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Myers’ PSYCHOLOGY (7th Ed)
Chapter 11Intelligence
James A. McCubbin, PhDClemson University
Worth Publishers
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Origins of Intelligence Testing
Intelligence Test a method of
assessing an individual’s mental aptitudes and comparing them to those of others, using numerical scores
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Origins of Intelligence Testing
Mental Age a measure of intelligence test
performance devised by Binet chronological age that most typically
corresponds to a given level of performance
child who does as well as the average 8-year-old is said to have a mental age of 8
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Origins of Intelligence Testing
Stanford-Binet the widely used American
revision of Binet’s original intelligence test revised by Terman at Stanford
University
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Origins of Intelligence Testing
Intelligence Quotient (IQ) defined originally the ratio of
mental age (ma) to chronological age (ca) multiplied by 100 IQ = ma/ca x 100)
on contemporary tests, the average performance for a given age is assigned a score of 100
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What is Intelligence?
Intelligence ability to learn from experience,
solve problems, and use knowledge to adapt to new situations
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What is Intelligence? Factor Analysis
statistical procedure that identifies clusters of related items (called factors) on a test
used to identify different dimensions of performance that underlie one’s total score
General Intelligence (g) factor that Spearman and others believed
underlies specific mental abilities measured by every task on an intelligence
test
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Are There Multiple Intelligences? Savant Syndrome
condition in which a person otherwise limited in mental ability has an exceptional specific skill computation drawing
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Are There Multiple Intelligences?
Social Intelligence the know-how involved in
comprehending social situations and managing oneself successfully
Emotional Intelligence ability to perceive, express, understand,
and regulate emotions
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Intelligence and Creativity
Creativity the ability to produce novel and
valuable ideas expertise imaginative thinking skills venturesome personality intrinsic motivation creative environment
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Brain Function and Intelligence
People who can perceive the stimulus very quickly tend to score somewhat higher on intelligence tests
Stimulus Mask
Question: Long side on left or right?
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Assessing Intelligence
Aptitude Test a test designed to predict a person’s
future performance aptitude is the capacity to learn
Achievement Test a test designed to assess what a person
has learned
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Assessing Intelligence
Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale (WAIS) most widely used intelligence test subtests
verbal performance (nonverbal)
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Assessing Intelligence: Sample Items from the WAIS
From Thorndike and Hagen, 1977
VERBAL
General Information Similarities Arithmetic ReasoningVocabularyComprehensionDigit Span
PERFORMANCE
Picture Completion Picture ArrangementBlock DesignObject AssemblyDigit-Symbol Substitution
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Assessing Intelligence Standardization
defining meaningful scores by comparison with the performance of a pretested “standardization group”
Normal Curve the symmetrical bell-shaped curve that
describes the distribution of many physical and psychological attributes
most scores fall near the average, and fewer and fewer scores lie near the extremes
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The Normal Curve
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Getting Smarter?
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Assessing Intelligence Reliability
the extent to which a test yields consistent results
assessed by consistency of scores on: two halves of the test alternate forms of the test retesting
Validity the extent to which a test measures or
predicts what it is supposed to
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Assessing Intelligence Content Validity
the extent to which a test samples the behavior that is of interest driving test that samples driving tasks
Criterion behavior (such as college grades) that a
test (such as the SAT) is designed to predict
the measure used in defining whether the test has predictive validity
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Assessing Intelligence
Predictive Validity success with which a test predicts the
behavior it is designed to predict assessed by computing the correlation
between test scores and the criterion behavior
also called criterion-related validity
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Assessing Intelligence
As the range of data under consideration narrows, its predictive power diminishes
Greater correlationover broad rangeof body weights
10
9
8
7
6
5
4
3
2
1
0
Little corre-lation withinrestricted
range
Football linemen’s
success
Body weight in pounds180 250 290
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The Dynamics of Intelligence
Mental Retardation a condition of limited mental ability indicated by an intelligence score below 70 produces difficulty in adapting to the demands
of life varies from mild to profound
Down Syndrome retardation and associated physical disorders
caused by an extra chromosome in one’s genetic makeup
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The Dynamics of Intelligence
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Genetic Influences
The most genetically similar people have the most similar scores
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Genetic Influences
Heritability the proportion of variation among
individuals that we can attribute to genes
variability depends on range of populations and environments studied
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Genetic Influences
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Environmental Influences The Schooling Effect
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Group Differences
Group differences and environmental impact
Variation within group
Variation within group
Difference within group
Poor soil Fertile soil
Seeds
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Group Differences The Mental Rotation Test
Which two of the other circles contain a configuration of blocksidentical to the one in the circle at the left?
Standard Responses
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Group Differences
Stereotype ThreatA self-confirming concern that one
will be evaluated based on a negative stereotype