CH0204 Organic Chemical Technology - …balasubramanian.yolasite.com/resources/OCT Lecture...

CH0204 Organic Chemical Technology

Lecture 7

Chapter 2 Synthe1c Organic Chemicals

Balasubramanian S Assistant Professor (OG) Department of Chemical Engineering

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Chapter 2 SYNTHETIC ORGANIC CHEMICALS

Methane and Synthesis gas

Ethylene and acetylene

Propylene

Benzene, Toluene and Xylene

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Overview of topics

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Balasubramanian S

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•  Organic Chemicals and their classifica1on based on origin •  Classifica1on of Organic Chemicals based on rings or chains •  Classifica1on based on hydrocarbons •  Organic chemicals sources, process and products •  Classifica1on of synthe1c organic chemicals •  Methane and Synthesis Gas •  Produc1on of synthesis Gas •  Produc1on of Ethylene, Acetylene, Propylene, Benzene,

Toluene and Xylene •  Loca1on of petrochemical industries in India

Overview of topics

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Overview of topics

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Organic Chemicals

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Organic Chemical is a compound containing carbon, oxygen and hydrogen as principal cons1tuent elements. These compounds are classified based on their occurrence as given below:

Organic Chemicals

Natural

Higher molecular weight

e.g. Hydrolysis of fat or oil to produce glycerin of higher molecular weight

Synthe1c

Derived from naturally occurring organic chemicals usually have low

molecular weight

e.g. Produc1on of formaldehyde by oxida1on of methane



Overview of topics

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Organic Chemicals Classifica1ons

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Organic chemicals based on the presence of cyclic (ring) compounds are classified as follows:

Organic Compounds

Alipha1c Or Open Chain

Open Chain or Acyclic compounds

Alicyclic

Carboxylic or ring compounds

Aroma1c

Ring compounds containing atleast one

benzene ring

Heterocyclic

Cyclic (ring) compounds containing other elements besides carbon



Overview of topics

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Organic Chemicals Classifica1ons

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Carbon forms large number of compounds with hydrogen and they are collec1vely known as hydrocarbons.

Hydrocarbons

Saturated hydrocarbons Alkanes or Paraffins

Unsaturated Hydrocarbons

Alkenes or Olefins



Overview of topics

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Organic Chemicals, sources, process and end product


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Natural gas

Petroleum

Coal

Carbon black

Acetylene

Methane

Ethylene

Propylene

Butylene

Benzene

Toluene

Xylene

Naphthalene

Coke

Vinyl chloride

Acrylonitrile

Acetaldehyde

Methyl alcohol

Ethyl alcohol

Ethylene oxide

Isopropyl alcohol

Ethyl benzene

Polypropylene

Butadiene

Malic anhydride

Phenol

Benzaldehyde

Benzoic acid

Pthalic anhydride




Overview of topics


Synthe1c Organic Chemicals


•  Derived from naturally occurring organic chemicals such as natural gas, crude oil and coal.

•  Have low molecular weight and are categorized as follows:

Synthe1c organic chemicals

Primary Chemicals Isolated first and reasonably pure

Intermediate Chemicals

Derived from primary chemicals; can be u1lized as product but undergoes further chemical reac1on to produce variety of other chemicals

End Chemicals Undergoes no further chemical change

Synthe1c Organic Chemicals-‐Processes


Cracking Break down of large hydrocarbon molecules into smaller molecules by heat or cataly1c ac1on. Thermal decomposi1on of organic compounds is known as pyrolysis; pyrolysis when applied to alkanes is known as cracking Reforming The process whereby straight-‐run gasoline is cracked in order to raise the octane number.



Overview of topics




Methane Methane occurs in “natural gas” and the gases from oil wells. Methane is the principal product of organic decay in swamps and marshes. Sewage sludge which has been fermented by bacteria yields a gas containing about 70% methane and this is used as liquid fuel. Uses Methane can be used to prepare 1.  carbon black 2.  make paints and printers ink 3.  rubber for motor tyres 4.  synthesis gas



Synthesis gas (CO, H2) Synthesis gas is generally considered to be a variable mixture of CO and H2 for synthesis of organic compounds. Uses

H2 obtained from the synthesis gas has many uses in hydrogena1on

The mixture (Co and H2) is used in methanol synthesis

Used in the synthesis of hydrocarbons by Fisher-‐Tropsch process

Used in the ammonia produc1on

Used to produce ace1c acid.



Overview of topics


Produc1on of synthesis gas


Synthesis gas (CO, H2) Synthesis gas is generally considered to be a variable mixture of CO and H2 for synthesis of organic compounds. Methods of produc?on 1.  From petroleum hydrocarbon – Reforming and Par1al Combus1on 2.  From coal – Cracking Chemical reac?ons (Reforming process)

CnH2n+1 + n H2O n CO + (2n+1) H2 n = 1, ΔHo = +52 kcal; n = 2, ΔHo = +238 kcal (Endothermic)

Ni



Overview of topics




Steam Reforming of Petroleum Hydrocarbons

Process

Process

Desulfurized hydrocarbon Fuel gas + Air

Ni Catalyst

Water

Steam

CO + H2 syngas

Produc1on of synthesis gas – General Process


Catalyst packed: Ni Ver1cal tube length: 20 – 25 k Space Velocity: 500 – 600/h Reac1on : Endothermic

Steam Reforming of Hydrocarbons



Process Descrip1on



Overview of topics


Produc1on of CH4, C2H2, C2H4, C2H6, C3H6, C4H8 AND BTX


Steam C

racking of Hydrocarbons

C2H2 C4H8

C3H6

Summary


Compound Methane Ethylene Acetylene Propylene

Formula CH4 C2H4 C2H2 C3H6

Structure

Proper1es colorless, odorless gas, flammable

odorless, colorless gas

colorless gas, flammable dis1nc1ve odor

Colorless gas with dis1nc1ve odor

Uses In the manufacture of •  Fuel •  Chloromethane •  Dichloromethane

In the manufacture of •  Ethylene

dichloride •  Vinyl chloride •  Ethylene

dioxide

In the manufacture of •  Oxyacetylene

gas welding and cunng

•  Polyacetylene •  Acetaldehyde

In the manufacture of •  Propanol •  Acrylonitrile •  Acetone



Overview of topics


Locations – India


Kochi Refineries

Hindustan Petroleum Corpora?on, Vizag

Mathura Refinery

Mangalore Refinery

CPCL, Chennai

Reliance Industries

Essar Oils


References

1.  Dryden C. E, Outlines of Chemical technoloy – for the 21st Century, 3rd edi1on, East-‐West Press (2004)

2.  Aus1n G. T, Shreve’s Chemical Process Industries, 5th edi1on, Mc Graw Hill Interna1onal edi1ons (1984)

3.  Finar IL, Organic Chemistry Vol. 1 6th Edi1on Pearson Educa1on 2009 pp.116-‐117


Thank You

CH0204 Organic Chemical Technology - …balasubramanian.yolasite.com/resources/OCT Lecture...

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