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Chapter 1 Introduction to Air Force Junior ROTC. . 3Lesson 1 Organization of the AFJROTC 4

History 4Air Force Junior Reserve Officer Training Corps (AFJROTC) 5Cadet Activities 5

Chain of Command and Organization 6

Organization of the Cadet Corps 6Organizational Charts 7Cadet Appointment and Rotation 8

Lesson 2 The Military Uniform and Appearance Standards 17

Uniform Wear and History 17

History of the Uniform 17

Uniform Wear and Restrictions 18

AFJROTC Uniform Standards 19Standard Cadet Uniform 20Uniform Do’s and Don’ts 20

Special Team Uniforms 21

Cadet Appearance and Grooming Guidelines 22Special Uniform and Appearance Rules 22Specific Female Cadet Guidelines 23Specific Male Cadet Guidelines 24

Insignia of Grade 24Active Duty Insignia of Grade 24Air Force Junior ROTC Insiginia of Grade 28

Lesson 3 Customs and Courtesies for Air Force Junior ROTC 34

What Are Customs and Courtesies? 34

Historic Customs and Courtesies 35Position of Honor 35Hand Salute 35How to Salute 36Whom to Salute 37When to Salute 37

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Rank, Recognititon, and Respect 38Reporting to an Officer 39

Personal Courtesies 40

Use of Military Titles 41Additional Courtesies 42

Taboos 42The Senior’s Desk 42Showing Disrepect to the Uniform 43Courting Favor 43The Old Man or Old Lady 43Gossip 43Vulgar Conduct and Language 43

Dining-In and Dining-Out 43Toasting at a Dining-In 44

The Military Ball 45Planning a Military Ball 45

Lesson 4 Attitude, Discipline, and Respect 48

Attitude 48

Attitude and the Air Force 48

Attitude and AFJROTC 49

Discipline and the Air Force 50

Discipline and Air Force Junior ROTC 51

Respect 52

Integrity 52

Lesson 5 Ethics 54

Personal Standards 54

Values 56United States Air Force Core Values 56Types of Values 57

Morals and Ethics 58

Cultural Rules 59

Making Ethical Decisions 60Rules and Principles 60Rules and Values 62Situational Ethics 62

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Ethical Traits 63Concern for Others 63Integrity 63Honor 64

Ethics of Leaders 64Mission 65Right Choices 65

Moral Courage and Maturity 66Conscience 66Sense of Justice 67

Personal Code of Conduct 67

UNIT 2UNIT 2 Individual Self-Control 71

Chapter 2 Personal Behavior . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 73Lesson 1 Common Courtesies and Etiquette 74

Etiquette versus Manners 74

Social Introductions 74Introductions in a Formal Setting 75Making Personal Introductions 75Introductions in Informal Situations 76Methods of Making Introductions 76When and How to Shake Hands 78

Dining Etiquette 78Manners and Courtesies before Eating 79A Formal Dining Table Setting 79Styles of Eating 80Proper Use of Silverware 81How to Eat Finger Foods and Soup 81Proper Use of Napkins 82Basic Table Manners 82Conversation During Meals 83

Handling Formal Social Invitations 84R.S.V.P. 84

Formal, Informal, or Casual Wear? 85

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Responsibilities to the Host 86

Thank-you Notes 86How to Express Yourself 87Addressing Thank-you Notes 87

Public Courtesies 88Telephone Courtesy 88Assisting the Elderly and Disabled 89Opening Doors for Others 89Being Responsible for Your Guest 89Respect for Authorities and Senior Citizens 90Chewing Gum 90Waiting in Line 90Politeness 90

Hygiene and Grooming 90

Lesson 2 Managing Stress 92

What Is Stress? 92

What Causes Stress? 92

How Your Body Responds to Stress 93Alarm 93Resistance 94Fatigue 94

Stress and Your Health 95Physical Effects 95Mental/Emotional and Social Effects 96

Ways to Manage Stress 96Stress Management Skills 97Your Stress Management Program 102

Managing Your Time 102Time Management Tips 102

Study Habits 105When to Study 105How to Study 106Taking Notes 108Outlining 111Tests and Exams 111Libraries 112A Final Word 113How to Do Homework 113

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Lesson 3 Behaving Positively 117

Making Decisions and Setting Goals 117Decisions and Goals 117The Decision-Making Process 117Evaluating Your Decision 118Why Set Goals? 118The Benefits of Setting Goals 118Building Goal-Setting Skills 120

Communication Skills and Leadership 120Using “I” Messages 122Speaking Skills 122Listening Skills 122Refusal Skills 123Eliminating Communication Barriers 124

Lesson 4 Mental and Emotional Health Care 127

Understanding Your Emotions 127What are Emotions? 127Understanding Emotions 127Identifying Your Emotions 127Expressing Emotions 128Understanding Your Emotional Needs 129

Mental and Emotional Problems 130Anxiety Disorders 131Personality Disorders 131Mood Disorders 132Suicide Prevention 133

Getting Help 134Seeking Professional Help 135Therapy Methods 135Sources of Help 137

Lesson 5 Avoiding and Preventing Violence 139

Violence in Our Society 139

Violence and Teens 139Gangs 139Weapons 140Drugs 140

Violence in Schools 140

Protecting Yourself from Violence 141Protecting Yourself from Rape 142

Preventing Violence 142

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Chapter 3 Be Health Smart. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 147Lesson 1 Health Care 148

The Role of Health Care 148

The Health Care System 148Who Provides Health Care? 148You and Your Health Care 149Where Do You Go for Health Care? 150

How People Pay for Health Care 150

Public Health 150Federal Health Agencies: Medicare and Medicaid 151Other Federal Agencies That Protect Consumer Rights 152State and Local Health Agencies 153Nongovernmental Health Organizations 154

Lesson 2 Nutrition 155

Why You Need Nutritious Food 155

What Influences Your Food Choices? 155Appetite and Hunger 155Food and Emotions 156

Getting the Nutrients You Need 156

The Six Types of Nutrients 157Carbohydrates 157Protiens 158Fats 158Vitamins 159Minerals 159Water 159

Other Substances in Food 161Fiber 161Hidden Fats 161Cholesterol 161Added Sugar 161Sodium 162Caffeine 162

UNIT 3UNIT 3 Wellness and Fitness 145

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Nutrition Guidelines 163Dietary Guidelines for Americans 163Play it Safe with Food 166Nutrition Labeling 166

Vegetarianism 167

Lesson 3 First Aid 169

What Is First Aid? 169Be Prepared 169Universal Precautions 169The First Steps 170What to Do: Common Emergencies 172When Minutes Count: Severe Emergencies 176What Is Cardiopulmonary Resuscitation (CPR)? 179

Chapter 4 Physical Activity and Fitness . . . . . . 183Lesson 1 The Benefits of Physical Activity 184

Physical Activity, Exercise, and Physical Fitness 184

Benefits of an Active Lifestyle 184

Physical Activity and Weight Control 184

Increasing Your Level of Fitness 185Choosing the Right Activities 185

Stay Active: A Key to Fitness 185

Endurance, Strength, and Flexibility: The Elements of Fitness 187Heart and Lung Endurance 187Muscle Strength and Endurance 188Body Composition 190Flexibility 190

Your Fitness Level 190

Setting Fitness Goals 192

Being Active Every Day 192

Preparing an Activity Plan 193

Exercise Stages 194Warming Up 194Working Out 195Cooling Down 195

Checking Your Progress 195

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Choosing the Right Activity 196Individual Sports 196Team Sports 197

Sports Conditioning 197Sports and Nutrition 197

Safety First 198Safe Behavior 198Safe Equipment 198Know Your Limits 199

Avoiding Harmful Substances 199

Lesson 2 Your Body Image 202

Body Image 202

Your Appropriate Weight 202

Weight Problems 202Overweight 203Underweight 204

The Role of Calories 204

Reaching Your Appropriate Weight 205Adjusting Calorie Intake 205Increasing Physical Activity 205

Managing Weight Change 206Recognize the Risks 206Weight-Management Tips 206

The Risks of Eating Disorders 206Anorexia Nervosa 207Bulimia 208Binge Eating Disorder 208

Help for People with Eating Disorders 209

Chapter 5 Making Safe, Drug-Free Decisions . . 213Lesson 1 Medicines and Drugs 214

The Difference between Medicines and Drugs 214

Medicine Safety 214

Releasing Medicines to the Public 214Prescription Medicines 214Over-the-Counter (OTC) Medicines 215

Types of Medicines 215Medicines to Prevent Diseases 215Medicines to Fight Infection 215

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Medicines to Relieve Pain 215Other Medicines 216

Medicine in the Body 216Side Effects 217Tolerance 217Overuse of Medicines 217Mixing Medicines 218

Drug Misuse and Abuse 218Drug Misuse 219Drug Abuse 219

Narcotics 219Heroin 219

Stimulants 219Amphetamine 220Methamphetamine 220Cocaine 220Crack 221

Depressants 221

Street Drugs 221

Marijuana 222

Hallucinogens 222PCP 223LSD 223

Inhalants 223

Club Drugs 224

Anabolic Steroids 225

Staying Drug Free 226

Kicking the Habit 226

Getting Help 227

Living Drug Free 227

Lesson 2 Tobacco 231

What is Tobacco? 231

Types of Products 231Cigarettes 231Cigars and Pipes 231Smokeless Tobacco 232Specialty Cigarettes 232

What Is in Tobacco? 232

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How Tobacco Affects the User’s Body 233

Tobacco and Appearance 233

Who Buys Tobacco? 233

Expensive Habit 235

Tobacco Addiction 235You Can Quit! 236

Withdrawl 237

Costs to Society 237Secondhand Smoke 237Public Health Costs 237Costs to the Nation’s Economy 237Pregnancy and Tobacco 237

Why Some Teens Start to Use Tobacco 238Internal Influences 239External Influences 239

How Not to Start 240

Strategies for Quitting 240

Lesson 3 Alcohol 243

Alcohol and the Body 243

Alcohol and the Individual 243Blood Alcohol Concentration 244Fetal Alcohol Spectrum Disorders 245

Alcohol and Teens 245

Alcohol: A Threat to Everyone 246

Drinking and Injuries 246

Alcoholism 247Stages of Alcoholism 247

Help for the Dependent Person 247

Help for the Family 249

How You Can Help 249

Why Some Teens Drink Alcohol 249What Teens May Say 250What Teens Should Know 250

Reasons to Refuse Alcohol 251

Seeing Through Media Messages 251

Alternatives to Drinking Alcohol 252

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UNIT 4UNIT 4 Citizenship in the United States 255

Chapter 6 Foundations of United States Citizenship . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 257

Lesson 1 The American Flag and Other Symbols 258

History of the American Flag 258The Betsy Ross Flag 258The Grand Union Flag 259The Final Flag Design 260The Flag Today 261

Flag Laws and Regulations 261

Displaying and Using the Flag 261Ways to Position and Display the Flag 262Displaying the United Nations Flag 265Showing Respect for the American Flag 265

Customs and Courtesies to the American Flag and the National Anthem 266Courtesies to the Flag 267The National Anthem 268

The Pledge of Allegiance 269The Pledge of Allegiance to the Flag 271Flag Presentation 272

Flag Day 272

The Great Seal of the United States 272

The Air Force Seal 274

The American’s Creed 275

Lesson 2 Civics 277

What Is Civics? 277

The Need for Government 278

The Functions of Government 278Keeping Order and Providing Security 278Providing Public Services 279Guiding the Community 280

Levels of Government 280

Democratic Government 281Principles of American Democracy 281

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Who Are America’s Citizens? 283Citizenship by Birth 285The Naturalization Process 285A Lifelong Privilege 286

Aliens in America 286Illegal Aliens 286Legal Aliens 287

A Citizen’s Legal Duties 288Obey Laws 288Pay Taxes 289Defend the Nation 289Serve in Court 289Attend School 289

Civic Responsibilities 289Be Informed 289Speak Up and Vote 290Respect Others’ Rights 291Respect Diversity 291Contribute to the Common Good 292

The Need for Citizens’ Involvement 292Donating Time and Money 293

Volunteers in Action 294Charitable Organizations 294School-Based Programs 295National Service Programs 295

The Benefits of Volunteering 296

Lesson 3 The Constitution of the United States 299

A Remarkable Document 299

The Constitution and Its Parts 321The Preamble 321The Articles 322

Amending the Constitution 324The Amendment Process 324

Interpreting the Constitution 326The Necessary and Proper Clause 326Interpretation Through Court Decisions 326Interpretation Through Congressional and Presidential Actions 326Interpretation Through Custom 327

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Lesson 4 The Bill of Rights 328

First Amendment Freedoms 328Freedom of Religion 328Freedom of Speech 328Freedom of Press 329Freedom of Assembly 330Freedom to Petition 330

Limits to First Amendment Freedoms 331

Protecting the Rights of the Accused 332The Fourth Amendment 332The Fifth Amendment 332The Sixth Amendment 334The Eighth Amendment 334

Protecting Other Rights 335The Second Amendment 335The Third Amendment 336The Seventh Amendment 336The Ninth Amendment 336The Tenth Amendment 336

Protecting All Americans 338The Thirteenth Amendment (1865) 339The Fourteenth Amendment (1868) 339The Fifteenth Amendment (1870) 339The Seventeenth Amendment (1913) 341The Nineteenth Amendment (1920) 341The Twenty-third Amendment (1961) 341The Twenty-fourth Amendment (1964) 341The Twenty-sixth Amendment (1971) 342

The Civil Rights Struggle 342Background of the Struggle 342Ongoing Challenges 343

Lesson 5 U.S. National Government 346

Congress: The Legislative Branch 346

Terms of Congress 346

A Bicameral Legislature 346The House of Representatives 347The Senate 347

Congressional Leaders 348

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Committees: Little Legislatures 350Types of Committees 350Committee Assignments 352

Types of Bills 353

From Bill to Law 353Committee Action 354Floor Debate 354Voting on a Bill 356Presidential Action 356

The President and the Executive Branch 356 Qualifications for President 356

Electing a President 357Term of Office 358

The Vice President 359

Presidential Succession 359Twenty-fifth Amendment 359

The Judicial Branch—Equal Justice for All 360

The Federal Court System 361Cases Heard in Federal Courts 362Relation to State Courts 364

U.S. District Courts 364

U.S. Courts of Appeals 365Making a Decision 365Announcing the Decision 365

Federal Judges 366Selection and Tenure of Judges 366

The Supreme Court Justices 368Selection of Justices 369Background of the Justices 369

Lesson 6 Comparing Systems of Government 371

Authoritarian Governments 371Absolute Monarchy 371Dictatorships 372Totalitarianism 372

The People’s Republic of China 373China’s Political Background 373Communist Party Government 374China’s National Government 375Political Parties 375Tiananmen Square 376

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Communism in Cuba 376Communist Dictatorship 376Economic Crisis 377Cuba’s Future 377

Islamic Republic of Iran 378Islamic Revolt 378Institutions of Government 378

Republic of Iraq 378

Democratic People’s Republic of Korea 379

Russia and the Collapse of Soviet Communism 380Soviet Economic Problems 380The Breakup of the Soviet Union 381Transforming Russia 382

Democratic Governments 384The Expansion of Democracy 385Presidential versus Parliamentary Systems 385Pros and Cons of the Parliamentary System 386

Changing with the Times 387

Glossary . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 388

Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 403

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PrefaceLeadership Education I: Citizenship, Character, and Air Force Tradition introduces

cadets to the Air Force Junior Reserve Officer Training Corps (AFJROTC) program. Itprovides information about military traditions, citizenship, the U.S. government,wellness, health, fitness, and how to exercise self-control.

Unit 1 begins with the history, organization, mission, goals, and objectives ofAFJROTC. Next follows the military uniform and appearance standards, including thehistory of the uniform and grooming standards for male and female cadets. Theremainder of Unit 1 includes customs and courtesies for AFJROTC; information aboutattitude, discipline, and respect; and ethics, which is important for leadership anddecision-making. You will learn about saluting properly, recognizing rank, and usingmilitary titles. Discipline (including drill) and respect are vital parts of the Air Forceand AFJROTC.

Unit 2 covers your personal behavior and responsibility. It begins with commoncourtesies and etiquette in formal and informal situations. Next is a lesson on stressmanagement, including the causes of stress, its emotional and physical effects, andpositive ways to manage stress. In the lesson on behaving positively, you will learnabout making decisions, setting goals, methods of communicating effectively, andusing refusal skills. Unit 2 also includes a lesson on mental and emotional health care.It covers expressing your emotions, common mental disorders, warning signs ofclinical depression, and where to get help. Because statistics show that more than5,000 young people reportedly kill themselves each year, there is information aboutsuicide and its prevention. Unit 2 ends with information about avoiding andpreventing violence.

Unit 3 provides information about physical fitness and the benefits of making safe,drug-free decisions. You will learn about health care methods in the United States, thebasics of good nutrition, and how to use first aid techniques. Next you will studyphysical activity for health and fitness and the different types of exercise you canchoose. You will also learn about appropriate weight standards and body image issuesand get some weight management tips. Making safe, drug-free decisions is part ofgood health and responsible behavior, so Unit 3 includes information about medicineand drug abuse and misuse, as well as tobacco and alcohol.

Unit 4 provides an in-depth study of citizenship in the United States and introducesyou to the different forms of government throughout the world. It includes lessons onthe American flag and other important symbols, civics, the U.S. Constitution, the Billof Rights, the U.S. national government, and comparing systems of government. Thereare proper ways to handle and display the American flag, which you need to know as

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xx PREFACE

cadets. The use of the Star Spangled Banner and Pledge of Allegiance honors theAmerican flag and its heritage. The functions of our democratic government, what itmeans to be a good citizen, and how people become citizens are important foreveryone to know. The Constitution protects our rights and freedom as Americancitizens and the Bill of Rights—the first 10 amendments to the U.S. Constitution—guarantees certain basic rights to all Americans. All U.S. citizens need to learn aboutour government, and learning about other governments will help you understand whythere can be disagreements among nations.

This book has been prepared especially for cadets—to increase your knowledgeand success as American citizens and members of the Air Force JROTC.

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The subject matter in Leadership Education I: Citizenship, Character, and Air ForceTradition was based on suggestions received from Air Force Junior Reserve OfficerTraining Corps (AFJROTC) instructors from around the world. The Air Force Officerand Accession Training Schools (AFOATS) Curriculum Section (CR) team involved inthis production effort was under the direction of Dr. Charles Nath, III, Director of theCurriculum Division, at Maxwell Air Force Base, Alabama. His deputy, LieutenantColonel Charles Capps, and the Chief of Junior ROTC Curriculum, Lieutenant ColonelJohn Kiecana, completed a superb leadership team, resulting in an outstanding productfor the AFJROTC program. Special thanks go to the CR team's primary editors, RogerLedbetter and Linda Sackie. Their persistent efforts to produce the best academicmaterials possible for our over 800 AFJROTC units is commendable.

AFOATS/CR would like to express its gratitude to the McGraw-Hill Education teamfor all its hard work in publishing this outstanding new book for AFJROTC. That teamconsisted of subcontractors at Toucan Ed, Kathleen Middleton, Netha Thacker, JanetRing, Pamela King, Brett Carey and others. Karen Fleckenstein of Fleck’sCommunications, Inc., and numerous McGraw-Hill personnel including Paula Kefover,Judith Wetherington, Carrie Braun and Fairfax Hutter.

AFOATS/CR also wishes to thank Donna Rice and Constance Yelverton of the U.S. Army Cadet Command at Fort Monroe, VA, for granting approval to use some ofthe material from their Army Junior ROTC book in ours. We also want to thank thefollowing AFJROTC units for their support in allowing McGraw-Hill Educationphotographers to take photos of their facilities, cadets, staff, and activities forpublication in this text: TX-781, Oliver Wendell Holmes High School, San Antonio, TX;SC-932, James F. Byrnes High School, Duncan, SC; SC-041, Gaffney High School,Gaffney, SC; and SC-061, Northwestern High School, Rock Hill, SC. These units'participation allowed us to make this new text more appealing to our high schoolaudience, who are clearly some of the finest young people on Earth.

Acknowledgments

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