Ch06 a.bone

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Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings Human Anatomy & Physiology SEVENTH EDITION Elaine N. Marieb Katja Hoehn PowerPoint ® Lecture Slides prepared by Vince Austin, Bluegrass Technical and Community College C H A P T E R 6 Bones and Skeletal Tissues P A R T A

Transcript of Ch06 a.bone

Copyright © 2006 Pearson Education, Inc., publishing as Benjamin Cummings

Human Anatomy & PhysiologySEVENTH EDITION

Elaine N. MariebKatja Hoehn

PowerPoint® Lecture Slides prepared by Vince Austin, Bluegrass Technical and Community College

C H

A P

T E

R

6Bones and Skeletal Tissues

P A R T A

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Skeletal Cartilage

Contains no blood vessels or nerves

Surrounded by the perichondrium (dense irregular connective tissue) that resists outward expansion

Three types – hyaline, elastic, and fibrocartilage

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Hyaline Cartilage

Provides support, flexibility, and resilience

Is the most abundant skeletal cartilage

Is present in these cartilages:

Articular – covers the ends of long bones

Costal – connects the ribs to the sternum

Respiratory – makes up larynx, reinforces air passages

Nasal – supports the nose

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Elastic Cartilage

Similar to hyaline cartilage, but contains elastic fibers

Found in the external ear and the epiglottis

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Fibrocartilage

Highly compressed with great tensile strength

Contains collagen fibers

Found in menisci of the knee and in intervertebral discs

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Growth of Cartilage

Appositional – cells in the perichondrium secrete matrix against the external face of existing cartilage

Interstitial – lacunae-bound chondrocytes inside the cartilage divide and secrete new matrix, expanding the cartilage from within

Calcification of cartilage occurs

During normal bone growth

During old age

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Bones and Cartilages of the Human Body

Figure 6.1

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Classification of Bones

Axial skeleton – bones of the skull, vertebral column, and rib cage

Appendicular skeleton – bones of the upper and lower limbs, shoulder, and hip

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Classification of Bones: By Shape

Long bones – longer than they are wide (e.g., humerus)

Figure 6.2a

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Classification of Bones: By Shape

Short bones

Cube-shaped bones of the wrist and ankle

Bones that form within tendons (e.g., patella)

Figure 6.2b

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Classification of Bones: By Shape

Flat bones – thin, flattened, and a bit curved (e.g., sternum, and most skull bones)

Figure 6.2c

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Classification of Bones: By Shape

Irregular bones – bones with complicated shapes (e.g., vertebrae and hip bones)

Figure 6.2d

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Function of Bones

Support – form the framework that supports the body and cradles soft organs

Protection – provide a protective case for the brain, spinal cord, and vital organs

Movement – provide levers for muscles

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Function of Bones

Mineral storage – reservoir for minerals, especially calcium and phosphorus

Blood cell formation – hematopoiesis occurs within the marrow cavities of bones

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Bone Markings

Bulges, depressions, and holes that serve as:

Sites of attachment for muscles, ligaments, and tendons

Joint surfaces

Conduits for blood vessels and nerves

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Bone Markings: Projections – Sites of Muscle and Ligament Attachment Tuberosity – rounded projection

Crest – narrow, prominent ridge of bone

Trochanter – large, blunt, irregular surface

Line – narrow ridge of bone

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Tubercle – small rounded projection

Epicondyle – raised area above a condyle

Spine – sharp, slender projection

Process – any bony prominence

Bone Markings: Projections – Sites of Muscle and Ligament Attachment

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Bone Markings: Projections – Projections That Help to Form Joints

Head – bony expansion carried on a narrow neck

Facet – smooth, nearly flat articular surface

Condyle – rounded articular projection

Ramus – armlike bar of bone

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Bone Markings: Depressions and Openings

Meatus – canal-like passageway

Sinus – cavity within a bone

Fossa – shallow, basin-like depression

Groove – furrow

Fissure – narrow, slit-like opening

Foramen – round or oval opening through a bone

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Gross Anatomy of Bones: Bone Textures

Compact bone – dense outer layer

Spongy bone – honeycomb of trabeculae filled with yellow bone marrow

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Bone Markings

Table 6.1

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Structure of Long Bone

Long bones consist of a diaphysis and an epiphysis

Diaphysis

Tubular shaft that forms the axis of long bones

Composed of compact bone that surrounds the medullary cavity

Yellow bone marrow (fat) is contained in the medullary cavity

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Structure of Long Bone

Epiphyses

Expanded ends of long bones

Exterior is compact bone, and the interior is spongy bone

Joint surface is covered with articular (hyaline) cartilage

Epiphyseal line separates the diaphysis from the epiphyses

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Structure of Long Bone

Figure 6.3

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Structure of Long Bone

Figure 6.3a

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Structure of Long Bone

Figure 6.3b

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Structure of Long Bone

Figure 6.3c

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Bone Membranes

Periosteum – double-layered protective membrane

Outer fibrous layer is dense regular connective tissue

Inner osteogenic layer is composed of osteoblasts and osteoclasts

Richly supplied with nerve fibers, blood, and lymphatic vessels, which enter the bone via nutrient foramina

Secured to underlying bone by Sharpey’s fibers

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Bone Membranes

Endosteum – delicate membrane covering internal surfaces of bone

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Structure of Short, Irregular, and Flat Bones

Thin plates of periosteum-covered compact bone on the outside with endosteum-covered spongy bone (diploë) on the inside

Have no diaphysis or epiphyses

Contain bone marrow between the trabeculae

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Structure of a Flat Bone

Figure 6.4

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Location of Hematopoietic Tissue (Red Marrow)

In infants

Found in the medullary cavity and all areas of spongy bone

In adults

Found in the diploë of flat bones, and the head of the femur and humerus

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Microscopic Structure of Bone: Compact Bone Haversian system, or osteon – the structural unit of

compact bone

Lamella – weight-bearing, column-like matrix tubes composed mainly of collagen

Haversian, or central canal – central channel containing blood vessels and nerves

Volkmann’s canals – channels lying at right angles to the central canal, connecting blood and nerve supply of the periosteum to that of the Haversian canal

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Microscopic Structure of Bone: Compact Bone Osteocytes – mature bone cells

Lacunae – small cavities in bone that contain osteocytes

Canaliculi – hairlike canals that connect lacunae to each other and the central canal

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Microscopic Structure of Bone: Compact Bone

Figure 6.6a, b

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Microscopic Structure of Bone: Compact Bone

Figure 6.6a

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Microscopic Structure of Bone: Compact Bone

Figure 6.6b

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Microscopic Structure of Bone: Compact Bone

Figure 6.6c

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Chemical Composition of Bone: Organic

Osteoblasts – bone-forming cells

Osteocytes – mature bone cells

Osteoclasts – large cells that resorb or break down bone matrix

Osteoid – unmineralized bone matrix composed of proteoglycans, glycoproteins, and collagen

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Chemical Composition of Bone: Inorganic

Hydroxyapatites, or mineral salts

Sixty-five percent of bone by mass

Mainly calcium phosphates

Responsible for bone hardness and its resistance to compression

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Hydroxylapatite, also called hydroxyapatite (HA), is a naturally occurring mineral form of calcium apatite with the formula Ca5(PO4)3(OH), but is usually written Ca10(PO4)6(OH)2 to denote that the crystal unit cell comprises two entities. Hydroxylapatite is the hydroxyl endmember of the complex apatite group. The OH- ion can be replaced by fluoride, chloride or carbonate, producing fluorapatite or chlorapatite. fluorosis.

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Bone Development

Osteogenesis and ossification – the process of bone tissue formation, which leads to:

The formation of the bony skeleton in embryos

Bone growth until early adulthood

Bone thickness, remodeling, and repair

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Formation of the Bony Skeleton

Begins at week 8 of embryo development

Intramembranous ossification – bone develops from a fibrous membrane

Endochondral ossification – bone forms by replacing hyaline cartilage

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Intramembranous Ossification

Formation of most of the flat bones of the skull and the clavicles

Fibrous connective tissue membranes are formed by mesenchymal cells