(x)
sin ² x + cos ² x = 11 + tan ² x = sec ² x1 + cot ² x = csc ² x
cos (a+b) = cos a cos b - sin a sin bsin (a+b) = sin a cos b + cos a sin b
cos (a - b) = cos a cos b + sin a sin bsin (a - b) = sin a cos b - cos a sin b
transcendental integrals
Double Angle Identitiessin 2x = 2 sin x cos x
cos 2x = cos ² x - sin ² xcos ² x = 1+ cos 2x
2sin ² x = 1- cos 2x
2
Odd/Even Identitiessin (- x) = - sin xcos (- x) = cos xtan (- x) = - tan xcot (- x) = - cot xsec (- x) = sec x
csc (- x) = - csc x
C
B
A
ac
bx
sin x =a/c= opposite/hypotenusecos x = b/c = adjacent/hypotenusesec x = c/b = hypotenuse/adjacentcsc x = c/a = hypotenuse/oppositetan x = a/b = sin x/cos x = opposite/adjacentcot x = b/a = cos x/sin x = adjacent/opposite
trig in a nutshell
logs in a nutshell
personal notes
ln (xy) = ln x + ln yln (x/y) = lnx - lnyln x = n ln xln e = e = xln 1 = 0 ln e = 1
ln x
limn → ∞
n= e(1+ )1
nif: a = x
log x = b
b
a
e10log x = log x
log x = ln x
3 step test for continuity:1. f(c) exists2. lim exists x->c
3. lim = f(c) x->c
derivatives
integration by parts
velocity & motion
volumes & areas
disc & shell methods
partial fractions trig substitutions
transcendental derivatives
Product Rulef ' (u v) = udv + vdu
Chain Rule (f o g)' = f ' g '
Quotient Rule
f ' ( ) =v du - u dv
v ²uv
(Lo D Hi minus Hi D Lo over Lo Lo)
f (x + h) - f (x)h
f ' (x) = limh -> 0
definition of the derivative:
Power Rulef ' ( x ) = c x
Addition Rulef ' (u + v) = f ' u + f ' v
c c -1
Mean Value Theorem
f (b) - f (a)b - a
= f ' (c)
l’Hôpital’s RuleWhen
lim f (x)g(x)x → a
lim f ' (x)g ' (x)x → a=
00
∞∞
lim f (x)g(x)x → a = OR
trig derivatives
Standard Trig(d/dx)(csc u) = - csc u cot u(d/dx)(sec u) = sec u tan u
(d/dx)(cot u) = - csc ² u(d/dx)(tan u) = sec ² u(d/dx)(cos u) = - sin u(d/dx)(sin u) = cos u
ddx
1 duu dxln u =
ddx
dudx
e = eu u
ddx
dudx
a = a ln au u
1
1
f (x) = ax
f (x) = log xa
(Use h(b1+b2)/2 for
trapezoids of
different height)
∫ f (x) dx = F(a) - F(b)
where F is theantiderivative of f
a
b
integrals
Power Rule:∫x dx = x +C
a+1x ≠ - 1
a a+1Average Value
f (x) dxAvg. (f (x)) =a
b 1 . b - a∫
LRAM RRAM MRAM
Rectangular Approximation Methods (RAM)
(use b x h for approximation)
Trapezoidal Rule
T = (y + 2y + 2y + ... + 2y + y )
a & b = bounds
n = number of intervals
b - a2n 210 n - 1 n
First FundamentalTheorem of Calculus
Second FundamentalTheorem of Calculus
(Leibniz's Rule)
dvdx
dudx
= f (v) - f (u)
ddx
f (t) dt∫u (x)
v (x)
= sec | |+ C-1du
u u² - a²1a
ua∫
trigonometric integrals
∫ sin x dx = - cos x + C
∫ cos x dx = sinx + C
∫ sec² x dx = tan x + C
∫ csc² x dx = - cot x + C
∫ sec x tan x dx = sec x + C
∫ csc x cot x dx = - csc x + C
∫ tan x dx = - ln |cos x| + C
∫ cot x dx = ln |sin x| + C
∫ sin² x dx = x - sin 2x + C
2 4
∫ cos² x dx = x + sin 2x + C
2 4
Standard Trig
Inverse Trig
= tan + C-1du
a² + u²
1a
ua∫= sin + C
-1du
a² - u²∫ua
u u∫ e du = e + C ∫ a du = + C
uu
aln a
duu∫ = ln |u| + C ∫ ln x dx = x ln x - x + C
∫a
b2r dx
∫c
d2
r dy ∫a
b
r h dx2π
∫c
d
r h dy2π
∫c
d22(R - r )dyππ
∫a
b2 2
(R - r )dxππ
Volume
X-Axis
Y-Axis
Disc(no hole)
Discw/ Hole
Shell
r = radius R = Outside radiusr = inside radius
r = radiush = height
s(t) or x(t)
v(t)
a(t)position
velocity
the velocity equation
acceleration
dd
∫∫
s(t) = ½ g t ² + v t + s
g = - 32 ft / s ², - 9.8 m / s ²O O
SA(sphere) = 4 π r ²
V(sphere) = π r ³43
V(cone) = π r ² h13s² 3
4A =
∫udv = uv - ∫vduPriority:
Logarithmic
Inverse Trig
Algebraic
Trigonometric
Euler's Constant (e)
Tabular Integration
∫ [(algebraic)(trigonometric/e)]dxex: ∫ 2x³cosx dx
2x³6x²12x120
cosxsinx-cosx-sinxcosx
+-
+-
Alt
ern
ati
ng
Sig
ns
d ∫
2x³sinx + 6x²cosx - 12x sin x - 12 x cos x +C
BA
x
y
relative maximumf '(x)=0
zerof (x)=0
relative minimumf '(x)=0
absolute maximum
inflection pointf ''(x)=0
a b c d e
k
bf '(x)
d e+ - +
cf ''(x)
e+-
Area = ∫ f (x) dxa
b
Domain:( - ∞, e ]-∞ < x ≤ e
Range:( - ∞, k ]-∞ < y ≤ k
Sample Function f(x)
sin ² x + cos ² x = 11 + tan ² x = sec ² x1 + cot ² x = csc ² x
cos (a+b) = cos a cos b - sin a sin bsin (a+b) = sin a cos b + cos a sin b
cos (a - b) = cos a cos b + sin a sin bsin (a - b) = sin a cos b - cos a sin b
transcendental integrals
Double Angle Identitiessin 2x = 2 sin x cos x
cos 2x = cos ² x - sin ² xcos ² x = 1+ cos 2x
2sin ² x = 1- cos 2x
2
Odd/Even Identitiessin (- x) = - sin xcos (- x) = cos xtan (- x) = - tan xcot (- x) = - cot xsec (- x) = sec x
csc (- x) = - csc x
C
B
A
ac
bx
sin x =a/c= opposite/hypotenusecos x = b/c = adjacent/hypotenusesec x = c/b = hypotenuse/adjacentcsc x = c/a = hypotenuse/oppositetan x = a/b = sin x/cos x = opposite/adjacentcot x = b/a = cos x/sin x = adjacent/opposite
trig in a nutshell
logs in a nutshell
personal notes
ln (xy) = ln x + ln yln (x/y) = lnx - lnyln x = n ln xln e = e = xln 1 = 0 ln e = 1
ln x
limn → ∞
n= e(1+ )1
nif: a = x
log x = b
b
a
e10log x = log x
log x = ln x
3 step test for continuity:1. f(c) exists2. lim exists x->c
3. lim = f(c) x->c
derivatives
integration by parts
velocity & motion
volumes & areas
disc & shell methods
partial fractions trig substitutions
transcendental derivatives
Product Rulef ' (u v) = udv + vdu
Chain Rule (f o g)' = f ' g '
Quotient Rule
f ' ( ) =v du - u dv
v ²uv
(Lo D Hi minus Hi D Lo over Lo Lo)
f (x + h) - f (x)h
f ' (x) = limh -> 0
definition of the derivative:
Power Rulef ' ( x ) = c x
Addition Rulef ' (u + v) = f ' u + f ' v
c c -1
Mean Value Theorem
f (b) - f (a)b - a
= f ' (c)
l’Hôpital’s RuleWhen
lim f (x)g(x)x → a
lim f ' (x)g ' (x)x → a=
00
∞∞
lim f (x)g(x)x → a = OR
trig derivatives
Standard Trig(d/dx)(csc u) = - csc u cot u(d/dx)(sec u) = sec u tan u
(d/dx)(cot u) = - csc ² u(d/dx)(tan u) = sec ² u(d/dx)(cos u) = - sin u(d/dx)(sin u) = cos u
ddx
1 duu dxln u =
ddx
dudx
e = eu u
ddx
dudx
a = a ln au u
1
1
f (x) = ax
f (x) = log xa
(Use h(b1+b2)/2 for
trapezoids of
different height)
∫ f (x) dx = F(a) - F(b)
where F is theantiderivative of f
a
b
integrals
Power Rule:∫x dx = x +C
a+1x ≠ - 1
a a+1Average Value
f (x) dxAvg. (f (x)) =a
b 1 . b - a∫
LRAM RRAM MRAM
Rectangular Approximation Methods (RAM)
(use b x h for approximation)
Trapezoidal Rule
T = (y + 2y + 2y + ... + 2y + y )
a & b = bounds
n = number of intervals
b - a2n 210 n - 1 n
First FundamentalTheorem of Calculus
Second FundamentalTheorem of Calculus
(Leibniz's Rule)
dvdx
dudx
= f (v) - f (u)
ddx
f (t) dt∫u (x)
v (x)
= sec | |+ C-1du
u u² - a²1a
ua∫
trigonometric integrals
∫ sin x dx = - cos x + C
∫ cos x dx = sinx + C
∫ sec² x dx = tan x + C
∫ csc² x dx = - cot x + C
∫ sec x tan x dx = sec x + C
∫ csc x cot x dx = - csc x + C
∫ tan x dx = - ln |cos x| + C
∫ cot x dx = ln |sin x| + C
∫ sin² x dx = x - sin 2x + C
2 4
∫ cos² x dx = x + sin 2x + C
2 4
Standard Trig
Inverse Trig
= tan + C-1du
a² + u²
1a
ua∫= sin + C
-1du
a² - u²∫ua
u u∫ e du = e + C ∫ a du = + C
uu
aln a
duu∫ = ln |u| + C ∫ ln x dx = x ln x - x + C
∫a
b2r dx
∫c
d2
r dy ∫a
b
r h dx2π
∫c
d
r h dy2π
∫c
d22(R - r )dyππ
∫a
b2 2
(R - r )dxππ
Volume
X-Axis
Y-Axis
Disc(no hole)
Discw/ Hole
Shell
r = radius R = Outside radiusr = inside radius
r = radiush = height
s(t) or x(t)
v(t)
a(t)position
velocity
the velocity equation
acceleration
dd
∫∫
s(t) = ½ g t ² + v t + s
g = - 32 ft / s ², - 9.8 m / s ²O O
SA(sphere) = 4 π r ²
V(sphere) = π r ³43
V(cone) = π r ² h13s² 3
4A =
∫udv = uv - ∫vduPriority:
Logarithmic
Inverse Trig
Algebraic
Trigonometric
Euler's Constant (e)
Tabular Integration
∫ [(algebraic)(trigonometric/e)]dxex: ∫ 2x³cosx dx
2x³6x²12x120
cosxsinx-cosx-sinxcosx
+-
+-
Alt
ern
ati
ng
Sig
ns
d ∫
2x³sinx + 6x²cosx - 12x sin x - 12 x cos x +C
BA
x
y
relative maximumf '(x)=0
zerof (x)=0
relative minimumf '(x)=0
absolute maximum
inflection pointf ''(x)=0
a b c d e
k
bf '(x)
d e+ - +
cf ''(x)
e+-
Area = ∫ f (x) dxa
b
Domain:( - ∞, e ]-∞ < x ≤ e
Range:( - ∞, k ]-∞ < y ≤ k
Sample Function f(x)
sin ² x + cos ² x = 11 + tan ² x = sec ² x1 + cot ² x = csc ² x
cos (a+b) = cos a cos b - sin a sin bsin (a+b) = sin a cos b + cos a sin b
cos (a - b) = cos a cos b + sin a sin bsin (a - b) = sin a cos b - cos a sin b
transcendental integrals
Double Angle Identitiessin 2x = 2 sin x cos x
cos 2x = cos ² x - sin ² xcos ² x = 1+ cos 2x
2sin ² x = 1- cos 2x
2
Odd/Even Identitiessin (- x) = - sin xcos (- x) = cos xtan (- x) = - tan xcot (- x) = - cot xsec (- x) = sec x
csc (- x) = - csc x
C
B
A
ac
bx
sin x =a/c= opposite/hypotenusecos x = b/c = adjacent/hypotenusesec x = c/b = hypotenuse/adjacentcsc x = c/a = hypotenuse/oppositetan x = a/b = sin x/cos x = opposite/adjacentcot x = b/a = cos x/sin x = adjacent/opposite
trig in a nutshell
logs in a nutshell
personal notes
ln (xy) = ln x + ln yln (x/y) = lnx - lnyln x = n ln xln e = e = xln 1 = 0 ln e = 1
ln x
limn → ∞
n= e(1+ )1
nif: a = x
log x = b
b
a
e10log x = log x
log x = ln x
3 step test for continuity:1. f(c) exists2. lim exists x->c
3. lim = f(c) x->c
derivatives
integration by parts
velocity & motion
volumes & areas
disc & shell methods
partial fractions trig substitutions
transcendental derivatives
Product Rulef ' (u v) = udv + vdu
Chain Rule (f o g)' = f ' g '
Quotient Rule
f ' ( ) =v du - u dv
v ²uv
(Lo D Hi minus Hi D Lo over Lo Lo)
f (x + h) - f (x)h
f ' (x) = limh -> 0
definition of the derivative:
Power Rulef ' ( x ) = c x
Addition Rulef ' (u + v) = f ' u + f ' v
c c -1
Mean Value Theorem
f (b) - f (a)b - a
= f ' (c)
l’Hôpital’s RuleWhen
lim f (x)g(x)x → a
lim f ' (x)g ' (x)x → a=
00
∞∞
lim f (x)g(x)x → a = OR
trig derivatives
Standard Trig(d/dx)(csc u) = - csc u cot u(d/dx)(sec u) = sec u tan u
(d/dx)(cot u) = - csc ² u(d/dx)(tan u) = sec ² u(d/dx)(cos u) = - sin u(d/dx)(sin u) = cos u
ddx
1 duu dxln u =
ddx
dudx
e = eu u
ddx
dudx
a = a ln au u
1
1
f (x) = ax
f (x) = log xa
(Use h(b1+b2)/2 for
trapezoids of
different height)
∫ f (x) dx = F(a) - F(b)
where F is theantiderivative of f
a
b
integrals
Power Rule:∫x dx = x +C
a+1x ≠ - 1
a a+1Average Value
f (x) dxAvg. (f (x)) =a
b 1 . b - a∫
LRAM RRAM MRAM
Rectangular Approximation Methods (RAM)
(use b x h for approximation)
Trapezoidal Rule
T = (y + 2y + 2y + ... + 2y + y )
a & b = bounds
n = number of intervals
b - a2n 210 n - 1 n
First FundamentalTheorem of Calculus
Second FundamentalTheorem of Calculus
(Leibniz's Rule)
dvdx
dudx
= f (v) - f (u)
ddx
f (t) dt∫u (x)
v (x)
= sec | |+ C-1du
u u² - a²1a
ua∫
trigonometric integrals
∫ sin x dx = - cos x + C
∫ cos x dx = sinx + C
∫ sec² x dx = tan x + C
∫ csc² x dx = - cot x + C
∫ sec x tan x dx = sec x + C
∫ csc x cot x dx = - csc x + C
∫ tan x dx = - ln |cos x| + C
∫ cot x dx = ln |sin x| + C
∫ sin² x dx = x - sin 2x + C
2 4
∫ cos² x dx = x + sin 2x + C
2 4
Standard Trig
Inverse Trig
= tan + C-1du
a² + u²
1a
ua∫= sin + C
-1du
a² - u²∫ua
u u∫ e du = e + C ∫ a du = + C
uu
aln a
duu∫ = ln |u| + C ∫ ln x dx = x ln x - x + C
∫a
b2r dx
∫c
d2
r dy ∫a
b
r h dx2π
∫c
d
r h dy2π
∫c
d22(R - r )dyππ
∫a
b2 2
(R - r )dxππ
Volume
X-Axis
Y-Axis
Disc(no hole)
Discw/ Hole
Shell
r = radius R = Outside radiusr = inside radius
r = radiush = height
s(t) or x(t)
v(t)
a(t)position
velocity
the velocity equation
acceleration
dd
∫∫
s(t) = ½ g t ² + v t + s
g = - 32 ft / s ², - 9.8 m / s ²O O
SA(sphere) = 4 π r ²
V(sphere) = π r ³43
V(cone) = π r ² h13s² 3
4A =
∫udv = uv - ∫vduPriority:
Logarithmic
Inverse Trig
Algebraic
Trigonometric
Euler's Constant (e)
Tabular Integration
∫ [(algebraic)(trigonometric/e)]dxex: ∫ 2x³cosx dx
2x³6x²12x120
cosxsinx-cosx-sinxcosx
+-
+-
Alt
ern
ati
ng
Sig
ns
d ∫
2x³sinx + 6x²cosx - 12x sin x - 12 x cos x +C
BA
x
y
relative maximumf '(x)=0
zerof (x)=0
relative minimumf '(x)=0
absolute maximum
inflection pointf ''(x)=0
a b c d e
k
bf '(x)
d e+ - +
cf ''(x)
e+-
Area = ∫ f (x) dxa
b
Domain:( - ∞, e ]-∞ < x ≤ e
Range:( - ∞, k ]-∞ < y ≤ k
Sample Function f(x)
sin ² x + cos ² x = 11 + tan ² x = sec ² x1 + cot ² x = csc ² x
cos (a+b) = cos a cos b - sin a sin bsin (a+b) = sin a cos b + cos a sin b
cos (a - b) = cos a cos b + sin a sin bsin (a - b) = sin a cos b - cos a sin b
transcendental integrals
Double Angle Identitiessin 2x = 2 sin x cos x
cos 2x = cos ² x - sin ² xcos ² x = 1+ cos 2x
2sin ² x = 1- cos 2x
2
Odd/Even Identitiessin (- x) = - sin xcos (- x) = cos xtan (- x) = - tan xcot (- x) = - cot xsec (- x) = sec x
csc (- x) = - csc x
C
B
A
ac
bx
sin x =a/c= opposite/hypotenusecos x = b/c = adjacent/hypotenusesec x = c/b = hypotenuse/adjacentcsc x = c/a = hypotenuse/oppositetan x = a/b = sin x/cos x = opposite/adjacentcot x = b/a = cos x/sin x = adjacent/opposite
trig in a nutshell
logs in a nutshell
personal notes
ln (xy) = ln x + ln yln (x/y) = lnx - lnyln x = n ln xln e = e = xln 1 = 0 ln e = 1
ln x
limn → ∞
n= e(1+ )1
nif: a = x
log x = b
b
a
e10log x = log x
log x = ln x
3 step test for continuity:1. f(c) exists2. lim exists x->c
3. lim = f(c) x->c
derivatives
integration by parts
velocity & motion
volumes & areas
disc & shell methods
partial fractions trig substitutions
transcendental derivatives
Product Rulef ' (u v) = udv + vdu
Chain Rule (f o g)' = f ' g '
Quotient Rule
f ' ( ) =v du - u dv
v ²uv
(Lo D Hi minus Hi D Lo over Lo Lo)
f (x + h) - f (x)h
f ' (x) = limh -> 0
definition of the derivative:
Power Rulef ' ( x ) = c x
Addition Rulef ' (u + v) = f ' u + f ' v
c c -1
Mean Value Theorem
f (b) - f (a)b - a
= f ' (c)
l’Hôpital’s RuleWhen
lim f (x)g(x)x → a
lim f ' (x)g ' (x)x → a=
00
∞∞
lim f (x)g(x)x → a = OR
trig derivatives
Standard Trig(d/dx)(csc u) = - csc u cot u(d/dx)(sec u) = sec u tan u
(d/dx)(cot u) = - csc ² u(d/dx)(tan u) = sec ² u(d/dx)(cos u) = - sin u(d/dx)(sin u) = cos u
ddx
1 duu dxln u =
ddx
dudx
e = eu u
ddx
dudx
a = a ln au u
1
1
f (x) = ax
f (x) = log xa
(Use h(b1+b2)/2 for
trapezoids of
different height)
∫ f (x) dx = F(a) - F(b)
where F is theantiderivative of f
a
b
integrals
Power Rule:∫x dx = x +C
a+1x ≠ - 1
a a+1Average Value
f (x) dxAvg. (f (x)) =a
b 1 . b - a∫
LRAM RRAM MRAM
Rectangular Approximation Methods (RAM)
(use b x h for approximation)
Trapezoidal Rule
T = (y + 2y + 2y + ... + 2y + y )
a & b = bounds
n = number of intervals
b - a2n 210 n - 1 n
First FundamentalTheorem of Calculus
Second FundamentalTheorem of Calculus
(Leibniz's Rule)
dvdx
dudx
= f (v) - f (u)
ddx
f (t) dt∫u (x)
v (x)
= sec | |+ C-1du
u u² - a²1a
ua∫
trigonometric integrals
∫ sin x dx = - cos x + C
∫ cos x dx = sinx + C
∫ sec² x dx = tan x + C
∫ csc² x dx = - cot x + C
∫ sec x tan x dx = sec x + C
∫ csc x cot x dx = - csc x + C
∫ tan x dx = - ln |cos x| + C
∫ cot x dx = ln |sin x| + C
∫ sin² x dx = x - sin 2x + C
2 4
∫ cos² x dx = x + sin 2x + C
2 4
Standard Trig
Inverse Trig
= tan + C-1du
a² + u²
1a
ua∫= sin + C
-1du
a² - u²∫ua
u u∫ e du = e + C ∫ a du = + C
uu
aln a
duu∫ = ln |u| + C ∫ ln x dx = x ln x - x + C
∫a
b2r dx
∫c
d2
r dy ∫a
b
r h dx2π
∫c
d
r h dy2π
∫c
d22(R - r )dyππ
∫a
b2 2
(R - r )dxππ
Volume
X-Axis
Y-Axis
Disc(no hole)
Discw/ Hole
Shell
r = radius R = Outside radiusr = inside radius
r = radiush = height
s(t) or x(t)
v(t)
a(t)position
velocity
the velocity equation
acceleration
dd
∫∫
s(t) = ½ g t ² + v t + s
g = - 32 ft / s ², - 9.8 m / s ²O O
SA(sphere) = 4 π r ²
V(sphere) = π r ³43
V(cone) = π r ² h13s² 3
4A =
∫udv = uv - ∫vduPriority:
Logarithmic
Inverse Trig
Algebraic
Trigonometric
Euler's Constant (e)
Tabular Integration
∫ [(algebraic)(trigonometric/e)]dxex: ∫ 2x³cosx dx
2x³6x²12x120
cosxsinx-cosx-sinxcosx
+-
+-
Alt
ern
ati
ng
Sig
ns
d ∫
2x³sinx + 6x²cosx - 12x sin x - 12 x cos x +C
BA
x
y
relative maximumf '(x)=0
zerof (x)=0
relative minimumf '(x)=0
absolute maximum
inflection pointf ''(x)=0
a b c d e
k
bf '(x)
d e+ - +
cf ''(x)
e+-
Area = ∫ f (x) dxa
b
Domain:( - ∞, e ]-∞ < x ≤ e
Range:( - ∞, k ]-∞ < y ≤ k
Sample Function f(x)
sin ² x + cos ² x = 11 + tan ² x = sec ² x1 + cot ² x = csc ² x
cos (a+b) = cos a cos b - sin a sin bsin (a+b) = sin a cos b + cos a sin b
cos (a - b) = cos a cos b + sin a sin bsin (a - b) = sin a cos b - cos a sin b
transcendental integrals
Double Angle Identitiessin 2x = 2 sin x cos x
cos 2x = cos ² x - sin ² xcos ² x = 1+ cos 2x
2sin ² x = 1- cos 2x
2
Odd/Even Identitiessin (- x) = - sin xcos (- x) = cos xtan (- x) = - tan xcot (- x) = - cot xsec (- x) = sec x
csc (- x) = - csc x
C
B
A
ac
bx
sin x =a/c= opposite/hypotenusecos x = b/c = adjacent/hypotenusesec x = c/b = hypotenuse/adjacentcsc x = c/a = hypotenuse/oppositetan x = a/b = sin x/cos x = opposite/adjacentcot x = b/a = cos x/sin x = adjacent/opposite
trig in a nutshell
logs in a nutshell
personal notes
ln (xy) = ln x + ln yln (x/y) = lnx - lnyln x = n ln xln e = e = xln 1 = 0 ln e = 1
ln x
limn → ∞
n= e(1+ )1
nif: a = x
log x = b
b
a
e10log x = log x
log x = ln x
3 step test for continuity:1. f(c) exists2. lim exists x->c
3. lim = f(c) x->c
derivatives
integration by parts
velocity & motion
volumes & areas
disc & shell methods
partial fractions trig substitutions
transcendental derivatives
Product Rulef ' (u v) = udv + vdu
Chain Rule (f o g)' = f ' g '
Quotient Rule
f ' ( ) =v du - u dv
v ²uv
(Lo D Hi minus Hi D Lo over Lo Lo)
f (x + h) - f (x)h
f ' (x) = limh -> 0
definition of the derivative:
Power Rulef ' ( x ) = c x
Addition Rulef ' (u + v) = f ' u + f ' v
c c -1
Mean Value Theorem
f (b) - f (a)b - a
= f ' (c)
l’Hôpital’s RuleWhen
lim f (x)g(x)x → a
lim f ' (x)g ' (x)x → a=
00
∞∞
lim f (x)g(x)x → a = OR
trig derivatives
Standard Trig(d/dx)(csc u) = - csc u cot u(d/dx)(sec u) = sec u tan u
(d/dx)(cot u) = - csc ² u(d/dx)(tan u) = sec ² u(d/dx)(cos u) = - sin u(d/dx)(sin u) = cos u
ddx
1 duu dxln u =
ddx
dudx
e = eu u
ddx
dudx
a = a ln au u
1
1
f (x) = ax
f (x) = log xa
(Use h(b1+b2)/2 for
trapezoids of
different height)
∫ f (x) dx = F(a) - F(b)
where F is theantiderivative of f
a
b
integrals
Power Rule:∫x dx = x +C
a+1x ≠ - 1
a a+1Average Value
f (x) dxAvg. (f (x)) =a
b 1 . b - a∫
LRAM RRAM MRAM
Rectangular Approximation Methods (RAM)
(use b x h for approximation)
Trapezoidal Rule
T = (y + 2y + 2y + ... + 2y + y )
a & b = bounds
n = number of intervals
b - a2n 210 n - 1 n
First FundamentalTheorem of Calculus
Second FundamentalTheorem of Calculus
(Leibniz's Rule)
dvdx
dudx
= f (v) - f (u)
ddx
f (t) dt∫u (x)
v (x)
= sec | |+ C-1du
u u² - a²1a
ua∫
trigonometric integrals
∫ sin x dx = - cos x + C
∫ cos x dx = sinx + C
∫ sec² x dx = tan x + C
∫ csc² x dx = - cot x + C
∫ sec x tan x dx = sec x + C
∫ csc x cot x dx = - csc x + C
∫ tan x dx = - ln |cos x| + C
∫ cot x dx = ln |sin x| + C
∫ sin² x dx = x - sin 2x + C
2 4
∫ cos² x dx = x + sin 2x + C
2 4
Standard Trig
Inverse Trig
= tan + C-1du
a² + u²
1a
ua∫= sin + C
-1du
a² - u²∫ua
u u∫ e du = e + C ∫ a du = + C
uu
aln a
duu∫ = ln |u| + C ∫ ln x dx = x ln x - x + C
∫a
b2r dx
∫c
d2
r dy ∫a
b
r h dx2π
∫c
d
r h dy2π
∫c
d22(R - r )dyππ
∫a
b2 2
(R - r )dxππ
Volume
X-Axis
Y-Axis
Disc(no hole)
Discw/ Hole
Shell
r = radius R = Outside radiusr = inside radius
r = radiush = height
s(t) or x(t)
v(t)
a(t)position
velocity
the velocity equation
acceleration
dd
∫∫
s(t) = ½ g t ² + v t + s
g = - 32 ft / s ², - 9.8 m / s ²O O
SA(sphere) = 4 π r ²
V(sphere) = π r ³43
V(cone) = π r ² h13s² 3
4A =
∫udv = uv - ∫vduPriority:
Logarithmic
Inverse Trig
Algebraic
Trigonometric
Euler's Constant (e)
Tabular Integration
∫ [(algebraic)(trigonometric/e)]dxex: ∫ 2x³cosx dx
2x³6x²12x120
cosxsinx-cosx-sinxcosx
+-
+-
Alt
ern
ati
ng
Sig
ns
d ∫
2x³sinx + 6x²cosx - 12x sin x - 12 x cos x +C
BA
x
y
relative maximumf '(x)=0
zerof (x)=0
relative minimumf '(x)=0
absolute maximum
inflection pointf ''(x)=0
a b c d e
k
bf '(x)
d e+ - +
cf ''(x)
e+-
Area = ∫ f (x) dxa
b
Domain:( - ∞, e ]-∞ < x ≤ e
Range:( - ∞, k ]-∞ < y ≤ k
Sample Function f(x)
sin ² x + cos ² x = 11 + tan ² x = sec ² x1 + cot ² x = csc ² x
cos (a+b) = cos a cos b - sin a sin bsin (a+b) = sin a cos b + cos a sin b
cos (a - b) = cos a cos b + sin a sin bsin (a - b) = sin a cos b - cos a sin b
transcendental integrals
Double Angle Identitiessin 2x = 2 sin x cos x
cos 2x = cos ² x - sin ² xcos ² x = 1+ cos 2x
2sin ² x = 1- cos 2x
2
Odd/Even Identitiessin (- x) = - sin xcos (- x) = cos xtan (- x) = - tan xcot (- x) = - cot xsec (- x) = sec x
csc (- x) = - csc x
C
B
A
ac
bx
sin x =a/c= opposite/hypotenusecos x = b/c = adjacent/hypotenusesec x = c/b = hypotenuse/adjacentcsc x = c/a = hypotenuse/oppositetan x = a/b = sin x/cos x = opposite/adjacentcot x = b/a = cos x/sin x = adjacent/opposite
trig in a nutshell
logs in a nutshell
personal notes
ln (xy) = ln x + ln yln (x/y) = lnx - lnyln x = n ln xln e = e = xln 1 = 0 ln e = 1
ln x
limn → ∞
n= e(1+ )1
nif: a = x
log x = b
b
a
e10log x = log x
log x = ln x
3 step test for continuity:1. f(c) exists2. lim exists x->c
3. lim = f(c) x->c
derivatives
integration by parts
velocity & motion
volumes & areas
disc & shell methods
partial fractions trig substitutions
transcendental derivatives
Product Rulef ' (u v) = udv + vdu
Chain Rule (f o g)' = f ' g '
Quotient Rule
f ' ( ) =v du - u dv
v ²uv
(Lo D Hi minus Hi D Lo over Lo Lo)
f (x + h) - f (x)h
f ' (x) = limh -> 0
definition of the derivative:
Power Rulef ' ( x ) = c x
Addition Rulef ' (u + v) = f ' u + f ' v
c c -1
Mean Value Theorem
f (b) - f (a)b - a
= f ' (c)
l’Hôpital’s RuleWhen
lim f (x)g(x)x → a
lim f ' (x)g ' (x)x → a=
00
∞∞
lim f (x)g(x)x → a = OR
trig derivatives
Standard Trig(d/dx)(csc u) = - csc u cot u(d/dx)(sec u) = sec u tan u
(d/dx)(cot u) = - csc ² u(d/dx)(tan u) = sec ² u(d/dx)(cos u) = - sin u(d/dx)(sin u) = cos u
ddx
1 duu dxln u =
ddx
dudx
e = eu u
ddx
dudx
a = a ln au u
1
1
f (x) = ax
f (x) = log xa
(Use h(b1+b2)/2 for
trapezoids of
different height)
∫ f (x) dx = F(a) - F(b)
where F is theantiderivative of f
a
b
integrals
Power Rule:∫x dx = x +C
a+1x ≠ - 1
a a+1Average Value
f (x) dxAvg. (f (x)) =a
b 1 . b - a∫
LRAM RRAM MRAM
Rectangular Approximation Methods (RAM)
(use b x h for approximation)
Trapezoidal Rule
T = (y + 2y + 2y + ... + 2y + y )
a & b = bounds
n = number of intervals
b - a2n 210 n - 1 n
First FundamentalTheorem of Calculus
Second FundamentalTheorem of Calculus
(Leibniz's Rule)
dvdx
dudx
= f (v) - f (u)
ddx
f (t) dt∫u (x)
v (x)
= sec | |+ C-1du
u u² - a²1a
ua∫
trigonometric integrals
∫ sin x dx = - cos x + C
∫ cos x dx = sinx + C
∫ sec² x dx = tan x + C
∫ csc² x dx = - cot x + C
∫ sec x tan x dx = sec x + C
∫ csc x cot x dx = - csc x + C
∫ tan x dx = - ln |cos x| + C
∫ cot x dx = ln |sin x| + C
∫ sin² x dx = x - sin 2x + C
2 4
∫ cos² x dx = x + sin 2x + C
2 4
Standard Trig
Inverse Trig
= tan + C-1du
a² + u²
1a
ua∫= sin + C
-1du
a² - u²∫ua
u u∫ e du = e + C ∫ a du = + C
uu
aln a
duu∫ = ln |u| + C ∫ ln x dx = x ln x - x + C
∫a
b2r dx
∫c
d2
r dy ∫a
b
r h dx2π
∫c
d
r h dy2π
∫c
d22(R - r )dyππ
∫a
b2 2
(R - r )dxππ
Volume
X-Axis
Y-Axis
Disc(no hole)
Discw/ Hole
Shell
r = radius R = Outside radiusr = inside radius
r = radiush = height
s(t) or x(t)
v(t)
a(t)position
velocity
the velocity equation
acceleration
dd
∫∫
s(t) = ½ g t ² + v t + s
g = - 32 ft / s ², - 9.8 m / s ²O O
SA(sphere) = 4 π r ²
V(sphere) = π r ³43
V(cone) = π r ² h13s² 3
4A =
∫udv = uv - ∫vduPriority:
Logarithmic
Inverse Trig
Algebraic
Trigonometric
Euler's Constant (e)
Tabular Integration
∫ [(algebraic)(trigonometric/e)]dxex: ∫ 2x³cosx dx
2x³6x²12x120
cosxsinx-cosx-sinxcosx
+-
+-
Alt
ern
ati
ng
Sig
ns
d ∫
2x³sinx + 6x²cosx - 12x sin x - 12 x cos x +C
px + q = A + B (x+a)(x+b) (x+a) (x+b)
If you see:2 2
a + x2 2a - x2 2x - a
Use:
x = a tan θ
x = a sin θ
x = a sec θ
px + q = A + B2 2(x+a) (x+a) (x+a)
2 px - qx + r = A + Bx + C2 2(x+a)(x +bx+c) (x+a) (x +bx+c)
A BBCcalculus
a definitive sheetby chad valencia, ucla mathematics major
version 2.0.2000, rev 1
Inverse Trig
sin u =-1
1
1 - u²d
dx
tan u =-1 1
1 + u²d
dx
sec u =-1 1
|u| u² - 1d
dx
dudx
dudx
dudx
solved through trig substitution:∫sec u du = ln |sec u + tan u| + C
A BBC
BC
calculus
a definitive sheetby chad valencia, ucla mathematics major
version 2.0.2000, rev 1
Σn = 0
an
∞last number
sequence
first number
Greek lettersigma(sum of)
improper integrals
sequences
taylor/maclaurin series
hyperbolic trig functions
series
Polar
parametric
vectors
extraneous bc concepts
personal notes
dydx
=
dydt
dxdt
First Derivative:
=dxdt
d²ydx²
Second Derivative:
dydx( )d
a
b dydt
dxdt( ) ( )+
2 2
Arc Length:
dt
Surface Area (x-axis):
a
b dydt
dxdt( ) ( )+
2 22 y dt
Surface Area (y-axis):
a
b dydt
dxdt( ) ( )+
2 22 x dt
Vector Valued Functionsr(t) = x(t)i + y(t)j
r'(t) = x'(t)i + y'(t)j∫r(t)dt = (∫x(t)dt + c)i + (∫y(t)dt + c)j
Velocity Equation for Vectors:(-½ g t² + S )j + V t0 0
where v = #( cos t i + sin t j)0
# = initial velocity/muzzle speed
Notation
v = ai + bj<a,b>
Vector Length
(magnitude/norm):
||v|| = a² + b²
Unit Vector:v
||v||
T(t) = r ' (t) ||r ' (t)||
If T = u1i + u2j N = -u2i + u1j
Unit Tangent andUnit Normal Vectors dy
dtdxdt( ) ( )+
2 2
Speed
Limits of Common Sequences:
Convergence/Divergence:
Let L be a finite number
limn → ∞
an= LConvergent
limn → ∞
an≠ LDivergent
limn → ∞
limn → ∞nn
1nn= = 1
limn → ∞
n
= e(1+ )xnxn
x
limn → ∞
= 0nx
n!
limn → ∞
ln nn = 0
limn → ∞
x = 0n |x|<1
(fraction)
1
∞1xp
Converges if p > 1Diverges if 0 < p < 1
P Series Test: Comparison Test
if f(x) < convergent function,f(x) is convergent
if f(x) > divergent function,f(x) is divergent
Limit Comparison Test:
limx → ∞
f(x)g(x)= L
Let f(x) be a known convergent or divergent function:
0 < L < ∞
f(x) & g(x) both converge or both diverge
limn → ∞
n= e(1+ )1
n
Surface Area:
a
b dydx( )+
2dx2π y 1
WorkWork = Force x Distance
= Density x Volume x Distance= Density x Sum of Areas x Distance
Hooke’s Law for SpringsForce = f(x) = kx
(k is a constant, x is the distance)Work = ò f(x)dx, from position A to position B
Newton’s Law of Cooling
T - T = (T - T )eS 0 S
- kt
T = temperature of object at a given timeTs = temperature of surroundings
To = temperature at time zerot = time
Arc Length (y-axis):
c
d dxdy( )+
2dy1
Arc Length (x-axis):
a
b dydx( )+
2dx1
Circlesr = a cos θr = a sin θ
Basic Shapes(pink = cosine, blue = sine)
Lemniscatesr² = a cos θr² = a sin θ
Spiral ofArchimedes
r = aθ
Limaconsw/ Inner Loopr = a + b cos θr = a + b sin θ
|a|<|b|
Limaconsw/ Dimple
r = a + b cos θr = a + b sin θ
|a|>|b|
Cardioidsr = a + b cos θr = a + b sin θ
|a|=|b|
Rosesr = a cos bθr = a sin bθ
If b is odd, b = number of petalsIf b is even, 2b = number of petals
Polar Conversion (x,y) <-> (r,θ)
x² + y² = r²x = r cos θy = r sin θ
tan θ =yx
Polar Surface Area (y-axis):
α
β 22π r cos θ r +( )dr
dθ
2dθ
Polar Sloper ' sin θ + r cos θr ' cos θ - r sin θ
Polar Surface Area (x-axis):
α
β 2
2π r sin θ r +( )drdθ
2dθ
Polar Arc Length:
α
β2
r+( )drdθ
2dθ
Polar Area:
α
β 2r dθ
12
Geometric Series
Finite Series: Infinite Series:∞
n = 1
a r =n-1 a1-r
|r| <1if |r| > 1, series diverges
=Sn
a(1-r )(1-r)
n
Nth Term Test for Divergence
limn → ∞
∞
n = k
an an ≠ 0 series is divergent
Given: If:
Integral Test∞
n = k
an
∞
k∫ ax dx
If integral converges, series convergesIf integral diverges, series diverges
Comparison Test
if Σan < convergent series,
Σan is convergentif Σan > divergent series,
Σan is divergent
Limit Comparison Test
Let Σbn be a knownconvergent or divergent series:
limn → ∞
Σan
Σbn
= ρ 0 < ρ < ∞
Σan & Σbn
both converge or both diverge
∞
n = 1
an(-1)n-1
limn → ∞
3. an = 0
Alternating Series Test (AST)
Converges if:1. All terms are positive
2. an > an+1 for all n.
Power Series1. Use ratio test on theabsolute value of the series.
2. Set ρ < 1 to find the interval
3. To check bounds, pluginto original equation4. Take ½ of the interval to find radius of convergence
Error (Alternating Series/Taylor)Error = Actual - ApproximateError < First Unused Term
Root Testn
limn → ∞ anρ =
Ratio Test
limn → ∞ρ =
an+1
an Converges if ρ < 1No conclusion if ρ = 1Divergent if ρ > 1
2 3 n nP(x) = f (a) + f ' (a)(x - a) + f ''(a)(x - a) + f ''' (a)(x - a) + … + f (a)(x - a) 2! 3! n!
Taylor Polynomial
Σn = 0
∞ n 2n( - 1) x(2n)!
2 4 6cos x = 1- x + x - x + …= 2! 4! 6!
Common MacLaurin Series
Σn = 0
∞ n 2n+1( - 1) x(2n+1)!
3 5 7sin x = x - x + x - x + … = 3! 5! 7!
Σn = 0
∞ n nf ( a)(x - a) n!
Σn = 0
∞
n n(-1) x 1 = 1 - x + x² - x³+... =1+x
Σn = 0
∞
nx 1 = 1 + x + x² + x³+... =1- x
Σn = 0
∞ nxn!
xe = 1 + x + x² + x³+... = 2! 3!
y(x,y)
Rectangular
x
Polar(r,θ)
rθ
x xcosh x = e + e 2
x xsinh x = e - e 2
x xtanhx = e - e x -xe + e
sech x = 2 x xe + ecsch x = 2 x xe - e
x xcothx = e + e x -xe - e
Standard Hyperbolic Trig Derivatives
(d/dx)(csch u) = - csch u coth u (du/dx)
(d/dx)(sech u) = - sech u tanh u (du/dx)
(d/dx)(coth u) = - csch ² u (du/dx)
(d/dx)(tanh u) = sech ² u (du/dx)
(d/dx)(cosh u) = sinh u (du/dx)
(d/dx)(sinh u) = cosh u (du/dx)
sinh 2x = 2 sinh x cosh xcosh 2x = cosh ² x - sinh ² x
cosh ² x = cosh 2x+1 2
sinh ² x = cosh 2x - 1 2
cosh² x - sinh² x = 1tanh² x + sech ² x = 1
coth² x - csch² x = 1
Inverse Hyperbolic Trig Derivatives
sech u = , 0<u<1-1 1
u u² - 1d
dx
dudx
csch u = , u ≠0-1 1
|u| u² - 1d
dx
dudx
tanh u = , |u|<1-1 1
1 - u²d
dxdudx
coth u = , |u|>1-1 1
1 - u²d
dxdudx
sinh u =-1 1
u² + 1d
dx
dudx
cosh u = , u > 1-1 1
u² - 1d
dx
dudx
Every function splitsinto Even and Odd parts:
f(x) = + f(x) + f(-x)
2 f(x) - f(-x)
2even odd
Hyperbolic Trig Integrals
∫ sinh u du = cosh u + C
∫ cosh u du = sinh u + C
∫ sech² u du = tanh u + C
∫ csch² u du = - coth u + C
∫ sech x tanh u du =- sech u + C
∫ csch x coth u du = - csch u + C
A BBC
BC
calculus
a definitive sheetby chad valencia, ucla mathematics major
version 2.0.2000, rev 1
Σn = 0
an
∞last number
sequence
first number
Greek lettersigma(sum of)
improper integrals
sequences
taylor/maclaurin series
hyperbolic trig functions
series
Polar
parametric
vectors
extraneous bc concepts
personal notes
dydx
=
dydt
dxdt
First Derivative:
=dxdt
d²ydx²
Second Derivative:
dydx( )d
a
b dydt
dxdt( ) ( )+
2 2
Arc Length:
dt
Surface Area (x-axis):
a
b dydt
dxdt( ) ( )+
2 22 y dt
Surface Area (y-axis):
a
b dydt
dxdt( ) ( )+
2 22 x dt
Vector Valued Functionsr(t) = x(t)i + y(t)j
r'(t) = x'(t)i + y'(t)j∫r(t)dt = (∫x(t)dt + c)i + (∫y(t)dt + c)j
Velocity Equation for Vectors:(-½ g t² + S )j + V t0 0
where v = #( cos t i + sin t j)0
# = initial velocity/muzzle speed
Notation
v = ai + bj<a,b>
Vector Length
(magnitude/norm):
||v|| = a² + b²
Unit Vector:v
||v||
T(t) = r ' (t) ||r ' (t)||
If T = u1i + u2j N = -u2i + u1j
Unit Tangent andUnit Normal Vectors dy
dtdxdt( ) ( )+
2 2
Speed
Limits of Common Sequences:
Convergence/Divergence:
Let L be a finite number
limn → ∞
an= LConvergent
limn → ∞
an≠ LDivergent
limn → ∞
limn → ∞nn
1nn= = 1
limn → ∞
n
= e(1+ )xnxn
x
limn → ∞
= 0nx
n!
limn → ∞
ln nn = 0
limn → ∞
x = 0n |x|<1
(fraction)
1
∞1xp
Converges if p > 1Diverges if 0 < p < 1
P Series Test: Comparison Test
if f(x) < convergent function,f(x) is convergent
if f(x) > divergent function,f(x) is divergent
Limit Comparison Test:
limx → ∞
f(x)g(x)= L
Let f(x) be a known convergent or divergent function:
0 < L < ∞
f(x) & g(x) both converge or both diverge
limn → ∞
n= e(1+ )1
n
Surface Area:
a
b dydx( )+
2dx2π y 1
WorkWork = Force x Distance
= Density x Volume x Distance= Density x Sum of Areas x Distance
Hooke’s Law for SpringsForce = f(x) = kx
(k is a constant, x is the distance)Work = ò f(x)dx, from position A to position B
Newton’s Law of Cooling
T - T = (T - T )eS 0 S
- kt
T = temperature of object at a given timeTs = temperature of surroundings
To = temperature at time zerot = time
Arc Length (y-axis):
c
d dxdy( )+
2dy1
Arc Length (x-axis):
a
b dydx( )+
2dx1
Circlesr = a cos θr = a sin θ
Basic Shapes(pink = cosine, blue = sine)
Lemniscatesr² = a cos θr² = a sin θ
Spiral ofArchimedes
r = aθ
Limaconsw/ Inner Loopr = a + b cos θr = a + b sin θ
|a|<|b|
Limaconsw/ Dimple
r = a + b cos θr = a + b sin θ
|a|>|b|
Cardioidsr = a + b cos θr = a + b sin θ
|a|=|b|
Rosesr = a cos bθr = a sin bθ
If b is odd, b = number of petalsIf b is even, 2b = number of petals
Polar Conversion (x,y) <-> (r,θ)
x² + y² = r²x = r cos θy = r sin θ
tan θ =yx
Polar Surface Area (y-axis):
α
β 22π r cos θ r +( )dr
dθ
2dθ
Polar Sloper ' sin θ + r cos θr ' cos θ - r sin θ
Polar Surface Area (x-axis):
α
β 2
2π r sin θ r +( )drdθ
2dθ
Polar Arc Length:
α
β2
r+( )drdθ
2dθ
Polar Area:
α
β 2r dθ
12
Geometric Series
Finite Series: Infinite Series:∞
n = 1
a r =n-1 a1-r
|r| <1if |r| > 1, series diverges
=Sn
a(1-r )(1-r)
n
Nth Term Test for Divergence
limn → ∞
∞
n = k
an an ≠ 0 series is divergent
Given: If:
Integral Test∞
n = k
an
∞
k∫ ax dx
If integral converges, series convergesIf integral diverges, series diverges
Comparison Test
if Σan < convergent series,
Σan is convergentif Σan > divergent series,
Σan is divergent
Limit Comparison Test
Let Σbn be a knownconvergent or divergent series:
limn → ∞
Σan
Σbn
= ρ 0 < ρ < ∞
Σan & Σbn
both converge or both diverge
∞
n = 1
an(-1)n-1
limn → ∞
3. an = 0
Alternating Series Test (AST)
Converges if:1. All terms are positive
2. an > an+1 for all n.
Power Series1. Use ratio test on theabsolute value of the series.
2. Set ρ < 1 to find the interval
3. To check bounds, pluginto original equation4. Take ½ of the interval to find radius of convergence
Error (Alternating Series/Taylor)Error = Actual - ApproximateError < First Unused Term
Root Testn
limn → ∞ anρ =
Ratio Test
limn → ∞ρ =
an+1
an Converges if ρ < 1No conclusion if ρ = 1Divergent if ρ > 1
2 3 n nP(x) = f (a) + f ' (a)(x - a) + f ''(a)(x - a) + f ''' (a)(x - a) + … + f (a)(x - a) 2! 3! n!
Taylor Polynomial
Σn = 0
∞ n 2n( - 1) x(2n)!
2 4 6cos x = 1- x + x - x + …= 2! 4! 6!
Common MacLaurin Series
Σn = 0
∞ n 2n+1( - 1) x(2n+1)!
3 5 7sin x = x - x + x - x + … = 3! 5! 7!
Σn = 0
∞ n nf ( a)(x - a) n!
Σn = 0
∞
n n(-1) x 1 = 1 - x + x² - x³+... =1+x
Σn = 0
∞
nx 1 = 1 + x + x² + x³+... =1- x
Σn = 0
∞ nxn!
xe = 1 + x + x² + x³+... = 2! 3!
y(x,y)
Rectangular
x
Polar(r,θ)
rθ
x xcosh x = e + e 2
x xsinh x = e - e 2
x xtanhx = e - e x -xe + e
sech x = 2 x xe + ecsch x = 2 x xe - e
x xcothx = e + e x -xe - e
Standard Hyperbolic Trig Derivatives
(d/dx)(csch u) = - csch u coth u (du/dx)
(d/dx)(sech u) = - sech u tanh u (du/dx)
(d/dx)(coth u) = - csch ² u (du/dx)
(d/dx)(tanh u) = sech ² u (du/dx)
(d/dx)(cosh u) = sinh u (du/dx)
(d/dx)(sinh u) = cosh u (du/dx)
sinh 2x = 2 sinh x cosh xcosh 2x = cosh ² x - sinh ² x
cosh ² x = cosh 2x+1 2
sinh ² x = cosh 2x - 1 2
cosh² x - sinh² x = 1tanh² x + sech ² x = 1
coth² x - csch² x = 1
Inverse Hyperbolic Trig Derivatives
sech u = , 0<u<1-1 1
u u² - 1d
dx
dudx
csch u = , u ≠0-1 1
|u| u² - 1d
dx
dudx
tanh u = , |u|<1-1 1
1 - u²d
dxdudx
coth u = , |u|>1-1 1
1 - u²d
dxdudx
sinh u =-1 1
u² + 1d
dx
dudx
cosh u = , u > 1-1 1
u² - 1d
dx
dudx
Every function splitsinto Even and Odd parts:
f(x) = + f(x) + f(-x)
2 f(x) - f(-x)
2even odd
Hyperbolic Trig Integrals
∫ sinh u du = cosh u + C
∫ cosh u du = sinh u + C
∫ sech² u du = tanh u + C
∫ csch² u du = - coth u + C
∫ sech x tanh u du =- sech u + C
∫ csch x coth u du = - csch u + C
A BBC
BC
calculus
a definitive sheetby chad valencia, ucla mathematics major
version 2.0.2000, rev 1
Σn = 0
an
∞last number
sequence
first number
Greek lettersigma(sum of)
improper integrals
sequences
taylor/maclaurin series
hyperbolic trig functions
series
Polar
parametric
vectors
extraneous bc concepts
personal notes
dydx
=
dydt
dxdt
First Derivative:
=dxdt
d²ydx²
Second Derivative:
dydx( )d
a
b dydt
dxdt( ) ( )+
2 2
Arc Length:
dt
Surface Area (x-axis):
a
b dydt
dxdt( ) ( )+
2 22 y dt
Surface Area (y-axis):
a
b dydt
dxdt( ) ( )+
2 22 x dt
Vector Valued Functionsr(t) = x(t)i + y(t)j
r'(t) = x'(t)i + y'(t)j∫r(t)dt = (∫x(t)dt + c)i + (∫y(t)dt + c)j
Velocity Equation for Vectors:(-½ g t² + S )j + V t0 0
where v = #( cos t i + sin t j)0
# = initial velocity/muzzle speed
Notation
v = ai + bj<a,b>
Vector Length
(magnitude/norm):
||v|| = a² + b²
Unit Vector:v
||v||
T(t) = r ' (t) ||r ' (t)||
If T = u1i + u2j N = -u2i + u1j
Unit Tangent andUnit Normal Vectors dy
dtdxdt( ) ( )+
2 2
Speed
Limits of Common Sequences:
Convergence/Divergence:
Let L be a finite number
limn → ∞
an= LConvergent
limn → ∞
an≠ LDivergent
limn → ∞
limn → ∞nn
1nn= = 1
limn → ∞
n
= e(1+ )xnxn
x
limn → ∞
= 0nx
n!
limn → ∞
ln nn = 0
limn → ∞
x = 0n |x|<1
(fraction)
1
∞1xp
Converges if p > 1Diverges if 0 < p < 1
P Series Test: Comparison Test
if f(x) < convergent function,f(x) is convergent
if f(x) > divergent function,f(x) is divergent
Limit Comparison Test:
limx → ∞
f(x)g(x)= L
Let f(x) be a known convergent or divergent function:
0 < L < ∞
f(x) & g(x) both converge or both diverge
limn → ∞
n= e(1+ )1
n
Surface Area:
a
b dydx( )+
2dx2π y 1
WorkWork = Force x Distance
= Density x Volume x Distance= Density x Sum of Areas x Distance
Hooke’s Law for SpringsForce = f(x) = kx
(k is a constant, x is the distance)Work = ò f(x)dx, from position A to position B
Newton’s Law of Cooling
T - T = (T - T )eS 0 S
- kt
T = temperature of object at a given timeTs = temperature of surroundings
To = temperature at time zerot = time
Arc Length (y-axis):
c
d dxdy( )+
2dy1
Arc Length (x-axis):
a
b dydx( )+
2dx1
Circlesr = a cos θr = a sin θ
Basic Shapes(pink = cosine, blue = sine)
Lemniscatesr² = a cos θr² = a sin θ
Spiral ofArchimedes
r = aθ
Limaconsw/ Inner Loopr = a + b cos θr = a + b sin θ
|a|<|b|
Limaconsw/ Dimple
r = a + b cos θr = a + b sin θ
|a|>|b|
Cardioidsr = a + b cos θr = a + b sin θ
|a|=|b|
Rosesr = a cos bθr = a sin bθ
If b is odd, b = number of petalsIf b is even, 2b = number of petals
Polar Conversion (x,y) <-> (r,θ)
x² + y² = r²x = r cos θy = r sin θ
tan θ =yx
Polar Surface Area (y-axis):
α
β 22π r cos θ r +( )dr
dθ
2dθ
Polar Sloper ' sin θ + r cos θr ' cos θ - r sin θ
Polar Surface Area (x-axis):
α
β 2
2π r sin θ r +( )drdθ
2dθ
Polar Arc Length:
α
β2
r+( )drdθ
2dθ
Polar Area:
α
β 2r dθ
12
Geometric Series
Finite Series: Infinite Series:∞
n = 1
a r =n-1 a1-r
|r| <1if |r| > 1, series diverges
=Sn
a(1-r )(1-r)
n
Nth Term Test for Divergence
limn → ∞
∞
n = k
an an ≠ 0 series is divergent
Given: If:
Integral Test∞
n = k
an
∞
k∫ ax dx
If integral converges, series convergesIf integral diverges, series diverges
Comparison Test
if Σan < convergent series,
Σan is convergentif Σan > divergent series,
Σan is divergent
Limit Comparison Test
Let Σbn be a knownconvergent or divergent series:
limn → ∞
Σan
Σbn
= ρ 0 < ρ < ∞
Σan & Σbn
both converge or both diverge
∞
n = 1
an(-1)n-1
limn → ∞
3. an = 0
Alternating Series Test (AST)
Converges if:1. All terms are positive
2. an > an+1 for all n.
Power Series1. Use ratio test on theabsolute value of the series.
2. Set ρ < 1 to find the interval
3. To check bounds, pluginto original equation4. Take ½ of the interval to find radius of convergence
Error (Alternating Series/Taylor)Error = Actual - ApproximateError < First Unused Term
Root Testn
limn → ∞ anρ =
Ratio Test
limn → ∞ρ =
an+1
an Converges if ρ < 1No conclusion if ρ = 1Divergent if ρ > 1
2 3 n nP(x) = f (a) + f ' (a)(x - a) + f ''(a)(x - a) + f ''' (a)(x - a) + … + f (a)(x - a) 2! 3! n!
Taylor Polynomial
Σn = 0
∞ n 2n( - 1) x(2n)!
2 4 6cos x = 1- x + x - x + …= 2! 4! 6!
Common MacLaurin Series
Σn = 0
∞ n 2n+1( - 1) x(2n+1)!
3 5 7sin x = x - x + x - x + … = 3! 5! 7!
Σn = 0
∞ n nf ( a)(x - a) n!
Σn = 0
∞
n n(-1) x 1 = 1 - x + x² - x³+... =1+x
Σn = 0
∞
nx 1 = 1 + x + x² + x³+... =1- x
Σn = 0
∞ nxn!
xe = 1 + x + x² + x³+... = 2! 3!
y(x,y)
Rectangular
x
Polar(r,θ)
rθ
x xcosh x = e + e 2
x xsinh x = e - e 2
x xtanhx = e - e x -xe + e
sech x = 2 x xe + ecsch x = 2 x xe - e
x xcothx = e + e x -xe - e
Standard Hyperbolic Trig Derivatives
(d/dx)(csch u) = - csch u coth u (du/dx)
(d/dx)(sech u) = - sech u tanh u (du/dx)
(d/dx)(coth u) = - csch ² u (du/dx)
(d/dx)(tanh u) = sech ² u (du/dx)
(d/dx)(cosh u) = sinh u (du/dx)
(d/dx)(sinh u) = cosh u (du/dx)
sinh 2x = 2 sinh x cosh xcosh 2x = cosh ² x - sinh ² x
cosh ² x = cosh 2x+1 2
sinh ² x = cosh 2x - 1 2
cosh² x - sinh² x = 1tanh² x + sech ² x = 1
coth² x - csch² x = 1
Inverse Hyperbolic Trig Derivatives
sech u = , 0<u<1-1 1
u u² - 1d
dx
dudx
csch u = , u ≠0-1 1
|u| u² - 1d
dx
dudx
tanh u = , |u|<1-1 1
1 - u²d
dxdudx
coth u = , |u|>1-1 1
1 - u²d
dxdudx
sinh u =-1 1
u² + 1d
dx
dudx
cosh u = , u > 1-1 1
u² - 1d
dx
dudx
Every function splitsinto Even and Odd parts:
f(x) = + f(x) + f(-x)
2 f(x) - f(-x)
2even odd
Hyperbolic Trig Integrals
∫ sinh u du = cosh u + C
∫ cosh u du = sinh u + C
∫ sech² u du = tanh u + C
∫ csch² u du = - coth u + C
∫ sech x tanh u du =- sech u + C
∫ csch x coth u du = - csch u + C
A BBC
BC
calculus
a definitive sheetby chad valencia, ucla mathematics major
version 2.0.2000, rev 1
Σn = 0
an
∞last number
sequence
first number
Greek lettersigma(sum of)
improper integrals
sequences
taylor/maclaurin series
hyperbolic trig functions
series
Polar
parametric
vectors
extraneous bc concepts
personal notes
dydx
=
dydt
dxdt
First Derivative:
=dxdt
d²ydx²
Second Derivative:
dydx( )d
a
b dydt
dxdt( ) ( )+
2 2
Arc Length:
dt
Surface Area (x-axis):
a
b dydt
dxdt( ) ( )+
2 22 y dt
Surface Area (y-axis):
a
b dydt
dxdt( ) ( )+
2 22 x dt
Vector Valued Functionsr(t) = x(t)i + y(t)j
r'(t) = x'(t)i + y'(t)j∫r(t)dt = (∫x(t)dt + c)i + (∫y(t)dt + c)j
Velocity Equation for Vectors:(-½ g t² + S )j + V t0 0
where v = #( cos t i + sin t j)0
# = initial velocity/muzzle speed
Notation
v = ai + bj<a,b>
Vector Length
(magnitude/norm):
||v|| = a² + b²
Unit Vector:v
||v||
T(t) = r ' (t) ||r ' (t)||
If T = u1i + u2j N = -u2i + u1j
Unit Tangent andUnit Normal Vectors dy
dtdxdt( ) ( )+
2 2
Speed
Limits of Common Sequences:
Convergence/Divergence:
Let L be a finite number
limn → ∞
an= LConvergent
limn → ∞
an≠ LDivergent
limn → ∞
limn → ∞nn
1nn= = 1
limn → ∞
n
= e(1+ )xnxn
x
limn → ∞
= 0nx
n!
limn → ∞
ln nn = 0
limn → ∞
x = 0n |x|<1
(fraction)
1
∞1xp
Converges if p > 1Diverges if 0 < p < 1
P Series Test: Comparison Test
if f(x) < convergent function,f(x) is convergent
if f(x) > divergent function,f(x) is divergent
Limit Comparison Test:
limx → ∞
f(x)g(x)= L
Let f(x) be a known convergent or divergent function:
0 < L < ∞
f(x) & g(x) both converge or both diverge
limn → ∞
n= e(1+ )1
n
Surface Area:
a
b dydx( )+
2dx2π y 1
WorkWork = Force x Distance
= Density x Volume x Distance= Density x Sum of Areas x Distance
Hooke’s Law for SpringsForce = f(x) = kx
(k is a constant, x is the distance)Work = ò f(x)dx, from position A to position B
Newton’s Law of Cooling
T - T = (T - T )eS 0 S
- kt
T = temperature of object at a given timeTs = temperature of surroundings
To = temperature at time zerot = time
Arc Length (y-axis):
c
d dxdy( )+
2dy1
Arc Length (x-axis):
a
b dydx( )+
2dx1
Circlesr = a cos θr = a sin θ
Basic Shapes(pink = cosine, blue = sine)
Lemniscatesr² = a cos θr² = a sin θ
Spiral ofArchimedes
r = aθ
Limaconsw/ Inner Loopr = a + b cos θr = a + b sin θ
|a|<|b|
Limaconsw/ Dimple
r = a + b cos θr = a + b sin θ
|a|>|b|
Cardioidsr = a + b cos θr = a + b sin θ
|a|=|b|
Rosesr = a cos bθr = a sin bθ
If b is odd, b = number of petalsIf b is even, 2b = number of petals
Polar Conversion (x,y) <-> (r,θ)
x² + y² = r²x = r cos θy = r sin θ
tan θ =yx
Polar Surface Area (y-axis):
α
β 22π r cos θ r +( )dr
dθ
2dθ
Polar Sloper ' sin θ + r cos θr ' cos θ - r sin θ
Polar Surface Area (x-axis):
α
β 2
2π r sin θ r +( )drdθ
2dθ
Polar Arc Length:
α
β2
r+( )drdθ
2dθ
Polar Area:
α
β 2r dθ
12
Geometric Series
Finite Series: Infinite Series:∞
n = 1
a r =n-1 a1-r
|r| <1if |r| > 1, series diverges
=Sn
a(1-r )(1-r)
n
Nth Term Test for Divergence
limn → ∞
∞
n = k
an an ≠ 0 series is divergent
Given: If:
Integral Test∞
n = k
an
∞
k∫ ax dx
If integral converges, series convergesIf integral diverges, series diverges
Comparison Test
if Σan < convergent series,
Σan is convergentif Σan > divergent series,
Σan is divergent
Limit Comparison Test
Let Σbn be a knownconvergent or divergent series:
limn → ∞
Σan
Σbn
= ρ 0 < ρ < ∞
Σan & Σbn
both converge or both diverge
∞
n = 1
an(-1)n-1
limn → ∞
3. an = 0
Alternating Series Test (AST)
Converges if:1. All terms are positive
2. an > an+1 for all n.
Power Series1. Use ratio test on theabsolute value of the series.
2. Set ρ < 1 to find the interval
3. To check bounds, pluginto original equation4. Take ½ of the interval to find radius of convergence
Error (Alternating Series/Taylor)Error = Actual - ApproximateError < First Unused Term
Root Testn
limn → ∞ anρ =
Ratio Test
limn → ∞ρ =
an+1
an Converges if ρ < 1No conclusion if ρ = 1Divergent if ρ > 1
2 3 n nP(x) = f (a) + f ' (a)(x - a) + f ''(a)(x - a) + f ''' (a)(x - a) + … + f (a)(x - a) 2! 3! n!
Taylor Polynomial
Σn = 0
∞ n 2n( - 1) x(2n)!
2 4 6cos x = 1- x + x - x + …= 2! 4! 6!
Common MacLaurin Series
Σn = 0
∞ n 2n+1( - 1) x(2n+1)!
3 5 7sin x = x - x + x - x + … = 3! 5! 7!
Σn = 0
∞ n nf ( a)(x - a) n!
Σn = 0
∞
n n(-1) x 1 = 1 - x + x² - x³+... =1+x
Σn = 0
∞
nx 1 = 1 + x + x² + x³+... =1- x
Σn = 0
∞ nxn!
xe = 1 + x + x² + x³+... = 2! 3!
y(x,y)
Rectangular
x
Polar(r,θ)
rθ
x xcosh x = e + e 2
x xsinh x = e - e 2
x xtanhx = e - e x -xe + e
sech x = 2 x xe + ecsch x = 2 x xe - e
x xcothx = e + e x -xe - e
Standard Hyperbolic Trig Derivatives
(d/dx)(csch u) = - csch u coth u (du/dx)
(d/dx)(sech u) = - sech u tanh u (du/dx)
(d/dx)(coth u) = - csch ² u (du/dx)
(d/dx)(tanh u) = sech ² u (du/dx)
(d/dx)(cosh u) = sinh u (du/dx)
(d/dx)(sinh u) = cosh u (du/dx)
sinh 2x = 2 sinh x cosh xcosh 2x = cosh ² x - sinh ² x
cosh ² x = cosh 2x+1 2
sinh ² x = cosh 2x - 1 2
cosh² x - sinh² x = 1tanh² x + sech ² x = 1
coth² x - csch² x = 1
Inverse Hyperbolic Trig Derivatives
sech u = , 0<u<1-1 1
u u² - 1d
dx
dudx
csch u = , u ≠0-1 1
|u| u² - 1d
dx
dudx
tanh u = , |u|<1-1 1
1 - u²d
dxdudx
coth u = , |u|>1-1 1
1 - u²d
dxdudx
sinh u =-1 1
u² + 1d
dx
dudx
cosh u = , u > 1-1 1
u² - 1d
dx
dudx
Every function splitsinto Even and Odd parts:
f(x) = + f(x) + f(-x)
2 f(x) - f(-x)
2even odd
Hyperbolic Trig Integrals
∫ sinh u du = cosh u + C
∫ cosh u du = sinh u + C
∫ sech² u du = tanh u + C
∫ csch² u du = - coth u + C
∫ sech x tanh u du =- sech u + C
∫ csch x coth u du = - csch u + C
A BBC
BC
calculus
a definitive sheetby chad valencia, ucla mathematics major
version 2.0.2000, rev 1
Σn = 0
an
∞last number
sequence
first number
Greek lettersigma(sum of)
improper integrals
sequences
taylor/maclaurin series
hyperbolic trig functions
series
Polar
parametric
vectors
extraneous bc concepts
personal notes
dydx
=
dydt
dxdt
First Derivative:
=dxdt
d²ydx²
Second Derivative:
dydx( )d
a
b dydt
dxdt( ) ( )+
2 2
Arc Length:
dt
Surface Area (x-axis):
a
b dydt
dxdt( ) ( )+
2 22 y dt
Surface Area (y-axis):
a
b dydt
dxdt( ) ( )+
2 22 x dt
Vector Valued Functionsr(t) = x(t)i + y(t)j
r'(t) = x'(t)i + y'(t)j∫r(t)dt = (∫x(t)dt + c)i + (∫y(t)dt + c)j
Velocity Equation for Vectors:(-½ g t² + S )j + V t0 0
where v = #( cos t i + sin t j)0
# = initial velocity/muzzle speed
Notation
v = ai + bj<a,b>
Vector Length
(magnitude/norm):
||v|| = a² + b²
Unit Vector:v
||v||
T(t) = r ' (t) ||r ' (t)||
If T = u1i + u2j N = -u2i + u1j
Unit Tangent andUnit Normal Vectors dy
dtdxdt( ) ( )+
2 2
Speed
Limits of Common Sequences:
Convergence/Divergence:
Let L be a finite number
limn → ∞
an= LConvergent
limn → ∞
an≠ LDivergent
limn → ∞
limn → ∞nn
1nn= = 1
limn → ∞
n
= e(1+ )xnxn
x
limn → ∞
= 0nx
n!
limn → ∞
ln nn = 0
limn → ∞
x = 0n |x|<1
(fraction)
1
∞1xp
Converges if p > 1Diverges if 0 < p < 1
P Series Test: Comparison Test
if f(x) < convergent function,f(x) is convergent
if f(x) > divergent function,f(x) is divergent
Limit Comparison Test:
limx → ∞
f(x)g(x)= L
Let f(x) be a known convergent or divergent function:
0 < L < ∞
f(x) & g(x) both converge or both diverge
limn → ∞
n= e(1+ )1
n
Surface Area:
a
b dydx( )+
2dx2π y 1
WorkWork = Force x Distance
= Density x Volume x Distance= Density x Sum of Areas x Distance
Hooke’s Law for SpringsForce = f(x) = kx
(k is a constant, x is the distance)Work = ò f(x)dx, from position A to position B
Newton’s Law of Cooling
T - T = (T - T )eS 0 S
- kt
T = temperature of object at a given timeTs = temperature of surroundings
To = temperature at time zerot = time
Arc Length (y-axis):
c
d dxdy( )+
2dy1
Arc Length (x-axis):
a
b dydx( )+
2dx1
Circlesr = a cos θr = a sin θ
Basic Shapes(pink = cosine, blue = sine)
Lemniscatesr² = a cos θr² = a sin θ
Spiral ofArchimedes
r = aθ
Limaconsw/ Inner Loopr = a + b cos θr = a + b sin θ
|a|<|b|
Limaconsw/ Dimple
r = a + b cos θr = a + b sin θ
|a|>|b|
Cardioidsr = a + b cos θr = a + b sin θ
|a|=|b|
Rosesr = a cos bθr = a sin bθ
If b is odd, b = number of petalsIf b is even, 2b = number of petals
Polar Conversion (x,y) <-> (r,θ)
x² + y² = r²x = r cos θy = r sin θ
tan θ =yx
Polar Surface Area (y-axis):
α
β 22π r cos θ r +( )dr
dθ
2dθ
Polar Sloper ' sin θ + r cos θr ' cos θ - r sin θ
Polar Surface Area (x-axis):
α
β 2
2π r sin θ r +( )drdθ
2dθ
Polar Arc Length:
α
β2
r+( )drdθ
2dθ
Polar Area:
α
β 2r dθ
12
Geometric Series
Finite Series: Infinite Series:∞
n = 1
a r =n-1 a1-r
|r| <1if |r| > 1, series diverges
=Sn
a(1-r )(1-r)
n
Nth Term Test for Divergence
limn → ∞
∞
n = k
an an ≠ 0 series is divergent
Given: If:
Integral Test∞
n = k
an
∞
k∫ ax dx
If integral converges, series convergesIf integral diverges, series diverges
Comparison Test
if Σan < convergent series,
Σan is convergentif Σan > divergent series,
Σan is divergent
Limit Comparison Test
Let Σbn be a knownconvergent or divergent series:
limn → ∞
Σan
Σbn
= ρ 0 < ρ < ∞
Σan & Σbn
both converge or both diverge
∞
n = 1
an(-1)n-1
limn → ∞
3. an = 0
Alternating Series Test (AST)
Converges if:1. All terms are positive
2. an > an+1 for all n.
Power Series1. Use ratio test on theabsolute value of the series.
2. Set ρ < 1 to find the interval
3. To check bounds, pluginto original equation4. Take ½ of the interval to find radius of convergence
Error (Alternating Series/Taylor)Error = Actual - ApproximateError < First Unused Term
Root Testn
limn → ∞ anρ =
Ratio Test
limn → ∞ρ =
an+1
an Converges if ρ < 1No conclusion if ρ = 1Divergent if ρ > 1
2 3 n nP(x) = f (a) + f ' (a)(x - a) + f ''(a)(x - a) + f ''' (a)(x - a) + … + f (a)(x - a) 2! 3! n!
Taylor Polynomial
Σn = 0
∞ n 2n( - 1) x(2n)!
2 4 6cos x = 1- x + x - x + …= 2! 4! 6!
Common MacLaurin Series
Σn = 0
∞ n 2n+1( - 1) x(2n+1)!
3 5 7sin x = x - x + x - x + … = 3! 5! 7!
Σn = 0
∞ n nf ( a)(x - a) n!
Σn = 0
∞
n n(-1) x 1 = 1 - x + x² - x³+... =1+x
Σn = 0
∞
nx 1 = 1 + x + x² + x³+... =1- x
Σn = 0
∞ nxn!
xe = 1 + x + x² + x³+... = 2! 3!
y(x,y)
Rectangular
x
Polar(r,θ)
rθ
x xcosh x = e + e 2
x xsinh x = e - e 2
x xtanhx = e - e x -xe + e
sech x = 2 x xe + ecsch x = 2 x xe - e
x xcothx = e + e x -xe - e
Standard Hyperbolic Trig Derivatives
(d/dx)(csch u) = - csch u coth u (du/dx)
(d/dx)(sech u) = - sech u tanh u (du/dx)
(d/dx)(coth u) = - csch ² u (du/dx)
(d/dx)(tanh u) = sech ² u (du/dx)
(d/dx)(cosh u) = sinh u (du/dx)
(d/dx)(sinh u) = cosh u (du/dx)
sinh 2x = 2 sinh x cosh xcosh 2x = cosh ² x - sinh ² x
cosh ² x = cosh 2x+1 2
sinh ² x = cosh 2x - 1 2
cosh² x - sinh² x = 1tanh² x + sech ² x = 1
coth² x - csch² x = 1
Inverse Hyperbolic Trig Derivatives
sech u = , 0<u<1-1 1
u u² - 1d
dx
dudx
csch u = , u ≠0-1 1
|u| u² - 1d
dx
dudx
tanh u = , |u|<1-1 1
1 - u²d
dxdudx
coth u = , |u|>1-1 1
1 - u²d
dxdudx
sinh u =-1 1
u² + 1d
dx
dudx
cosh u = , u > 1-1 1
u² - 1d
dx
dudx
Every function splitsinto Even and Odd parts:
f(x) = + f(x) + f(-x)
2 f(x) - f(-x)
2even odd
Hyperbolic Trig Integrals
∫ sinh u du = cosh u + C
∫ cosh u du = sinh u + C
∫ sech² u du = tanh u + C
∫ csch² u du = - coth u + C
∫ sech x tanh u du =- sech u + C
∫ csch x coth u du = - csch u + C
A BBC
BC
calculus
a definitive sheetby chad valencia, ucla mathematics major
version 2.0.2000, rev 1
Σn = 0
an
∞last number
sequence
first number
Greek lettersigma(sum of)
improper integrals
sequences
taylor/maclaurin series
hyperbolic trig functions
series
Polar
parametric
vectors
extraneous bc concepts
personal notes
dydx
=
dydt
dxdt
First Derivative:
=dxdt
d²ydx²
Second Derivative:
dydx( )d
a
b dydt
dxdt( ) ( )+
2 2
Arc Length:
dt
Surface Area (x-axis):
a
b dydt
dxdt( ) ( )+
2 22 y dt
Surface Area (y-axis):
a
b dydt
dxdt( ) ( )+
2 22 x dt
Vector Valued Functionsr(t) = x(t)i + y(t)j
r'(t) = x'(t)i + y'(t)j∫r(t)dt = (∫x(t)dt + c)i + (∫y(t)dt + c)j
Velocity Equation for Vectors:(-½ g t² + S )j + V t0 0
where v = #( cos t i + sin t j)0
# = initial velocity/muzzle speed
Notation
v = ai + bj<a,b>
Vector Length
(magnitude/norm):
||v|| = a² + b²
Unit Vector:v
||v||
T(t) = r ' (t) ||r ' (t)||
If T = u1i + u2j N = -u2i + u1j
Unit Tangent andUnit Normal Vectors dy
dtdxdt( ) ( )+
2 2
Speed
Limits of Common Sequences:
Convergence/Divergence:
Let L be a finite number
limn → ∞
an= LConvergent
limn → ∞
an≠ LDivergent
limn → ∞
limn → ∞nn
1nn= = 1
limn → ∞
n
= e(1+ )xnxn
x
limn → ∞
= 0nx
n!
limn → ∞
ln nn = 0
limn → ∞
x = 0n |x|<1
(fraction)
1
∞1xp
Converges if p > 1Diverges if 0 < p < 1
P Series Test: Comparison Test
if f(x) < convergent function,f(x) is convergent
if f(x) > divergent function,f(x) is divergent
Limit Comparison Test:
limx → ∞
f(x)g(x)= L
Let f(x) be a known convergent or divergent function:
0 < L < ∞
f(x) & g(x) both converge or both diverge
limn → ∞
n= e(1+ )1
n
Surface Area:
a
b dydx( )+
2dx2π y 1
WorkWork = Force x Distance
= Density x Volume x Distance= Density x Sum of Areas x Distance
Hooke’s Law for SpringsForce = f(x) = kx
(k is a constant, x is the distance)Work = ò f(x)dx, from position A to position B
Newton’s Law of Cooling
T - T = (T - T )eS 0 S
- kt
T = temperature of object at a given timeTs = temperature of surroundings
To = temperature at time zerot = time
Arc Length (y-axis):
c
d dxdy( )+
2dy1
Arc Length (x-axis):
a
b dydx( )+
2dx1
Circlesr = a cos θr = a sin θ
Basic Shapes(pink = cosine, blue = sine)
Lemniscatesr² = a cos θr² = a sin θ
Spiral ofArchimedes
r = aθ
Limaconsw/ Inner Loopr = a + b cos θr = a + b sin θ
|a|<|b|
Limaconsw/ Dimple
r = a + b cos θr = a + b sin θ
|a|>|b|
Cardioidsr = a + b cos θr = a + b sin θ
|a|=|b|
Rosesr = a cos bθr = a sin bθ
If b is odd, b = number of petalsIf b is even, 2b = number of petals
Polar Conversion (x,y) <-> (r,θ)
x² + y² = r²x = r cos θy = r sin θ
tan θ =yx
Polar Surface Area (y-axis):
α
β 22π r cos θ r +( )dr
dθ
2dθ
Polar Sloper ' sin θ + r cos θr ' cos θ - r sin θ
Polar Surface Area (x-axis):
α
β 2
2π r sin θ r +( )drdθ
2dθ
Polar Arc Length:
α
β2
r+( )drdθ
2dθ
Polar Area:
α
β 2r dθ
12
Geometric Series
Finite Series: Infinite Series:∞
n = 1
a r =n-1 a1-r
|r| <1if |r| > 1, series diverges
=Sn
a(1-r )(1-r)
n
Nth Term Test for Divergence
limn → ∞
∞
n = k
an an ≠ 0 series is divergent
Given: If:
Integral Test∞
n = k
an
∞
k∫ ax dx
If integral converges, series convergesIf integral diverges, series diverges
Comparison Test
if Σan < convergent series,
Σan is convergentif Σan > divergent series,
Σan is divergent
Limit Comparison Test
Let Σbn be a knownconvergent or divergent series:
limn → ∞
Σan
Σbn
= ρ 0 < ρ < ∞
Σan & Σbn
both converge or both diverge
∞
n = 1
an(-1)n-1
limn → ∞
3. an = 0
Alternating Series Test (AST)
Converges if:1. All terms are positive
2. an > an+1 for all n.
Power Series1. Use ratio test on theabsolute value of the series.
2. Set ρ < 1 to find the interval
3. To check bounds, pluginto original equation4. Take ½ of the interval to find radius of convergence
Error (Alternating Series/Taylor)Error = Actual - ApproximateError < First Unused Term
Root Testn
limn → ∞ anρ =
Ratio Test
limn → ∞ρ =
an+1
an Converges if ρ < 1No conclusion if ρ = 1Divergent if ρ > 1
2 3 n nP(x) = f (a) + f ' (a)(x - a) + f ''(a)(x - a) + f ''' (a)(x - a) + … + f (a)(x - a) 2! 3! n!
Taylor Polynomial
Σn = 0
∞ n 2n( - 1) x(2n)!
2 4 6cos x = 1- x + x - x + …= 2! 4! 6!
Common MacLaurin Series
Σn = 0
∞ n 2n+1( - 1) x(2n+1)!
3 5 7sin x = x - x + x - x + … = 3! 5! 7!
Σn = 0
∞ n nf ( a)(x - a) n!
Σn = 0
∞
n n(-1) x 1 = 1 - x + x² - x³+... =1+x
Σn = 0
∞
nx 1 = 1 + x + x² + x³+... =1- x
Σn = 0
∞ nxn!
xe = 1 + x + x² + x³+... = 2! 3!
y(x,y)
Rectangular
x
Polar(r,θ)
rθ
x xcosh x = e + e 2
x xsinh x = e - e 2
x xtanhx = e - e x -xe + e
sech x = 2 x xe + ecsch x = 2 x xe - e
x xcothx = e + e x -xe - e
Standard Hyperbolic Trig Derivatives
(d/dx)(csch u) = - csch u coth u (du/dx)
(d/dx)(sech u) = - sech u tanh u (du/dx)
(d/dx)(coth u) = - csch ² u (du/dx)
(d/dx)(tanh u) = sech ² u (du/dx)
(d/dx)(cosh u) = sinh u (du/dx)
(d/dx)(sinh u) = cosh u (du/dx)
sinh 2x = 2 sinh x cosh xcosh 2x = cosh ² x - sinh ² x
cosh ² x = cosh 2x+1 2
sinh ² x = cosh 2x - 1 2
cosh² x - sinh² x = 1tanh² x + sech ² x = 1
coth² x - csch² x = 1
Inverse Hyperbolic Trig Derivatives
sech u = , 0<u<1-1 1
u u² - 1d
dx
dudx
csch u = , u ≠0-1 1
|u| u² - 1d
dx
dudx
tanh u = , |u|<1-1 1
1 - u²d
dxdudx
coth u = , |u|>1-1 1
1 - u²d
dxdudx
sinh u =-1 1
u² + 1d
dx
dudx
cosh u = , u > 1-1 1
u² - 1d
dx
dudx
Every function splitsinto Even and Odd parts:
f(x) = + f(x) + f(-x)
2 f(x) - f(-x)
2even odd
Hyperbolic Trig Integrals
∫ sinh u du = cosh u + C
∫ cosh u du = sinh u + C
∫ sech² u du = tanh u + C
∫ csch² u du = - coth u + C
∫ sech x tanh u du =- sech u + C
∫ csch x coth u du = - csch u + C
A BBC
BC
calculus
a definitive sheetby chad valencia, ucla mathematics major
version 2.0.2000, rev 1
Σn = 0
an
∞last number
sequence
first number
Greek lettersigma(sum of)
improper integrals
sequences
taylor/maclaurin series
hyperbolic trig functions
series
Polar
parametric
vectors
extraneous bc concepts
personal notes
dydx
=
dydt
dxdt
First Derivative:
=dxdt
d²ydx²
Second Derivative:
dydx( )d
a
b dydt
dxdt( ) ( )+
2 2
Arc Length:
dt
Surface Area (x-axis):
a
b dydt
dxdt( ) ( )+
2 22 y dt
Surface Area (y-axis):
a
b dydt
dxdt( ) ( )+
2 22 x dt
Vector Valued Functionsr(t) = x(t)i + y(t)j
r'(t) = x'(t)i + y'(t)j∫r(t)dt = (∫x(t)dt + c)i + (∫y(t)dt + c)j
Velocity Equation for Vectors:(-½ g t² + S )j + V t0 0
where v = #( cos t i + sin t j)0
# = initial velocity/muzzle speed
Notation
v = ai + bj<a,b>
Vector Length
(magnitude/norm):
||v|| = a² + b²
Unit Vector:v
||v||
T(t) = r ' (t) ||r ' (t)||
If T = u1i + u2j N = -u2i + u1j
Unit Tangent andUnit Normal Vectors dy
dtdxdt( ) ( )+
2 2
Speed
Limits of Common Sequences:
Convergence/Divergence:
Let L be a finite number
limn → ∞
an= LConvergent
limn → ∞
an≠ LDivergent
limn → ∞
limn → ∞nn
1nn= = 1
limn → ∞
n
= e(1+ )xnxn
x
limn → ∞
= 0nx
n!
limn → ∞
ln nn = 0
limn → ∞
x = 0n |x|<1
(fraction)
1
∞1xp
Converges if p > 1Diverges if 0 < p < 1
P Series Test: Comparison Test
if f(x) < convergent function,f(x) is convergent
if f(x) > divergent function,f(x) is divergent
Limit Comparison Test:
limx → ∞
f(x)g(x)= L
Let f(x) be a known convergent or divergent function:
0 < L < ∞
f(x) & g(x) both converge or both diverge
limn → ∞
n= e(1+ )1
n
Surface Area:
a
b dydx( )+
2dx2π y 1
WorkWork = Force x Distance
= Density x Volume x Distance= Density x Sum of Areas x Distance
Hooke’s Law for SpringsForce = f(x) = kx
(k is a constant, x is the distance)Work = ò f(x)dx, from position A to position B
Newton’s Law of Cooling
T - T = (T - T )eS 0 S
- kt
T = temperature of object at a given timeTs = temperature of surroundings
To = temperature at time zerot = time
Arc Length (y-axis):
c
d dxdy( )+
2dy1
Arc Length (x-axis):
a
b dydx( )+
2dx1
Circlesr = a cos θr = a sin θ
Basic Shapes(pink = cosine, blue = sine)
Lemniscatesr² = a cos θr² = a sin θ
Spiral ofArchimedes
r = aθ
Limaconsw/ Inner Loopr = a + b cos θr = a + b sin θ
|a|<|b|
Limaconsw/ Dimple
r = a + b cos θr = a + b sin θ
|a|>|b|
Cardioidsr = a + b cos θr = a + b sin θ
|a|=|b|
Rosesr = a cos bθr = a sin bθ
If b is odd, b = number of petalsIf b is even, 2b = number of petals
Polar Conversion (x,y) <-> (r,θ)
x² + y² = r²x = r cos θy = r sin θ
tan θ =yx
Polar Surface Area (y-axis):
α
β 22π r cos θ r +( )dr
dθ
2dθ
Polar Sloper ' sin θ + r cos θr ' cos θ - r sin θ
Polar Surface Area (x-axis):
α
β 2
2π r sin θ r +( )drdθ
2dθ
Polar Arc Length:
α
β2
r+( )drdθ
2dθ
Polar Area:
α
β 2r dθ
12
Geometric Series
Finite Series: Infinite Series:∞
n = 1
a r =n-1 a1-r
|r| <1if |r| > 1, series diverges
=Sn
a(1-r )(1-r)
n
Nth Term Test for Divergence
limn → ∞
∞
n = k
an an ≠ 0 series is divergent
Given: If:
Integral Test∞
n = k
an
∞
k∫ ax dx
If integral converges, series convergesIf integral diverges, series diverges
Comparison Test
if Σan < convergent series,
Σan is convergentif Σan > divergent series,
Σan is divergent
Limit Comparison Test
Let Σbn be a knownconvergent or divergent series:
limn → ∞
Σan
Σbn
= ρ 0 < ρ < ∞
Σan & Σbn
both converge or both diverge
∞
n = 1
an(-1)n-1
limn → ∞
3. an = 0
Alternating Series Test (AST)
Converges if:1. All terms are positive
2. an > an+1 for all n.
Power Series1. Use ratio test on theabsolute value of the series.
2. Set ρ < 1 to find the interval
3. To check bounds, pluginto original equation4. Take ½ of the interval to find radius of convergence
Error (Alternating Series/Taylor)Error = Actual - ApproximateError < First Unused Term
Root Testn
limn → ∞ anρ =
Ratio Test
limn → ∞ρ =
an+1
an Converges if ρ < 1No conclusion if ρ = 1Divergent if ρ > 1
2 3 n nP(x) = f (a) + f ' (a)(x - a) + f ''(a)(x - a) + f ''' (a)(x - a) + … + f (a)(x - a) 2! 3! n!
Taylor Polynomial
Σn = 0
∞ n 2n( - 1) x(2n)!
2 4 6cos x = 1- x + x - x + …= 2! 4! 6!
Common MacLaurin Series
Σn = 0
∞ n 2n+1( - 1) x(2n+1)!
3 5 7sin x = x - x + x - x + … = 3! 5! 7!
Σn = 0
∞ n nf ( a)(x - a) n!
Σn = 0
∞
n n(-1) x 1 = 1 - x + x² - x³+... =1+x
Σn = 0
∞
nx 1 = 1 + x + x² + x³+... =1- x
Σn = 0
∞ nxn!
xe = 1 + x + x² + x³+... = 2! 3!
y(x,y)
Rectangular
x
Polar(r,θ)
rθ
x xcosh x = e + e 2
x xsinh x = e - e 2
x xtanhx = e - e x -xe + e
sech x = 2 x xe + ecsch x = 2 x xe - e
x xcothx = e + e x -xe - e
Standard Hyperbolic Trig Derivatives
(d/dx)(csch u) = - csch u coth u (du/dx)
(d/dx)(sech u) = - sech u tanh u (du/dx)
(d/dx)(coth u) = - csch ² u (du/dx)
(d/dx)(tanh u) = sech ² u (du/dx)
(d/dx)(cosh u) = sinh u (du/dx)
(d/dx)(sinh u) = cosh u (du/dx)
sinh 2x = 2 sinh x cosh xcosh 2x = cosh ² x - sinh ² x
cosh ² x = cosh 2x+1 2
sinh ² x = cosh 2x - 1 2
cosh² x - sinh² x = 1tanh² x + sech ² x = 1
coth² x - csch² x = 1
Inverse Hyperbolic Trig Derivatives
sech u = , 0<u<1-1 1
u u² - 1d
dx
dudx
csch u = , u ≠0-1 1
|u| u² - 1d
dx
dudx
tanh u = , |u|<1-1 1
1 - u²d
dxdudx
coth u = , |u|>1-1 1
1 - u²d
dxdudx
sinh u =-1 1
u² + 1d
dx
dudx
cosh u = , u > 1-1 1
u² - 1d
dx
dudx
Every function splitsinto Even and Odd parts:
f(x) = + f(x) + f(-x)
2 f(x) - f(-x)
2even odd
Hyperbolic Trig Integrals
∫ sinh u du = cosh u + C
∫ cosh u du = sinh u + C
∫ sech² u du = tanh u + C
∫ csch² u du = - coth u + C
∫ sech x tanh u du =- sech u + C
∫ csch x coth u du = - csch u + C
A BBC
BC
calculus
a definitive sheetby chad valencia, ucla mathematics major
version 2.0.2000, rev 1
Σn = 0
an
∞last number
sequence
first number
Greek lettersigma(sum of)
improper integrals
sequences
taylor/maclaurin series
hyperbolic trig functions
series
Polar
parametric
vectors
extraneous bc concepts
personal notes
dydx
=
dydt
dxdt
First Derivative:
=dxdt
d²ydx²
Second Derivative:
dydx( )d
a
b dydt
dxdt( ) ( )+
2 2
Arc Length:
dt
Surface Area (x-axis):
a
b dydt
dxdt( ) ( )+
2 22 y dt
Surface Area (y-axis):
a
b dydt
dxdt( ) ( )+
2 22 x dt
Vector Valued Functionsr(t) = x(t)i + y(t)j
r'(t) = x'(t)i + y'(t)j∫r(t)dt = (∫x(t)dt + c)i + (∫y(t)dt + c)j
Velocity Equation for Vectors:(-½ g t² + S )j + V t0 0
where v = #( cos t i + sin t j)0
# = initial velocity/muzzle speed
Notation
v = ai + bj<a,b>
Vector Length
(magnitude/norm):
||v|| = a² + b²
Unit Vector:v
||v||
T(t) = r ' (t) ||r ' (t)||
If T = u1i + u2j N = -u2i + u1j
Unit Tangent andUnit Normal Vectors dy
dtdxdt( ) ( )+
2 2
Speed
Limits of Common Sequences:
Convergence/Divergence:
Let L be a finite number
limn → ∞
an= LConvergent
limn → ∞
an≠ LDivergent
limn → ∞
limn → ∞nn
1nn= = 1
limn → ∞
n
= e(1+ )xnxn
x
limn → ∞
= 0nx
n!
limn → ∞
ln nn = 0
limn → ∞
x = 0n |x|<1
(fraction)
1
∞1xp
Converges if p > 1Diverges if 0 < p < 1
P Series Test: Comparison Test
if f(x) < convergent function,f(x) is convergent
if f(x) > divergent function,f(x) is divergent
Limit Comparison Test:
limx → ∞
f(x)g(x)= L
Let f(x) be a known convergent or divergent function:
0 < L < ∞
f(x) & g(x) both converge or both diverge
limn → ∞
n= e(1+ )1
n
Surface Area:
a
b dydx( )+
2dx2π y 1
WorkWork = Force x Distance
= Density x Volume x Distance= Density x Sum of Areas x Distance
Hooke’s Law for SpringsForce = f(x) = kx
(k is a constant, x is the distance)Work = ò f(x)dx, from position A to position B
Newton’s Law of Cooling
T - T = (T - T )eS 0 S
- kt
T = temperature of object at a given timeTs = temperature of surroundings
To = temperature at time zerot = time
Arc Length (y-axis):
c
d dxdy( )+
2dy1
Arc Length (x-axis):
a
b dydx( )+
2dx1
Circlesr = a cos θr = a sin θ
Basic Shapes(pink = cosine, blue = sine)
Lemniscatesr² = a cos θr² = a sin θ
Spiral ofArchimedes
r = aθ
Limaconsw/ Inner Loopr = a + b cos θr = a + b sin θ
|a|<|b|
Limaconsw/ Dimple
r = a + b cos θr = a + b sin θ
|a|>|b|
Cardioidsr = a + b cos θr = a + b sin θ
|a|=|b|
Rosesr = a cos bθr = a sin bθ
If b is odd, b = number of petalsIf b is even, 2b = number of petals
Polar Conversion (x,y) <-> (r,θ)
x² + y² = r²x = r cos θy = r sin θ
tan θ =yx
Polar Surface Area (y-axis):
α
β 22π r cos θ r +( )dr
dθ
2dθ
Polar Sloper ' sin θ + r cos θr ' cos θ - r sin θ
Polar Surface Area (x-axis):
α
β 2
2π r sin θ r +( )drdθ
2dθ
Polar Arc Length:
α
β2
r+( )drdθ
2dθ
Polar Area:
α
β 2r dθ
12
Geometric Series
Finite Series: Infinite Series:∞
n = 1
a r =n-1 a1-r
|r| <1if |r| > 1, series diverges
=Sn
a(1-r )(1-r)
n
Nth Term Test for Divergence
limn → ∞
∞
n = k
an an ≠ 0 series is divergent
Given: If:
Integral Test∞
n = k
an
∞
k∫ ax dx
If integral converges, series convergesIf integral diverges, series diverges
Comparison Test
if Σan < convergent series,
Σan is convergentif Σan > divergent series,
Σan is divergent
Limit Comparison Test
Let Σbn be a knownconvergent or divergent series:
limn → ∞
Σan
Σbn
= ρ 0 < ρ < ∞
Σan & Σbn
both converge or both diverge
∞
n = 1
an(-1)n-1
limn → ∞
3. an = 0
Alternating Series Test (AST)
Converges if:1. All terms are positive
2. an > an+1 for all n.
Power Series1. Use ratio test on theabsolute value of the series.
2. Set ρ < 1 to find the interval
3. To check bounds, pluginto original equation4. Take ½ of the interval to find radius of convergence
Error (Alternating Series/Taylor)Error = Actual - ApproximateError < First Unused Term
Root Testn
limn → ∞ anρ =
Ratio Test
limn → ∞ρ =
an+1
an Converges if ρ < 1No conclusion if ρ = 1Divergent if ρ > 1
2 3 n nP(x) = f (a) + f ' (a)(x - a) + f ''(a)(x - a) + f ''' (a)(x - a) + … + f (a)(x - a) 2! 3! n!
Taylor Polynomial
Σn = 0
∞ n 2n( - 1) x(2n)!
2 4 6cos x = 1- x + x - x + …= 2! 4! 6!
Common MacLaurin Series
Σn = 0
∞ n 2n+1( - 1) x(2n+1)!
3 5 7sin x = x - x + x - x + … = 3! 5! 7!
Σn = 0
∞ n nf ( a)(x - a) n!
Σn = 0
∞
n n(-1) x 1 = 1 - x + x² - x³+... =1+x
Σn = 0
∞
nx 1 = 1 + x + x² + x³+... =1- x
Σn = 0
∞ nxn!
xe = 1 + x + x² + x³+... = 2! 3!
y(x,y)
Rectangular
x
Polar(r,θ)
rθ
x xcosh x = e + e 2
x xsinh x = e - e 2
x xtanhx = e - e x -xe + e
sech x = 2 x xe + ecsch x = 2 x xe - e
x xcothx = e + e x -xe - e
Standard Hyperbolic Trig Derivatives
(d/dx)(csch u) = - csch u coth u (du/dx)
(d/dx)(sech u) = - sech u tanh u (du/dx)
(d/dx)(coth u) = - csch ² u (du/dx)
(d/dx)(tanh u) = sech ² u (du/dx)
(d/dx)(cosh u) = sinh u (du/dx)
(d/dx)(sinh u) = cosh u (du/dx)
sinh 2x = 2 sinh x cosh xcosh 2x = cosh ² x - sinh ² x
cosh ² x = cosh 2x+1 2
sinh ² x = cosh 2x - 1 2
cosh² x - sinh² x = 1tanh² x + sech ² x = 1
coth² x - csch² x = 1
Inverse Hyperbolic Trig Derivatives
sech u = , 0<u<1-1 1
u u² - 1d
dx
dudx
csch u = , u ≠0-1 1
|u| u² - 1d
dx
dudx
tanh u = , |u|<1-1 1
1 - u²d
dxdudx
coth u = , |u|>1-1 1
1 - u²d
dxdudx
sinh u =-1 1
u² + 1d
dx
dudx
cosh u = , u > 1-1 1
u² - 1d
dx
dudx
Every function splitsinto Even and Odd parts:
f(x) = + f(x) + f(-x)
2 f(x) - f(-x)
2even odd
Hyperbolic Trig Integrals
∫ sinh u du = cosh u + C
∫ cosh u du = sinh u + C
∫ sech² u du = tanh u + C
∫ csch² u du = - coth u + C
∫ sech x tanh u du =- sech u + C
∫ csch x coth u du = - csch u + C
© 2000 Chad A. Valencia. All Rights Reserved.