Ch02, Mgmt Acct, Hansen
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Transcript of Ch02, Mgmt Acct, Hansen
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2 -1
Basic
ManagementAccounting
Concepts
CHAPTER
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2 -2
1. Describe the cost assignment process. (mendeskripsikan
proses pembebanan biaya)
2. Define tangible and intangible products and explain why
there are different product cost definitions. (mendefinisikan
produk berwujud dan tdk berwujud dan menjelaskan
perbedaan definisi biaya produk)
3. Prepare income statements for manufacturing and service
organizations. (menyusun lap laba rugi untuk organisasi
manufaktur dan jasa)4. Outline the differences between functional-based and
activity-based management accounting systems.
(menjelaskan sistem akmen berdasar fungsi dan aktivitas)
Objectives
After studying this
you should be
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2 -3
Exactly what ismeant by cost?
Cost is the cash or cash-equivalent value
sacrificed for goods and services that is
expected to bring a current or futurebenefit to the organization.
I see Its a dollar
measure of the
resources used toachieve a given
benefit.
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2 -5
Traceabilityis the ability to assign a cost to a costobject in an economically feasible way by means of a
cause-and-effect relationship. (kemampuan untuk
membebankan by ke objek by dgn cara yang layak
secara ekonomi berdasarkan hubungan sebab akibat)
Direct costsare those costs that can be easily andaccurately traced to a cost object. (by yang dengan
mudah dan akurat ditelusuri sebagai objek biaya)
Example: If a hospital is the cost object,the cost of heating andcooling the hospital is
a direct cost.
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2 -6
Indirect costsare those costs that cannot beeasily and accurately traced to a cost object.
Example:The salary of a plant manager, where
departments within the plant are definedas the cost objects.
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2 -7
Tracing is the actual assignment of costs to a costobject using an observable measure of the resourcesconsumed by the cost object. Tracing costs to cost
objects can occur in the following two ways:Direct tracingis the process of identifying and assigningcosts that are exclusively and physically associated with acost object to that cost object.
Driver tracingis the use of drivers to assign costs to costobjects. Drivers are observable causal factors thatmeasure a cost objects resource consumption.
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2 -8
Cost Assignment Methods
Cost of Resources
Direct
Tracing
Driver
Tracing Allocation
Physical
Observation
Causal
Relationship
Assumed
Relationship
Cost Objects
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2 -9Interface of Services withManagement Accounting (interaksi jasa dgn akunt manajemen
1. Intangibility (ketidak
wujudan)
2. Perishability(tdk tahahlama)
3. Inseparability(tdk dpt
dipisah)
4. Heterogeneity
Services cannot be stored.
No patent protection.Cannot display or
communicate services.
Price difficult to set.
Derived Properties
Services benefits expire
quickly.
Services may be repeatedoften for one customer.
Customer directly
involved withproduction of service.
Centralized mass
production of services
difficult.
Wide variation in service
products possible.
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2 -10Interface of Services withManagement Accounting
No inventories.
Strong ethical code.Price difficult to set.
Demand for more accurate
cost assignments.
Impact on Management
Accounting
No inventories.
Need for standards and
consistent high quality.
Costs often accounted
for by customer type.Demand for measure-
ment and control of
quality to maintain
consistency.
Productivity and quality
measurement and
control must be
ongoing.Total quality manage-
ment critical.
1. Intangibility
2. Perishability
3. Inseparability
4. Heterogeneity
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2 -11
Product costis a cost assignment that supports a
well-specified managerial object. Thus, what
product costmeans depends on the managerial
objective being served.(Biaya produk ad.
Pembebanan biaya yang mendukung tujuan
manajerialyg spesifik, jadi arti dari by prod
tergantung pada tujuan manajerial yg sedangberusaha dicapai)
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2 -12
Design
Produce
Market
Distribute
Service Develop
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2 -13Product Costing Definitions
Pricing Decisions
Product-Mix Decisions
Strategic ProfitabilityAnalysis
Strategic Design Decisions
Tactical Profitability
Analysis
External Financial
Reporting
Research andDevelopment
Production
Marketing
CustomerService
Value-Chain
Product Costs
Production
Marketing
CustomerService
Operating Product
Costs
Traditional Product
Costs
Production
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2 -14
Direct materialsare those materials that are directlytraceable to the goods or services being produced.
Steel in an automobile (besi pada mobil)
Wood in furniture (kayu pada perabotan)
Alcohol in cologne(alkohol pda pemb
muka)
Denim in jeans ()kain pada jeans
Braces for correcting teeth (kawat untuk
perbaikan gigi)
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2 -15
Direct laboris the labor that is directly traceable tothe goods or services being produced.
Workers on an assembly line at
Chrysler (pekerja pada lini perakitan )A chef in a restaurant (kepala koki
restoran)
A surgical nurse attending an open
heart operation (perawat bedah yg
terlibat pada operasi jantung)
Airline pilot (pilot garuda airline)
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2 -16
Overheadare all other production costs.
Depreciation on building
and equipment
Maintenance
Supplies
Supervision
Power
Property taxes
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2 -17
Noninventoriable (period) costs
are expensed in the period in
which they are incurred.
Salaries and commissions of
sales personnel (marketing)
Advertising (marketing)
Legal fees (administrative)
Printing the annual report
(administrative)
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2 -19
ExternalFinancial
Statements
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2 -21
Direct materials:
Beginning inventory $200,000Add: Purchases 450,000Materials available $650,000Less: Ending inventory 50,000Direct materials used $ 600,000
Direct labor 350,000Manufacturing overhead:
Indirect labor $122,500Depreciation 177,500Rent 50,000
Utilities 37,500Property taxes 12,500Maintenance 50,000 450,000
Total manufacturing costs added $1,400,000
Statement of Cost of Goods Manufactured
For the Year Ended December 31, 2004
2-21
continued on next slide
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2 -22
Total manufacturing costs added $1,400,000
Add: Beginning work in process 200,000Total manufacturing costs $1,600,000
Less: Ending work in process 400,000
Cost of goods manufactured $1,200,000
Work in process consists of all
partially completed units found inproduction at a given point in time.
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2 -23Service Organization
Income Statement
For the Year Ended December 31, 2004
Sales $300,000Less expenses:
Cost of services sold:
Beginning work in process $ 5,000
Service costs added:
Direct materials $ 40,000Direct labor 80,000
Overhead 100,000 220,000
Total $225,000
Less: Ending work in process 10,000 215,000
Gross margin $ 85,000
Less operating expenses:
Selling expenses $ 8,000
Administrative expenses 22,000 30,000
Income before income taxes $ 55,000
2-23
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2 -24Functional-Based
Management Model
Efficiency
Analysis
Performance
Analysis
Operational View
Resources
Functions
Products
Cost View
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2 -25Activity-Based
Management Model
Resources
Activities
Products and
Customers
Cost View
Driver
Analysis
Performance
Analysis
Process View
Why? What? How Well?
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2 -26
1. Penggerak berdasarkan unit
2. Allocation-intensive3. Pembiayaan produk sempit
dan kaku4. Fokus pada pengelolaan
biaya
5. Informasi aktivitas sedikit
6. Maksimilisasi dari kinerja
unit individu7. Penggunaan ukuran kinerjafinansial
1. Penggerak berdasarkanunit dan non unit
2. Tracing intensive3. Pembiayaan produk luas
dan fleksibel
4. Fokus pada pengelolaanaktivitas
5. Informasi aktivitas rinci
6. Maksimilisasi kinerja
meluas7. Use of both financial andnonfinancial measures of
performance
Functional-Based Activity-Based
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2 -27
The End
Chapter Two
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