Ch17a DIGESTION; Dr. L. Altman · 2020. 12. 23. · ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY II BIO 212: Dr. Lawrence...

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ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY II BIO 212: Dr. Lawrence G. Altman www.lawrencegaltman.com Some illustrations are courtesy of McGraw-Hill. CHAPTER 17 Lecture: DIGESTIVE Part 1 Part 2 1 Processes of DIGESTION Mechanical and Chemical Reductions of Foodstuffs 01. INGESTION intake of food into mouth 02. MASTICATION pulverizing food (chewing) starch breakdown (amylase from saliva) DEGLUTITION swallowing 03. 2

Transcript of Ch17a DIGESTION; Dr. L. Altman · 2020. 12. 23. · ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY II BIO 212: Dr. Lawrence...

Page 1: Ch17a DIGESTION; Dr. L. Altman · 2020. 12. 23. · ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY II BIO 212: Dr. Lawrence G. Altman Some illustrations are courtesy of McGraw-Hill CHAPTER 17 Lecture: DIGESTIVE

ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY II BIO 212:

Dr. Lawrence G. Altman www.lawrencegaltman.com Some illustrations are courtesy of McGraw-Hill.

CHAPTER 17 Lecture:

DIGESTIVE

Part 1 Part 2

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Processes  of  DIGESTION  

Mechanical  and  Chemical  Reductions  of  Foodstuffs  

01.       INGESTION  intake  of  food  into  mouth  

02.   MASTICATION  pulverizing  food  (chewing)  starch  breakdown  (amylase  from  saliva)  

DEGLUTITION  swallowing  

03.  

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Page 2: Ch17a DIGESTION; Dr. L. Altman · 2020. 12. 23. · ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY II BIO 212: Dr. Lawrence G. Altman Some illustrations are courtesy of McGraw-Hill CHAPTER 17 Lecture: DIGESTIVE

04.       PERISTALSIS  

rhythmic,  wavelike  contractions  move  food  

through  tubular  alimentary  canal  (GI  tract)  

05.   ABSORPTION  

generally,  passage  of  reduced  food  molecules  through  mucous  membranes  of  small  intestine  To  blood  and/or    lymphatics  >  cells  

06.  Discharge  of  indigestible  waste  (feces)  DEFECATION  

Processes  of  DIGESTION  

Mechanical  and  Chemical  Reductions  of  Foodstuffs  

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Accessory  Organs   Alimentary  Canal  4

Page 3: Ch17a DIGESTION; Dr. L. Altman · 2020. 12. 23. · ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY II BIO 212: Dr. Lawrence G. Altman Some illustrations are courtesy of McGraw-Hill CHAPTER 17 Lecture: DIGESTIVE

TONGUE;  Taste  Buds  Taste  Buds  found  on  Projections:  Papillae  

Circumvallate  Papilla  

CIRCUMVALLATE  Papillae:  Arranged  in  a    V-­‐  shaped  row.  

“moat  around  castle”  Respond  to:  Bitter  

Filiform  Papilla  

FILIFORM  Papillae:  Conical  –  shaped  

Parallel  Rows.  No  Taste  Buds  Roughness  of  tongue  

Most  Numerous;  keratin;  White  of  tongue.  

DIFFICULT  to  SEE  in  SEM-­‐-­‐-­‐  HIST  PHOTO  better.  

FUNGIFORM  Papillae:  Fungus  –  shaped;  

Anterior  2/3  of  tongue.  Respond  to:  

Sweet,  salt  and  sour  Lingual  frenulum  

Underside;  mucous  membrane  attachment  

Lingual  Tonsil  

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FILIFORM  PAPILLAE  

FUNGIFORM  PAPILLA  

CIRCUMVALLATE  PAPILLA  

EACH  PAPILLA  may  give  rise  to  DOZENS  of  TASTE  BUDS    

“Moat  around  Castle”  Fungi  -­‐  shaped  Conical  

LAB  ATLAS  EQUIVALENT:  FIGS.  72  A  -­‐  B  -­‐  C  

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Page 4: Ch17a DIGESTION; Dr. L. Altman · 2020. 12. 23. · ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY II BIO 212: Dr. Lawrence G. Altman Some illustrations are courtesy of McGraw-Hill CHAPTER 17 Lecture: DIGESTIVE

SALIVARY  GLANDS:  Merocrine  (secretory  vesicles;  exocytosis  EXOCRINE  GLANDS:   SECRETIONS  VIA  DUCTS  

(ENDOCRINE:  DIRECTLY  INTO  BLOOD)  ACINI  (rounded  sacs):  contained  in  gland  at  end  of  ducts.  

Buccinator  Muscle  

Masseter  Muscle  VESTIBULE  

PAROTID  GLAND  

PAROTID  duct  

SUBMANDIBULAR  GLAND  Cut;  duct  

-­‐tongue-­‐  

SUBLINGUAL  GLAND  

EPITHELIUM  of  ACINI:  SEROUS  CELLS-­‐  watery  fluid  +  AMYLASE    (vs.  Carbohydrates)  MUCOUS  CELLS-­‐  viscous  mucus  fluid  MYOEPITHELIAL  CELLS-­‐  surround  acini/ducts;  mini-­‐pumps  

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HUMAN  SUBMANDIBULAR  GLAND  FLOOR  of  MOUTH  NEAR  LOWER  JAW  

Hematoxylin-­‐aniline  Blue  

MOSTLY  SEROUS  CELLS  SEROUS  CELLS  

SEROUS  CELL  MUCOUS  CELL  

SECRETORY  DUCT  

MIXED  ALVEOLUS  

EPITHELIUM  of  ACINI:  SEROUS  CELLS-­‐  watery  fluid  +  AMYLASE    (vs.  Carbohydrates)  MUCOUS  CELLS-­‐  viscous  mucus  fluid  MYOEPITHELIAL  CELLS-­‐  surround  acini/ducts;  mini-­‐pumps  

ACINI  (rounded  sacs):  contained  in  gland  at  end  of  ducts.  

SALIVA:  mixture  of  all  Three  (3)  Salivary  Glands.  Lysozyme,  IgA,  and  mucus-­‐  bolus  formation.  

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Page 5: Ch17a DIGESTION; Dr. L. Altman · 2020. 12. 23. · ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY II BIO 212: Dr. Lawrence G. Altman Some illustrations are courtesy of McGraw-Hill CHAPTER 17 Lecture: DIGESTIVE

SALIVARY  GLANDS:      Merocrine      (secretory  vesicles;  exocytosis)  9

TEETH;  Deciduous  (baby,  milk)  

First  complete  set;  erupt  approx.  6  months.  Lower  central  incisors-­‐  first  to  erupt.  Full  set  (20)  usually  complete  by  age  of  two.  

Eventual  loss  (loosening)  due  to  reabsorption  of  roots.  

All  of  the  second  or  "permanent"  set  (except  third  molars)  have  usually  erupted  by  end  of  adolescence.  

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Page 6: Ch17a DIGESTION; Dr. L. Altman · 2020. 12. 23. · ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY II BIO 212: Dr. Lawrence G. Altman Some illustrations are courtesy of McGraw-Hill CHAPTER 17 Lecture: DIGESTIVE

TEETH;  Permanent  (adult,  second  set)    FOUR  (4)  QUADRANTS;  Upper  &  lower  (left  +  right)  =  32  8  teeth  per  Quadrant  

2  INCISORS  (cutting)  

Numbers  are  for  EACH  quadrant    

1  CANINE  -­‐cuspid-­‐  (tearing)  

2  PREMOLARS  -­‐bicuspid-­‐  (grinding)  

3  MOLARS  -­‐tricuspid-­‐  (grinding)  

Can  you  determine  which  tooth  is  missing?  Lower  right  M3  

a  Wisdom  Tooth.  

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M1  

CENTRAL  INCISOR  

M2  

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Page 7: Ch17a DIGESTION; Dr. L. Altman · 2020. 12. 23. · ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY II BIO 212: Dr. Lawrence G. Altman Some illustrations are courtesy of McGraw-Hill CHAPTER 17 Lecture: DIGESTIVE

TEETH;  (molar  shown  but  structures  same  for  all)  

BONE  

MP  LAB  ATLAS:  Fig.  74-­‐C  

A  

B  

C  

A=CROWN,  B=NECK,  C=ROOT      

ENAMEL:  hardest  substance  in  body  covers  crown;  ^calcium  phosphate  DENTIN:  bone-­‐like;  most  of  tooth  PULP  CAVITY:  

BLOOD  VESSELS  and  NERVES    in  Pulp  ROOT  CANAL  

APICAL  FORAMEN  (opening)  

GINGIVA:  gum  

PERIODONTAL  MEMBRANE  (ligament):  fibrous  ligament  lines  socket;  anchors  tooth  CEMENTUM:  thin  adhesive  layer  between  tooth  and  periodontal  ligament  

contains  nerves  and  blood  and  lymph  vessels  

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Lumen  Epithelium  

Lamina      Propria  

√                      

Muscularis  mucosae  (THIN)  

√  

SUBMUCOSA  (loose  CT)    conducts  large  BV,  Lymphatics,  Nerves.  

DIGESTIVE  TRACT:  Generalized  Histology    1.   MUCOSA  √  

√   2.   SUBMUCOSA  

LOCAL  CONTROL:  MEISSNER'S  

PLEXUS  

3.   MUSCULARIS  EXT.  2  (+)  smooth  muscle  layers:  INNER:  circular  

OUTER:  longitudinal  

Both:    Basis  of    PERISTALSIS  

Myenteric  (Auerbach's)  plexus  

4.   ADVENTITIA  

outer  Connective  tissue;  conducts  major  Blood  Vessels  and  Nerves.  If  exposed  to  Abdominal  Cavity,  called:  SEROSA  &  lined  with  Simple  Squamous  Epithelium  (MESOTHELIUM)  

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Page 8: Ch17a DIGESTION; Dr. L. Altman · 2020. 12. 23. · ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY II BIO 212: Dr. Lawrence G. Altman Some illustrations are courtesy of McGraw-Hill CHAPTER 17 Lecture: DIGESTIVE

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Page 9: Ch17a DIGESTION; Dr. L. Altman · 2020. 12. 23. · ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY II BIO 212: Dr. Lawrence G. Altman Some illustrations are courtesy of McGraw-Hill CHAPTER 17 Lecture: DIGESTIVE

ESOPHAGEAL/GASTRIC  JUNCTION  

LOW  MAG  X  20   X  128  

Cardiac  Region  of  Stomach  

MP  LAB  ATLAS:  Fig.  77-­‐C  

NOTE:  Abrupt  change  from  protective  Stratified  Squamous  Epith.  to  Highly  Glandular    Simple  columnar    Epith.  

INCREASED  TONE  of  MUSCULARIS  EXTERNA  

forms  a  "Physiological"  

Sphincter;  prevents  reflux  of  gastric  

contents.  

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Greater  Omentum  18

Page 10: Ch17a DIGESTION; Dr. L. Altman · 2020. 12. 23. · ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY II BIO 212: Dr. Lawrence G. Altman Some illustrations are courtesy of McGraw-Hill CHAPTER 17 Lecture: DIGESTIVE

STOMACH  

(Cardiac  sphincter)  

Greater  Curvature  

Lesser  Curvature  

-­‐  folds  

often  contains  swallowed  air  

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MUSCLE  LAYERS  of  the  STOMACH  

MUSCULARIS  

EXTERNA  

Usually  contains  two  

layers  along  Digestive  Tract.  

In  STOMACH:  THREE  (3)  layers.  Innermost  layer-­‐  oblique  muscle.  

Circular  layer  (middle)  

Longitudinal  layer  (outermost)  

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Page 11: Ch17a DIGESTION; Dr. L. Altman · 2020. 12. 23. · ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY II BIO 212: Dr. Lawrence G. Altman Some illustrations are courtesy of McGraw-Hill CHAPTER 17 Lecture: DIGESTIVE

GROSS  VIEW  

RUGAE  

in  STOMACH  

SCANNING  ELECTRON  MICROSCOPY  

(SEM)  

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MOST  of  the  Stomach  is  highly  GLANDULAR.  

STOMACH  HISTOLOGY  

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Page 12: Ch17a DIGESTION; Dr. L. Altman · 2020. 12. 23. · ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY II BIO 212: Dr. Lawrence G. Altman Some illustrations are courtesy of McGraw-Hill CHAPTER 17 Lecture: DIGESTIVE

STOMACH  

MUCOSA  

Gastric  

Pits  

leading  to  

Gastric  

Glands.  (SEM)  

 pH  in  stomach:  1.5  -­‐  3.0  !!!  

GASTRIN:  a  hormone  produced  by  cells  in  the  pyloric  region  which  increases  the  secretory  output  of  gastric  glands  

SOMATOSTATIN:  a  hormone  produced  by  some  cells  in  the  stomach  which  decreases  the    secretory  output  of  gastric  glands  

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SIMPLE  COLUMNAR  EPITHELIUM  

GASTRIC  GLAND  

NECK  CELLS  

CELLS  

CHIEF  CELLS  

GASTRIC  JUICE  NECK  =  MUCOUS  CELLS  

+  GOBLET  CELLS  both  produce  types  of   MUCUS;  viscous  and  alkaline-­‐some    protection  to  mucosa  PARIETAL  (Oxyntic)  CELLS-­‐  INTRINSIC  FACTOR   :  

(aids  in  B-­‐12  absorption)  HCl  :  (inhibited  by  somatostatin)  

a)  kills  pathogens  b)  required  for  conversion:  

pepsinogen  -­‐-­‐>  pepsin  CHIEF  CELLS  (Zymogenic)-­‐  Secrete  PEPSINOGEN  (inactive  form  of  pepsin):  Pepsin  is  a  protein  -­‐  splitting  enzyme.  

CHYME  =  FOOD  +  GASTRIC  JUICES  

STOMACH  Small  

INTESTINE  

ALSO  see  TABLE  17.5  

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LAMINA  PROPRIA  MUSCULARIS  MUCOSA  

PARIETAL  

MUCOUS  

Page 13: Ch17a DIGESTION; Dr. L. Altman · 2020. 12. 23. · ANATOMY & PHYSIOLOGY II BIO 212: Dr. Lawrence G. Altman Some illustrations are courtesy of McGraw-Hill CHAPTER 17 Lecture: DIGESTIVE

DIGESTIVE  SYSTEM      1  of  2  

Last  Slide:    

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