Ch5 ppt
-
Upload
nicole-talbot -
Category
Education
-
view
2.627 -
download
3
description
Transcript of Ch5 ppt
![Page 1: Ch5 ppt](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020122/5481c237b4af9f910d8b45e9/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY (6th Ed)
Chapter 5 Sensation
James A. McCubbin, PhDClemson University
Worth Publishers
![Page 2: Ch5 ppt](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020122/5481c237b4af9f910d8b45e9/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Sensation Sensation
a process by which our sensory receptors and nervous system receive and represent stimulus energy
Perception a process of organizing and interpreting
sensory information, enabling us to recognize meaningful objects and events
![Page 3: Ch5 ppt](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020122/5481c237b4af9f910d8b45e9/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Sensation Our
sensory and perceptual processes work together to help us sort out complex processes
![Page 4: Ch5 ppt](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020122/5481c237b4af9f910d8b45e9/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Sensation
Bottom-Up Processing analysis that begins with the sense receptors
and works up to the brain’s integration of sensory information
Top-Down Processing information processing guided by higher-level
mental processes as when we construct perceptions drawing on
our experience and expectations
![Page 5: Ch5 ppt](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020122/5481c237b4af9f910d8b45e9/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Sensation- Basic Principles
Psychophysics study of the relationship between
physical characteristics of stimuli and our psychological experience of them
Light- brightness Sound- volume Pressure- weight Taste- sweetness
![Page 6: Ch5 ppt](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020122/5481c237b4af9f910d8b45e9/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Sensation- Thresholds
Absolute Threshold minimum stimulation needed to detect a
particular stimulus 50% of the time
Difference Threshold minimum difference between two stimuli
required for detection 50% of the time just noticeable difference (JND)
![Page 7: Ch5 ppt](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020122/5481c237b4af9f910d8b45e9/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Sensation- Thresholds Signal Detection Theory
predicts how and when we detect the presence of a faint stimulus (signal) amid background stimulation (noise)
assumes that there is no single absolute threshold
detection depends partly on person’s experience expectations motivation level of fatigue
![Page 8: Ch5 ppt](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020122/5481c237b4af9f910d8b45e9/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Sensation- Thresholds
Subliminal When stimuli are
below one’s absolute threshold for conscious awareness
0
25
50
75
100
Low Absolutethreshold
Medium
Intensity of stimulus
Percentageof correctdetections
Subliminal stimuli
![Page 9: Ch5 ppt](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020122/5481c237b4af9f910d8b45e9/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
Sensation- Thresholds
Weber’s Law- to perceive as different, two stimuli must differ by a constant minimum percentage light intensity- 8% weight- 2% tone frequency- 0.3%
Sensory adaptation- diminished sensitivity as a consequence of constant stimulation
![Page 10: Ch5 ppt](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020122/5481c237b4af9f910d8b45e9/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Vision- Stabilized Images on the Retina
![Page 11: Ch5 ppt](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020122/5481c237b4af9f910d8b45e9/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Vision
Transduction conversion of one form of energy to
another in sensation, transforming of stimulus
energies into neural impulses Wavelength
the distance from the peak of one wave to the peak of the next
![Page 12: Ch5 ppt](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020122/5481c237b4af9f910d8b45e9/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Vision
Hue dimension of color determined by
wavelength of light Intensity
amount of energy in a wave determined by amplitude brightness loudness
![Page 13: Ch5 ppt](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020122/5481c237b4af9f910d8b45e9/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
The spectrum of electromagnetic energy
![Page 14: Ch5 ppt](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020122/5481c237b4af9f910d8b45e9/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Vision- Physical Properties of Waves
Short wavelength=high frequency(bluish colors, high-pitched sounds)
Long wavelength=low frequency(reddish colors, low-pitched sounds)
Great amplitude(bright colors, loud sounds)
Small amplitude(dull colors, soft sounds)
![Page 15: Ch5 ppt](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020122/5481c237b4af9f910d8b45e9/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Vision Pupil- adjustable opening in the
center of the eye
Iris- a ring of muscle that forms the colored portion of the eye around the pupil and controls the size of the pupil opening
Lens- transparent structure behind pupil that changes shape to focus images on the retina
![Page 16: Ch5 ppt](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020122/5481c237b4af9f910d8b45e9/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Vision
![Page 17: Ch5 ppt](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020122/5481c237b4af9f910d8b45e9/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
![Page 18: Ch5 ppt](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020122/5481c237b4af9f910d8b45e9/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Vision
Accommodation- the process by which the eye’s lens changes shape to help focus near or far objects on the retina
Retina- the light-sensitive inner surface of the eye, containing receptor rods and cones plus layers of neurons that begin the processing of visual information
![Page 19: Ch5 ppt](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020122/5481c237b4af9f910d8b45e9/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Vision Acuity- the sharpness of vision Nearsightedness- condition in which
nearby objects are seen more clearly than distant objects because distant objects in front of retina
Farsightedness- condition in which faraway objects are seen more clearly than near objects because the image of near objects is focused behind retina
![Page 20: Ch5 ppt](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020122/5481c237b4af9f910d8b45e9/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Vision
Normal Nearsighted Farsighted Vision Vision Vision
![Page 21: Ch5 ppt](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020122/5481c237b4af9f910d8b45e9/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Retina’s Reaction to Light- Receptors
Rods peripheral retina detect black, white and gray twilight or low light
Cones near center of retina fine detail and color vision daylight or well-lit conditions
![Page 22: Ch5 ppt](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020122/5481c237b4af9f910d8b45e9/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Retina’s Reaction to Light
Optic nerve- nerve that carries neural impulses from the eye to the brain
Blind Spot- point at which the optic nerve leaves the eye, creating a “blind spot” because there are no receptor cells located there
Fovea- central point in the retina, around which the eye’s cones cluster
![Page 23: Ch5 ppt](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020122/5481c237b4af9f910d8b45e9/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
![Page 24: Ch5 ppt](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020122/5481c237b4af9f910d8b45e9/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Vision- ReceptorsReceptors in the Human Eye
Cones RodsNumber
Location in retina
Sensitivity in dim light
Color sensitive? Yes
Low
Center
6 million
No
High
Periphery
120 million
![Page 25: Ch5 ppt](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020122/5481c237b4af9f910d8b45e9/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Pathways from the Eyes to the Visual Cortex
![Page 26: Ch5 ppt](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020122/5481c237b4af9f910d8b45e9/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Visual Information Processing Feature Detectors
nerve cells in the brain that respond to specific features
shape angle movement
Stimulus
Cell’s responses
![Page 27: Ch5 ppt](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020122/5481c237b4af9f910d8b45e9/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
![Page 28: Ch5 ppt](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020122/5481c237b4af9f910d8b45e9/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
How the Brain Perceives
![Page 29: Ch5 ppt](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020122/5481c237b4af9f910d8b45e9/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
Illusory Contours
![Page 30: Ch5 ppt](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020122/5481c237b4af9f910d8b45e9/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Visual Information Processing
Parallel Processing simultaneous processing of several
aspects of a problem simultaneously
![Page 31: Ch5 ppt](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020122/5481c237b4af9f910d8b45e9/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
![Page 32: Ch5 ppt](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020122/5481c237b4af9f910d8b45e9/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
Visual Information Processing Trichromatic (three color) Theory
Young and Helmholtz three different retinal color receptors
red green blue
![Page 33: Ch5 ppt](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020122/5481c237b4af9f910d8b45e9/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Color-Deficient Vision
People who suffer red-green blindness have trouble perceiving the number within the design
![Page 34: Ch5 ppt](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020122/5481c237b4af9f910d8b45e9/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Visual Information Processing
Opponent-Process Theory- opposing retinal processes enable color vision
“ON” “OFF”red greengreen red blue yellow yellow blue black whitewhite black
![Page 35: Ch5 ppt](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020122/5481c237b4af9f910d8b45e9/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Opponent Process- Afterimage Effect
![Page 36: Ch5 ppt](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020122/5481c237b4af9f910d8b45e9/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Visual Information Processing
Color Constancy Perceiving familiar objects as having
consistent color, even if changing illumination alters the wavelengths reflected by the object
![Page 37: Ch5 ppt](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020122/5481c237b4af9f910d8b45e9/html5/thumbnails/37.jpg)
Audition
Audition the sense of hearing
Frequency the number of complete wavelengths
that pass a point in a given time
Pitch a tone’s highness or lowness depends on frequency
![Page 38: Ch5 ppt](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020122/5481c237b4af9f910d8b45e9/html5/thumbnails/38.jpg)
The Intensity of Some Common Sounds
![Page 39: Ch5 ppt](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020122/5481c237b4af9f910d8b45e9/html5/thumbnails/39.jpg)
![Page 40: Ch5 ppt](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020122/5481c237b4af9f910d8b45e9/html5/thumbnails/40.jpg)
Audition- The Ear Middle Ear
chamber between eardrum and cochlea containing three tiny bones (hammer, anvil, stirrup) that concentrate the vibrations of the eardrum on the cochlea’s oval window
Inner Ear innermost part of the ear, contining the
cochlea, semicurcular canals, and vestibular sacs
Cochlea coiled, bony, fluid-filled tube in the inner ear
through which
![Page 41: Ch5 ppt](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020122/5481c237b4af9f910d8b45e9/html5/thumbnails/41.jpg)
Audition
Place Theory the theory that links the pitch we hear with
the place where the cochlea’s membrane is stimulated
Frequency Theory the theory that the rate of nerve impulses
traveling up the auditory nerve matches the frequency of a tone, thus enabling us to sense its pitch
![Page 42: Ch5 ppt](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020122/5481c237b4af9f910d8b45e9/html5/thumbnails/42.jpg)
How We Locate Sounds
![Page 43: Ch5 ppt](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020122/5481c237b4af9f910d8b45e9/html5/thumbnails/43.jpg)
Audition
Conduction Hearing Loss hearing loss caused by damage to the
mechanical system that conducts sound waves to the cochlea
Nerve Hearing Loss hearing loss caused by damage to the
cochlea’s receptor cells or to the auditory nerve
![Page 44: Ch5 ppt](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020122/5481c237b4af9f910d8b45e9/html5/thumbnails/44.jpg)
Audition Older people tend to hear low
frequencies well but suffer hearing loss for high frequencies
1time
10times
100times
1000times
32 64 128 256 512 1024 2048 4096 8192 16384Frequency of tone in waves per second
Low Pitch High
Amplitude required forperception relative to 20-29 year-old group
![Page 45: Ch5 ppt](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020122/5481c237b4af9f910d8b45e9/html5/thumbnails/45.jpg)
Touch
Skin Sensations pressure
only skin sensation with identifiable receptors
warmth cold pain
![Page 46: Ch5 ppt](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020122/5481c237b4af9f910d8b45e9/html5/thumbnails/46.jpg)
Pain Gate-Control Theory
theory that the spinal cord contains a neurological “gate” that blocks pain signals or allows them to pass on to the brain
“gate” opened by the activity of pain signals traveling up small nerve fibers
“gate” closed by activity in larger fibers or by information coming from the brain
![Page 47: Ch5 ppt](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020122/5481c237b4af9f910d8b45e9/html5/thumbnails/47.jpg)
Taste Taste Sensations
sweet sour salty bitter
Sensory Interaction the principle that one sense may influence
another as when the smell of food influences its taste
![Page 48: Ch5 ppt](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020122/5481c237b4af9f910d8b45e9/html5/thumbnails/48.jpg)
Smell
Receptor cells inolfactory membrane
Nasal passage
Olfactorybulb
Olfactorynerve
![Page 49: Ch5 ppt](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020122/5481c237b4af9f910d8b45e9/html5/thumbnails/49.jpg)
Age, Sex and Sense of Smell
Women
Men
10-19 20-29 30-39 40-49 50-59 60-69 70-79 80-89 90-99Age Group
4
3
2
0
Numberof correct
answers
Women and young adults have best sense of smell
![Page 50: Ch5 ppt](https://reader030.fdocuments.net/reader030/viewer/2022020122/5481c237b4af9f910d8b45e9/html5/thumbnails/50.jpg)
Body Position and Movement
Kinesthesis the system for sensing the position and
movement of individual body parts Vestibular Sense
the sense of body movement and position
including the sense of balance