Ch.1

Counseling psychology The application of mental health, psychological

or human development principles, through cognitive, affective, behavioral or systemic interventions, strategies that address wellness, personal growth, or career development, as well as pathology.

Psychotherapy Focuses on serious problems associated with

intrapsychic, internal, and personal issues and conflicts.

Guidance Process of helping people make important

choices that affect their lives such as choosing a preferred lifestyle

Counseling was starting to be developed Interdisciplinary field

functions were shared by individuals from other fields (i.e., teachers and social reformers)

Developed out of the humanitarian movementConcerned about those affected by the

industrial revolution

Frank ParsonsFounder of guidanceWorked with young people making career

decisionsUsed questionnaires asking about

experiences, preferences, and morals Clifford Beers

Advocate for the “mentally ill”Hospitalized with depression Realized the conditions were poor for the

patients and wrote a book about it

1913 – National Vocational Guidance Association began publishing a bulletin

World War IBegan using intelligence tests for

placementUsed with civilians after the warPsychometrics was established

HarvardEducation courses focused on vocational

guidance SVII

Strong Vocational Interest Inventory was developed

1st marriage and family counseling center

Great depressionEmphasis placed on helping strategies and

counseling methods E. G. Williamson

Modified Parson’s theory for guidanceEstablished the trait-factor theory of

counseling Traits (e.g., aptitudes, interests, personalities,

etc.) integrated to form factors (constellations of individual characteristics)

Ascertain a deficiency in the client (i.e., lack of knowledge or a skill) and prescribe a solution to solve it

Carl RogersClient centered approach to counselingEmphasized nonjudgmental attitude and

acceptance New emphasis on counseling

Relationship researchTechniqueSelection and training of counselorsGoals and objectives of counseling

Society of Counseling Psychology (Division 17) was formed in APADefined counseling as working with a

“normal population” than seen by clinical psychologists

New Theories Applied behavioral analysis

i.e., systematic desensitizationCognitive Theories

Ellis – Rational Emotive Behavior Therapy Beck – Cognitive Therapy

Community Mental Health Services ActEstablishment of community mental health

servicesAlcohol and drug abuse counselingDivorce rated causes an influx in marriage

and family counseling centers The Counseling Psychologist

First publishedThe premier counseling journal

DiversificationCommunity counseling became an

emphasis in a variety of locations i.e., hospice, mental health clinics, rehabilitation

centers, employee assistance programs, psychiatric hospitals

Helping skills training Ecclectic/humanistic Traux and Carkhuff / Ivey

State LicensureAPGA moved toward state and national

licensure for counselors

Standardization on training and certificationCACREP formed

Council for Accreditation of Counseling and Related Educational Programs

Continual movement toward becoming a distinct profession Liability insurance policies New counseling specialty publications

Profession continues to diversify Employed in primary and secondary schools

Became ACAAmerican Counseling Association

Multicultural competencies were developed

Managed health care

Training and education focuses specific concernssurvivors of violence, trauma and crisesSocial justicePromoting Wellness