Ch.12 Warm up
description
Transcript of Ch.12 Warm up
![Page 1: Ch.12 Warm up](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/5681397c550346895da10eb7/html5/thumbnails/1.jpg)
Ch.12 Warm up 1. Define: genome, gametes, chromatin,
chromosome, centromere, kinetochore, checkpoint, Cdk, MPF
2. What is the longest part of the cell cycle? Why?
1. If the diploid number is 46, the haploid number is?
![Page 2: Ch.12 Warm up](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/5681397c550346895da10eb7/html5/thumbnails/2.jpg)
Ch. 12 Warm up 1. At the end of mitosis and cytokinesis, how
do daughter cells compare with their parent cell when it was in G1?
2. A cell’s DNA was measured at 5 picograms. DNA levels range from 3-6 pgms in the cell cycle . What stage of the cell cycle is this cell in. How do you know?
3. At metaphase, if the haploid number is 3, how many chromatids does this cell have?
![Page 3: Ch.12 Warm up](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/5681397c550346895da10eb7/html5/thumbnails/3.jpg)
Ch. 12 Warm upWhat is the correct phase of the cell cycle/mitosis for the following:A.Most cells that no longer divide or rarely divide are in this phaseB.Sister chromatids separate and move apartC.Mitotic spindle begins to formD.Cell plate or cleavage furrow formE.Chromosomes replicateF.Chromosomes line up on equatorial plateG.Nuclear membrane formsH.Chromosomes become visible
![Page 4: Ch.12 Warm up](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/5681397c550346895da10eb7/html5/thumbnails/4.jpg)
Ch. 12 Warm up 1. Describe the difference between plant
and animal cell division.2. Measurements of the DNA amount per
nucleus were taken. DNA levels ranged from 3-6 picograms per nucleus, what stage of the cell cycle are these cells in?a) One nucleus has 3 pgrmsb) One with 6 pgrmsc) 5 pgrms
3. Describe binary fission.
![Page 5: Ch.12 Warm up](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/5681397c550346895da10eb7/html5/thumbnails/5.jpg)
Ch. 12 Warm up1. How do we know the cell uses chemical
signals?
2. Summarize the cell control system.
3. Compare a cancer cell to a normal cell. What goes wrong?
![Page 6: Ch.12 Warm up](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/5681397c550346895da10eb7/html5/thumbnails/6.jpg)
Ch. 13 Warm up1. Compare sexual to asexual reproduction.
2. Compare/contrast mitosis to meiosis.
3. Describe the events of meiosis.
![Page 7: Ch.12 Warm up](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/5681397c550346895da10eb7/html5/thumbnails/7.jpg)
Ch. 13 Warm up1. Describe and compare the 3 sexual life
cycles
1. How does random assortment, crossing over and random fertilization contribute to genetic variation?
2. Define: locus, karyotype, alternation of generations, synapsis, tetrad, chiasmata
![Page 8: Ch.12 Warm up](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/5681397c550346895da10eb7/html5/thumbnails/8.jpg)
Chapter 12: The Cell Cycle
![Page 9: Ch.12 Warm up](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/5681397c550346895da10eb7/html5/thumbnails/9.jpg)
What you must know: The structure of the duplicated
chromosome. The cell cycle and stages of mitosis. The role of kinases and cyclin in the
regulation of the cell cycle.
![Page 10: Ch.12 Warm up](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/5681397c550346895da10eb7/html5/thumbnails/10.jpg)
Cell Cycle: life of a cell from its formation until it divides
Functions of Cell Functions of Cell DivisionDivision: Reproduction, Growth and Tissue Repair
![Page 11: Ch.12 Warm up](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/5681397c550346895da10eb7/html5/thumbnails/11.jpg)
Genome = all of a cell’s genetic info (DNA)
ProkaryoteProkaryote: single, circular chromosome EukaryoteEukaryote: more than one linear
chromosomesEg. Human:46 chromosomes, mouse:
40, fruit fly: 8
![Page 12: Ch.12 Warm up](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/5681397c550346895da10eb7/html5/thumbnails/12.jpg)
Each chromosome must be duplicated before cell division
Duplicated chromosome = 2 sister sister chromatids chromatids attached by a centromerecentromere
![Page 13: Ch.12 Warm up](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/5681397c550346895da10eb7/html5/thumbnails/13.jpg)
Somatic Cells Gametes
Body cells Diploid (2n): 2 of
each type of chromosome
Divide by mitosis
Humans: 2n = 46
Sex cells (sperm/egg)
Haploid (n): 1 of each type of chromosome
Divide by meiosis
Humans: n = 23
![Page 14: Ch.12 Warm up](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/5681397c550346895da10eb7/html5/thumbnails/14.jpg)
Phases of the Cell Cycle
![Page 15: Ch.12 Warm up](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/5681397c550346895da10eb7/html5/thumbnails/15.jpg)
Phases of the Cell Cycle The mitotic phase alternates with interphase:
G1 S G2 mitosis cytokinesis Interphase (90% of cell cycle)G1 Phase: cell grows and carries out normal functionsS Phase: duplicates chromosomesG2 Phase: prepares for cell division M Phase (mitotic)Mitosis: nucleus dividesCytokinesis: cytoplasm divides
![Page 16: Ch.12 Warm up](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/5681397c550346895da10eb7/html5/thumbnails/16.jpg)
Mitosis: Prophase Metaphase Anaphase Telophase
![Page 17: Ch.12 Warm up](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/5681397c550346895da10eb7/html5/thumbnails/17.jpg)
Mitosis Continuous process with observable structural
features: Chromosomes become visible (prophase) Alignment at the equator (metaphase) Separation of sister chromatids (anaphase) Form two daughter cells (telophase &
cytokinesis)
![Page 18: Ch.12 Warm up](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/5681397c550346895da10eb7/html5/thumbnails/18.jpg)
Prophase & Prometaphase
![Page 19: Ch.12 Warm up](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/5681397c550346895da10eb7/html5/thumbnails/19.jpg)
Metaphase & Anaphase
![Page 20: Ch.12 Warm up](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/5681397c550346895da10eb7/html5/thumbnails/20.jpg)
Cytokinesis Cytoplasm of cell divided Animal Cells: cleavage furrow Plant Cells: cell plate forms
![Page 21: Ch.12 Warm up](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/5681397c550346895da10eb7/html5/thumbnails/21.jpg)
Cytokinesis in animal vs. plant cells
![Page 22: Ch.12 Warm up](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/5681397c550346895da10eb7/html5/thumbnails/22.jpg)
Animal Cell Division
![Page 23: Ch.12 Warm up](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/5681397c550346895da10eb7/html5/thumbnails/23.jpg)
Plant Cell Division
![Page 24: Ch.12 Warm up](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/5681397c550346895da10eb7/html5/thumbnails/24.jpg)
Which phases of the cell cycle can you identify?
![Page 25: Ch.12 Warm up](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/5681397c550346895da10eb7/html5/thumbnails/25.jpg)
Bacterial cells divide by Binary FissionBinary Fission
![Page 26: Ch.12 Warm up](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/5681397c550346895da10eb7/html5/thumbnails/26.jpg)
Cell Cycle Control System Checkpoint = control point where
stop/go signals regulate the cell cycle
![Page 27: Ch.12 Warm up](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/5681397c550346895da10eb7/html5/thumbnails/27.jpg)
Major Checkpoints1.1. GG11 checkpoint checkpoint (Most important!)
Controlled by cell size, growth factors, environment “Go” completes whole cell cycle “Stop” cell enters nondividing state (G0 Phase)
Nerve, muscle cells stay at G0; liver cells called back from G0
2.2. GG22 checkpoint checkpoint Controlled by DNA replication completion, DNA Controlled by DNA replication completion, DNA
mutations, cell sizemutations, cell size
3.3. M-spindle (Metaphase) checkpointM-spindle (Metaphase) checkpoint1. Check spindle fiber (microtubule) attachment to
chromosomes at kinetochores (anchor sites)
![Page 28: Ch.12 Warm up](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/5681397c550346895da10eb7/html5/thumbnails/28.jpg)
GG11 Checkpoint Checkpoint
![Page 29: Ch.12 Warm up](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/5681397c550346895da10eb7/html5/thumbnails/29.jpg)
M-spindle Checkpoint:Mitotic spindle at metaphase
Kinetochore = proteins associated with DNA at centromere
Kinetochore = proteins associated with DNA at centromere
![Page 30: Ch.12 Warm up](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/5681397c550346895da10eb7/html5/thumbnails/30.jpg)
Internal Regulatory Molecules
• Kinases (cyclin-dependent kinase, Cdk): protein enzyme controls cell cycle; active when connected to cyclin
• Cyclins: proteins which attach to kinases to activate them; levels fluctuate in the cell cycle
![Page 31: Ch.12 Warm up](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/5681397c550346895da10eb7/html5/thumbnails/31.jpg)
Internal Regulatory Molecules
MPF = maturation-promoting factor• specific cyclin-Cdk complex which allows cells
to pass G2 and go to M phase
![Page 32: Ch.12 Warm up](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/5681397c550346895da10eb7/html5/thumbnails/32.jpg)
External Regulatory Factors
![Page 33: Ch.12 Warm up](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/5681397c550346895da10eb7/html5/thumbnails/33.jpg)
Growth Factor: proteins released by other cells to stimulate cell division
Density-Dependent Inhibition: crowded cells normally stop dividing; cell-surface protein binds to adjoining cell to inhibit growth
Anchorage Dependence: cells must be attached to another cell or ECM to divide
External Regulatory Factors
![Page 34: Ch.12 Warm up](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/5681397c550346895da10eb7/html5/thumbnails/34.jpg)
Cancer CellsCancer: disorder in which cells lose the ability to
control growth by not responding to regulation. multistep process of about 5-7 genetic changes
(for a human) for a cell to transform loses anchorage dependency and density-
dependency regulation
Normal Cells Cancer Cells
![Page 35: Ch.12 Warm up](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/5681397c550346895da10eb7/html5/thumbnails/35.jpg)
Tumors = mass of abnormal cells Benign tumor: lump of cells remain at
original site Malignant tumor: invasive - impairs
functions of 1+ organs (called cancer) Metastasis: cells separate from tumor and
travel to other parts of body
![Page 36: Ch.12 Warm up](https://reader035.fdocuments.net/reader035/viewer/2022062314/5681397c550346895da10eb7/html5/thumbnails/36.jpg)
Cancer Prevention
Anyone can get cancer but there are ways to minimize risk:
Don’t smoke, legal or illegal (includes hookahs, chew, 2nd-hand smoke)
Use sun protection Exercise and keep weight at ideal level Eat 5-7 servings of fruit and veggies a day Use screening/preventative
measures-breast/testicle/mole checks Practice abstinence or use condoms Vaccines (eg. HPV)