Ch06 Hydrology

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Geography of California

Rediscovering the Golden State

Chapter 6HydrologyHydrology


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Topics

Natural Waterscapes Biogeography of Freshwater

nviron!ents

Hu!an "!pacts on California Water


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Natural WaterscapesThe Water Cycle


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Natural

Waterscapes

#recipitation #attern

$f c% &''!af that fall onC() *+, evaporates) orevapotranspires fro!plants%

(-out +'!af is runoff)including over &'!afused -y hu!ans


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Natural

Waterscapes

.&/ da!s in Californiahave storage capacities

over 0')''' acre feet

Berryessa 1a!) N% California


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Natural

Waterscapes

2assive a!ounts of snowfall in the Sierra Nevada%

The snowpac3 stores thewater and releases it overthe dry season as thesnow !elts%


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Natural

Waterscapes

Groundwater fills pore spaces -etweenparticles of soil% "t !oves downward until

stopped -y an i!per!ea-le layer%

( 4 Springs

B 4 #erched Water Ta-leC 4 (5uatard1 4 one of Saturation 4 one of (erationF 4 2ain Water Ta-le


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Natural

Waterscapes2ost of the runoffoccurs in the northernpart of the state%

*+, of California7s rainfall

occurs fro! 1ece!-er to (pril


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Natural

WaterscapesThe 8la!ath River syste! has thegreatest total area and discharge of anyCalifornia drainage -asin%

#ea3 runoff is in Fe-ruary 96:)'''af;day


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Natural

Waterscapes

Rivers draining thewestern Sierra usually

pea3 later in spring%The Feather Riverpea3s in (pril9&.)'''af;day


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Natural

Waterscapes

Southern rivers are!uch s!aller%

The >os (ngelesriver discharges.)''' af;day in itsaverage pea3!onth?eitherFe-ruary or 2arch%

>os (ngeles River


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Natural

Waterscapes

>a3e Tahoe) sharedwith Nevada holds 0

ti!es the water of allof California7sreservoirs%

@olu!e renewedeach year A only top6 feet%

!erald Bay) >a3e Tahoe


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Natural

Waterscapes

Floods(n array of varia-les

deter!ine whether astrea! will flood%

>os (ngeles areafloods in ./: 3illed:* and inundated&')''' acres

Central @alley


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Natural

Waterscapes

1roughtis a periodicpheno!enon%

Recent researchsuggests that the past.+' years !ay havewetter than average%

Historically) so!edroughts have lasted fordecades%

Sierra Nevada


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Biogeography of Freshwater

nviron!ents

@ernal poolsfill duringthe winter and evaporate

to nothing over the dryseason%

Co!!on in grasslandsand woodlands% &;/ ofCentral @alley7s vernalpools have disappeareddue to hu!anintervention%

Her-s and wildflowers grow inward as thepool evaporates%


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nviron!ents

Freshwater !arsheseist along !argins of

la3es and slow !ovingstrea!s%

California once had+'')''' acres offreshwater !arsh andswa!p%

Tulare >a3e firstwent dry in .:

Sedges) reeds) cattails) waterfowl)

turtles) a!phi-ians


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nviron!ents

Riparian forestssupport duc3s) swans)

!arsh wrens) rails)geese) deer) antelope)el3) ra--it) -eaver)!in3) river otter) etc%

Water ouDel or(!erican dipperfeeds on a5uaticinsects and larvae

Rain-ow trout) golden trout)steelhead) sturgeon)pupfish) etc%


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Hu!an "!pacts on California

Water

arly settle!ents ofNative (!ericans and

i!!igrants were sitedalong waterways%

The Spanish crownclai!ed all waterrights) -ut grantedte!porary ownershipto local occupants%

The Zanja Madre92other 1itch< is theoriginal a5ueduct that -rought water tothe #ue-lo de >os (ngeles fro! the#orciuncula River%


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Water

(!erican control -roughtchaosand water wars%

Conflict -etween riparianusers and appropriators9diverters< fueled -yinconsistent court rulings%

&'th Century -rought order)including ES Recla!ation

(ct of .'&) .&: stateconstitutional a!end!ent%

Northern California Water)2iles Her!ann) .:6%


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Water

Water #roects

Bringing water fro!where it is to where it7sneeded%

>os (ngeles was forcedin the .'7s to reducei!ports fro! $wens@alley due toenviron!ental da!ageto 2ono >a3e and

$wens >a3e

The >os (ngeles (5ueduct)co!pleted in ../) siphonedwater fro! $wens @alley toSan Fernando @alley


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Water

Water #roects

2ost da!s in the SierraNevada are!ultipurpose

Water storage forhu!an use

Flood control

#ower generation

Recreation

"n ../ federal law was changed to per!itda!!ing Tuolo!ne River in Iose!ite N%#% to for!Hetch Hetchy Reservoir to provide water for SanFrancisco%


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WaterWater #roects

:&4!ile(ll (!erican Canal

9opened .0&< is only source ofwater to the "!perial @alley%

Salton Seafor!ed in .'04'+when floodwaters of Colorado

River -ro3e a di3e near Iu!a)() creating New and (la!oRivers% Now fed -y runoff fro!irrigation and ur-an areas) rivers

and sea are highly polluted


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Water

Water #roects

Colorado River

Compact, 1922.

Agreed to b !even !tate!

and "# Congre!!.

$he c%rrent !peci&c ann%al

allotment!in the 'o(er

)a!in (ere e!tabli!hed in

192* a! part of the)o%lder Canon +roject.

n addition to thi!, 1.- million acre ftear of Colorado River(ater i! allocated to Me/ico, b treat !igned in 1900.

"pper )a!in - 3.- million acre4ftear total

Colorado -1.3- 5.** million acre4ftear

"tah 25. 1.35 million acre4ftear

Woming 10. 1.- million acre4ftear

Ne( Me/ico 11.2- .*0 million acre4ftear

Ari6ona .3 .- million acre4ftear

'o(er )a!in - 3.- million acre4ftear total

California -*.3 0.0 million acre4ftear

Ari6ona 53.5 2.* million acre4ftear

Nevada 0. .5 million acre4ftear

State (llot!ents


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Water

Water #roects

2etropolitan Water1istrict 92W1a3e 2atthews) east of Riverside) is one of several

reservoirs for 2W1 water fro! the Colorado River%


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Water

Water #roects

Central @alley #roect9C@#


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Water

Water #roects

California State Water#roect 9SW#


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&*&*

Water +roblem!Water +roblem!$he 7elta in Cri!i!$he 7elta in Cri!i!


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&:&:

California #opulation 1ensityCalifornia #opulation 1ensity


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&&

#opulation Growth#opulation Growth


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/'/'

California #recipitationCalifornia #recipitation


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/./.

Ground Water 1ecline) ES(Ground Water 1ecline) ES(


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/&/&

Su-sidenceSu-sidence

This earth fissure formed onRogers Lake at Edwards AirForce Base, California, inJanuary 11, and forced theclosure of one of the s!aceshuttle"s alternati#e runways$

The fissure has %een attri%utedto land su%sidence related to

ground&water !um!ing in theAntelo!e 'alley area$


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////

Water Sources forWater Sources for

Southern CaliforniaSouthern California


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/0/0

$he Colorado River ba!in 8 Allocating (ater that i!nt there

Woodhouse et al. (in press). Water Resources Research

1922


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/+/+

2ono >a3e2ono >a3e

19:2 do(n 2- 19:* do(n over 5

199- do(n nearl 0

California Water +roject


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/6/6

California Water +roject


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/*/*

$he #acramento;#an


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/:/:

Water >lo( to #tate and>ederal +%mp!

#acramento River

#an


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//

So!e 1elta Bac3groundSo!e 1elta Bac3ground

Ho!e to !ore than +'')''' peopleHo!e to !ore than +'')''' people $ver +'')''' acres of agriculture$ver +'')''' acres of agriculture Ha-itat for *'' native plant and ani!alHa-itat for *'' native plant and ani!al

speciesspecies Water for !ore than &+ !illion CaliforniansWater for !ore than &+ !illion Californians Water for / !illion acres of agricultureWater for / !illion acres of agriculture Two deep water ports) rail and road corridorsTwo deep water ports) rail and road corridors

#ipeline and co!!unications rights4of4way#ipeline and co!!unications rights4of4way .& !illion recreational visitor days.& !illion recreational visitor days @ital to California econo!y@ital to California econo!y


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0'0'

7elta 'evee!

Recla!ation -egan late .:+'s) co!pleted -yRecla!ation -egan late .:+'s) co!pleted -y

./'s./'s

$ver ..'' !iles of levees$ver ..'' !iles of levees .;/ state4federal proect levees.;/ state4federal proect levees &;/ locally !aintained levees&;/ locally !aintained levees

+* reclai!ed islands+* reclai!ed islands


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0.0.

Ri!?! to the 7eltaRi!?! to the 7elta


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0&0&

Su-sidenceSu-sidence

Non4engineeredNon4engineered

levees co!posedlevees co!posed

of dredge spoilsof dredge spoils

Su-sidence ofSu-sidence oflevee foundationslevee foundations

Su-sidence ofSu-sidence of

peat soils onpeat soils onislandsislands


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0/0/

Historic >evee FailureHistoric >evee Failure

$ver .6' levee failures over last century$ver .6' levee failures over last centuryleading to island inundationleading to island inundation

=ones Tract 9&''0


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0000

#ei!mic %lnerabilit

#anAndrea!

#anAndrea!

Ba(a

rd

Ba(a

rd

Calavera!

Calavera!

reenvil

le

reenvil

le

aca;Dirb

aca;Dirb

)a 7elta Region Major >a%lt!

#an

regorio

#anregorio


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0+0+

:.- Magnit%de Earth=%a?e

/' levee -reaches

"nundation of .6islands

K/'4K6' -illionecono!ic costs

/'' -illion gallons ofsaltwater overseveral days


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0606

Cli!ate ChangeCli!ate Change

Change! in precipitation

Change! in r%noF#ea level ri!e

ncrea!ing air temperat%re


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0*0*

#ea 'evel Ri!e#ea 'evel Ri!e

+rojection!

Source "#CC) &''.

2 ft.

1 ft.


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0:0:Source: Roos 2003

Sea >evel RiseSea >evel Rise

T i h ll " l d &''6


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00

Twitchell "sland &''6Twitchell "sland &''6


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+'+'

$he Environment

+elagic @rgani!m 7ecline

$o/icit

E/otic !pecie!7elta @peration!


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W(TR SE##>ITypical 1elta Hydrological Budget

1elta (tlas .+9.:'4..osses

"N#ET $ET#ET

*6,

&',

0,

.:,

6,

*6,

&*:0' T(F

The 8ey Concept


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The 8ey ConceptWATER BEHAVES DIFFERENTLY:

They typically do not mix Sacra!ento River

Higher gradient9'%'&6ower suspended

solids concentrations%

San=oa5uin River >ower gradient 9'%'.6ower !o!entu!% >ower hydraulic

energy% >ower inertia% Higher residence ti!e% Higher salinity%

THEY D NT I!!EDIATELY !I"#THEY D NT I!!EDIATELY !I"#

an Sic3le "sland


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Sacra!ento River

San =oa5uin River

Sher!an "sland

Three 2ile Slough

an Sic3le "sland

(erial photograph showing lac3 of !iing at the confluence

of the Sacra!ento and San =oa5uin rivers%


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The 8ey Conse5uences

Sacra!ento River water is largely unavaila-le toeither C@# 9=ones ##< or SW# 9Ban3s ##


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New 1elta 1esign Rules

Ese Sacra!ento River as water supply 9&.%& 2(F vs +%662(F


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#eripheral Canal Water supply secured%

Flow reversal on Sacra!ento River unli3ely%

San =oa5uin 1elta ecology i!proved%

Great i!prove!ent of #$1 species and anadro!ous species in San =oa5uin 1elta

Water syste! not as suscepti-le to levee failure%

Salt i!portation to San =oa5uin @alley !uch reduced%

Reduced water processing costs%

ducation of general pu-lic needed%

Ch06 Hydrology

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