Chapter 4 The Thirteen

Colonies

Chapter 4, Section 1

The Puritans Decide to Leave England

Who were the Puritans?• A religious group who had hoped to

reform the Church of England Why did they leave England?• The king disapproved of Puritans and

their ideas, canceled Puritan business charters, and had some Puritans jailed.

• They believed that England had fallen on “evil and declining times.”

• They wanted to build a new society based on biblical laws and teachings.

Problems in Massachusetts Caused People to Leave

Who Left? For Where? Why? Results

Thomas Hooker

Founded Connecticut

He thought the governor and other officials such as the General Court had too much power.

He established a colony with strict limits on government. Settlers wrote the Fundamental Orders of Connecticut.

General Court—Massachusetts assembly elected by male church membersFundamental Orders of Connecticut—a plan of government that gave all male property owners the right to vote, not just church members, and limited the governor’s power

Problems in Massachusetts Caused People to Leave

Who Left? For Where? Why? Results

Roger Williams

Settled in Rhode Island

He believed that the Puritan church had too much power.

He set up a colony where church and state were completely separate. He fostered religious

tolerance.

Anne Hutchinson

Fled to Rhode Island

She questioned the Puritan church’s teachings; she was tried and ordered out of the colony.

She later became a symbol of the struggle for religious freedom.

religious tolerance—willingness to let others practice their own beliefs.

As more colonists settled in New England, they began to take over more Native American lands.By 1670 nearly 45,000 settlers were living in New England.In 1675, Chief Metacom and the Wampanog Indians destroyed 12 towns and killed more than 600 settlers.

Puritans and Native Americans Fought Over Land

Towns and Villages Were Important in New England Life

• In the center of each village was the common, an open field where the settlers’ cattle grazed.

• The Puritans worshiped in the village meeting house. They took their Sabbath, or holy day of rest, seriously.

• Settlers gathered at the meeting house for town meetings, where they discussed and voted on issues.

• Some towns became important centers of trade and shipbuilding.

New Netherland Became New York

1626 and on• The Dutch set up the colony of New Netherland. Settlers traded in furs. New Amsterdam became a thriving port.• To encourage farming, Dutch officials granted huge estates to a few rich families. Owners of the estates were

called patroons.• People from different religious groups flocked to New Netherland because of its religious tolerance. The colony

grew.• Rivalry for trade and colonies increased between England and the Netherlands. The governor of New Netherland,

Peter Stuyvesant, swore to defend his colony.• Stuyvesant was unpopular because of his harsh rule and heavy taxes. When English warships entered the harbor,

the colonists refused to help the governor. The English took over without a shot. 1664• The king of England gave New Netherland to the Duke of York. New Netherland became New York.

New Jersey Separated From

New York

• The Duke of York thought that New York was too big to govern easily. • He gave up some land to friends. They set up a new colony, New Jersey, which was a

proprietary colony( where king gave land to one or more people) These proprietors could divide the land and make laws for it.

• Settlers came from many countries.• In 1702, New Jersey became a royal colony, which is a colony under the direct control of the

English crown.

William Penn Founded Pennsylvania

• In England, William Penn joined the Quakers, a religious group that believed that all people were equal in God’s sight. Quakers were against war.

• Quakers were arrested, fined, or even hanged for their ideas.

• Penn believed the Quakers must leave England. He turned to the king for help.

• The king issued a royal charter naming Penn proprietor of a new colony, later called Pennsylvania.

• Penn called for fair treatment of Native Americans.

• Penn welcomed settlers of different faiths and people from many countries, including Germany. Other colonists called the Germans Pennsylvania Dutch, from the word “Deutsch,” which means German.

SOUTHERN COLONIES

Maryland Was Important to Roman Catholics

• 1632—Sir George Calvert became a Roman Catholic. He asked King Charles I for a colony in the Americas for Catholics. Calvert died. His son, Lord Baltimore, took over.

• 1634—Settlers arrived in Maryland. Lord Baltimore appointed a governor and council of advisers, but he let colonists elect an assembly.

• 1649—Lord Baltimore asked the assembly to pass an Act of Toleration, a law that provided religious freedom for all Christians.

Bacon’s Rebellion

• Settlers arrived in Virginia, expecting profits from planting tobacco.• Wealthy planters already had the best lands near the coast.

Newcomers were pushed farther inland, onto Indian lands.• Settlers and Indians clashed.• Settlers asked the governor for help. He wouldn’t act.• In 1676, Nathaniel Bacon organized angry frontier planters. They

raided Native American villages, then burned Jamestown.• The revolt soon ended when Bacon died suddenly.

The Carolinas and Georgia Are Founded

CarolinasNorth:• poor tobacco farmers from Virginia• small farmsSouth:• eight English nobles• Charles Town• settlers from the Caribbean• rice and indigo, a plant used to make

blue dye• enslaved AfricansGeorgia• James Oglethorpe• debtors, or people who owed money

and could not pay

Two Ways of Life in the Southern Colonies

Land

Farms

Crops

Slavery

Tidewater Plantations Backcountry

coastal plain, many riversrolling hills, thick forests

large plantations small farms

tobacco, rice, indigo tobacco, garden crops

Enslaved Africans tended Tidewater plantations

Few enslaved Africans worked backcountry farms.

Why the Slave Trade Grew in the 1700s1619

1600s

Early 1700s

1700s

First enslaved Africans arrived in Virginia.

Some Africans remained enslaved, some were servants, a few were free.

Carolina plantations needed large numbers of workers.The planters came to rely on slave labor.

Slave ships carried millions of enslaved Africans west across the Atlantic. Colonists enacted slave codes.Many colonists displayed racism, though a few spoke out against slavery.

slave codes—laws that set out rules for slaves’ behavior; treated enslaved Africans as propertyracism—the belief that one race is superior to another

England Regulated Colonial TradeEngland believed in an economic theory called mercantilism, which said:– A nation became strong by strictly controlling

its trade.– A country should export more than it

imported.exports goods sent to markets outside a countryimports goods brought into a countryTo enforce mercantilism, England passed the Navigation Acts, laws that regulated trade between England and the colonies so that England benefited.

• Only colonial or English ships could carry goods to and from the colonies.

• Colonial merchants could ship goods such as tobacco and cotton only to England.

• Colonists were encouraged to build their own ships.

England Regulated Colonial Trade• Yankees—a nickname for New England traders—dominated colonial

trade.• Colonial merchants developed many trade routes. One route was known

as the triangular trade.• Colonial merchants sometimes defied the Navigation Acts by buying

goods from the Dutch, French, and Spanish West Indies.

Part of Government How Chosen What They Did

Governor appointed by the king or by the colony’s proprietor

directed the colony’s affairs and enforced laws

Legislature

upper house—a group of advisers appointed by the governor

lower house—an elected assembly

people who had the power to make laws

made laws

approved laws; protected the rights of citizens; approved taxes

What Colonial Governments Were Like

Rights Under Colonial Governments

• Colonists had rights as English Subjects.• 1688 In the Glorious Revolution,

Parliament replaced King James II with William and Mary.

• 1689 William and Mary signed the English Bill of Rights.– protected rights of individuals– guaranteed right to trial by jury– said the ruler could not raise taxes or

army without approval of Parliament • Some colonists had the right to vote.

– white Christian men over the age of 21 who owned property

– in some colonies, only members of a particular churchbill of rights—a written list of freedoms the government promises to protect

Limits on Liberties of Colonists

• Women had fewer rights than free, white males.

• Married women had fewer rights than unmarried women and widows.

• Africans had almost no rights.

• Native Americans had almost no rights.

Chapter 4, Section 5 Social Classes in Colonial Society

Gentry• wealthy planters, merchants, ministers, successful lawyers, royal

officialsMiddle Class• farmers, skilled craftsworkers, some tradespeopleLower Class• farmhands, indentured servants—people who signed contracts

to work without wages in return for their ocean passage—and slaves

The Great Awakening Touched the Colonists

and led people to challenge political

authority

In the 1730s and 1740s, a religious movement known as the Great Awakening swept through the colonies.– It began with powerful ministers and it split from their old churches and start

new ones.– GROWTH OF CHURCHES= tolerance of different beliefs.– New preachers argued that formal training was less important than a heart

filled with the holy spirit.– This thinking encouraged a spirit of independence. If people could learn to

worship on their own, they could govern themselves.

Education in the Colonies New England

• Massachusetts required all parents to teach their children “to read and understand the principles of religion.”

• Massachusetts set up the first public schools, or schools supported by taxes.

• The earliest schools had one room for students of all ages.

Middle Colonies

Southern Colonies

Apprenticeships

• Churches and families set up private schools. Only wealthy families could educate their children.

• Some planters hired tutors, or private teachers. Sons of the very wealthy went to school in England. Slave were usually denied education.

• Boys might serve as apprentices to learn a trade or craft by living with a master and working for free in return for training.

The Spread of New Ideas• The Enlightenment was a movement started in Europe

by thinkers who applied reason and logic instead of superstition to understand the world.

• English philosopher John Locke wrote that people could gain knowledge by observing and experimenting.

• Benjamin Franklin demonstrated the spirit of the Enlightenment. He used reason to invent useful devices and improve his world.

COLONIAL NEWSPAPER

City life encouraged the development of cultural events, such as the theater and the growth of the newspaper.The growth of colonial newspapers led to a dispute over freedom of the press.

Newspaper publisher John Peter Zenger was tried for libel—the act of publishing a statement that may unjustly damage a person’s reputation. The jury agreed that since the stories were true, Zenger had not committed libel—a step toward freedom of the press.