Ch1organization
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Transcript of Ch1organization
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Chapter 1: Organization of
the Body
Virtuvian Man by Leonardo Da Vinci is one of the most famous anatomical drawings in history.
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Anatomy and Physiology Anatomy: branch of
science dealing with the form and structure of body parts.
Physiology: branch of science dealing with the study of body functions.
Anatomy and physiology are closely related because an organ’s structure is determined by its function.
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Check yourself…anatomy or physiology?
• Digestion• Stomach• Blood pressure• Heart• Muscle• Exercise
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Were you right?
• Digestion: physiology• Stomach: anatomy• Blood pressure: physiology• Heart: anatomy• Muscle: anatomy• Exercise: physiology
Remember: If the term is related to structure (how it is constructed) it is anatomy. If it is related to function (job) it is physiology.
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Organization of Body Parts
• The chemicals are the smallest
level of organization. The organism
is the largest level of organization.
Chemicals Cells Tissues Organs
Organ systems
Organism
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Chemicals• Atoms: The smallest part of elements.
Common atoms in humans include carbon, hydrogen, oxygen, and nitrogen.
• Molecules: Chemically joined atoms. Example: H2O (one molecule of water) is made of two atoms of hydrogen and one atom of oxygen.
1 atom of oxygen1 atom of hydrogen
1 molecule of H2o
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Chemicals Continued…
• Macromolecules: Large molecules made of chemically combined smaller molecules.
• Example: molecules of amino acids join together to form proteins. DNA is also a macromolecule.
DNA model
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Cells• The smallest unit of life.
Red blood cells carry oxygen.
• Organelles are small structures within cells that perform specific functions within the cell. Mitochondria are the places where energy is released.
Red blood cells
Mitochondrion
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Tissues and Organs
• Tissues are composed of similar cells and perform a specific function. Cardiac muscle makes the heart contract.
Cardiac muscle
Normal human heart
Organs are composed of several types of tissue and perform a specific function. The heart Moves blood throughout the body.
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Organ Systems and Organisms
• Organ systems are composed of several organs and perform a specific function.
• An organism has many organ systems working together to keep it alive.
Blood flow through the cardiovascular system.
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Anatomical Terms
• Understanding them assumes the body is in anatomical position (standing erect, face forward, arms at the sides and palms and toes directed forward).
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Relative Positions
• Superior: above another part
• Inferior: below another part
• Anterior (ventral): toward the front
• Posterior (dorsal): toward the back
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Planes and Sections of the Body
• Sagital plane: divides the body in half vertically.
• Transverse plane: divides the body in half horizontally.
• Frontal plane: divides the body in half lengthwise into anterior and posterior sections.
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Regions of the body
• Cephalic: head• Cervical: neck• Thorax: chest• Abdomen: stomach
area• Limbs: arms and legs
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Check yourself…What region?
What region?
What region?
What region?
What region?
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Were you correct?Cephalic (head)
Cervical (neck)
Thoracic (chest)
Abdomen (stomach)
Limbs (arms or legs)
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Cavities of the Body
• Dorsal (cranial and spinal)
• Ventral (thoracic and abdominopelvic)
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Organ Systems
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Integumentary
• Made of skin and related structures
• Function: To protect underlying tissue, help regulate body temperature, and contain sense organs.
© Anne Geddes
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Skeletal
• Consists of bones, cartilage, and ligaments.
• Functions to protect organs, provide support, production of blood cells.
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Muscular System
• Consists of skeletal, cardiac, and smooth muscle.
• Functions in the movement of the body.
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Nervous System
• Consists of the brain, spinal cord, and nerves.
• Functions to conduct nerve impulses to and from the brain thus providing the organism with information about its environment and internal conditions.
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Endocrine System
• Consists of hormonal glands that secrete chemicals that serve as messengers between body parts.
• Functions with nervous system to maintain a relatively constant internal environment.
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Circulatory System
• Consists of heart and blood vessels.
• Functions to carry nutrients and oxygen to the cells and remove waste products to be excreted.
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Respiratory System
• Consists of the lungs and the associated airways.
• Functions to bring oxygen into the lungs and to remove carbon dioxide from the lungs.
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Digestive System
• Consists of the mouth, esophagus, stomach, small and large intestine and accessory organs.
• Functions to receive food and digest it into nutrient molecules.
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Urinary System
• Consists of the kidneys and bladder.
• Functions to rid the body of nitrogenous wastes and helps regulate the fluid level and chemical content of blood.
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Reproductive System
• Consists of different organs in males and females.
• Functions to ensure the survival of the species by allowing organisms to reproduce.
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Homeostasis
• Mechanisms that keep the internal environment relatively stable.
• One of the fundamental characteristics of living things.
• All the bodies organ systems contribute to homeostasis.
• Controlled by negative feedback mechanisms.
• Disease results when these mechanisms break down.
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Negative Feedback Mechanisms
• Requires a receptor that detects when levels are unacceptable and as a result triggers a response.
• Also requires an effector that brings about a response that negates the original conditions that stimulated the receptor.
• Most homeostatic regulatory mechanisms involve negative feedback.
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Body Temperature Control• Control of our body temperature involves a
negative feedback loop.• Control center in brain (hypothalamus) functions
as the thermostat whose set point is 37 degrees Celsius.
• When body temperature increases heat loss is increased by sweating and increased blood flow to skin until body temperature returns to normal.
• See text p.12 for an illustration of this concept.
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Credits• Background courtesy of NASA: http://antwrp.gsfc.nasa.gov/apod/ap030617.html
• Virtuvian Man (slide 1): http://www.leonardo2002.de/media/original.jpg
• Anatomical Image (slide 2): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/dreamanatomy/images/1200%20dpi/I-B-2-01.jpg
• Smilie (slide 3): http://www.smiliegenerator.com/smiliegenerator_eng.html
• Smilie (slide 4) http://bestanimations.com/Signs&Shapes/Smileys/Smileys.html
• DNA animation (slide 7): http://members.lycos.nl/TheDNApage/dnanim.html
• Red blood cells (slide 8): http://www.cellsalive.com/
• Mitochondrion (slide 8): http://www-plb.ucdavis.edu/courses/f01/PLB%2011/PLB11-99/CellStructure/em_mito.jpg
• Cardiac muscle (slide 9): http://www.unomaha.edu/~swick/2740musclehistology.html
• Heart (slide 9): : http://medlib.med.utah.edu/WebPath/CVHTML/CV001.html
• Cardiovascular system (slide 10): http://www.coe.uh.edu/archive/science/science_graphics/sciencegr1.html
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Credits…Anatomical image (slide 11): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/dreamanatomy/da_g_II-C-07.html
Body Planes (slide 13): http://training.seer.cancer.gov/module_anatomy/unit1_3_terminology2_planes.html
Anatomical Image (slide 14): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/dreamanatomy/da_g_I-B-2-10.html
Body Cavities (slide 17): http://training.seer.cancer.gov/module_anatomy/unit1_3_terminology3_cavities.html
Anatomical Image (slide 18): http://www.nlm.nih.gov/exhibition/dreamanatomy/da_g_I-B-2-06.html
Anne Geddes Image (slide 19): http://www.andrea-schroeder.com/AGeddese.html
Skeleton (slide 20): http://training.seer.cancer.gov/module_anatomy/unit3_5_skeleton_divisions.html
Dancers (slide 21): http://training.seer.cancer.gov/module_anatomy/unit4_1_muscle_functions.html
Nervous System (slide 22): http://training.seer.cancer.gov/module_anatomy/unit5_3_nerve_org.html
Endocrine System (slide 23): http://training.seer.cancer.gov/module_anatomy/unit6_3_endo_glnds.html
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Credits…• Circulatory System (slide 24):
http://training.seer.cancer.gov/module_anatomy/unit7_1_cardvasc_intro.html
• Respiratory System (slide 25): http://training.seer.cancer.gov/module_anatomy/unit9_4_resp_passages.html
• Digestive System (slide 26): http://training.seer.cancer.gov/module_anatomy/unit10_3_dige_regions.html
• Urinary System (slide 27): http://training.seer.cancer.gov/module_anatomy/unit11_2_uri_components.html
• Reproductive System (slide 28): http://training.seer.cancer.gov/module_anatomy/unit12_1_repdt_intro.html