Ch. 9 Memory
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Transcript of Ch. 9 Memory
Ch. 9 MemoryCh. 9 MemoryMr. McElhaneyMr. McElhaney
PLHSPLHS
Remembering is an Active Remembering is an Active ProcessProcess
Memories can be lost and revisedMemories can be lost and revised Types of MemoryTypes of Memory
– Short Term MemoryShort Term Memory– Long Term MemoryLong Term Memory
Info that appears to be lost may still be in Info that appears to be lost may still be in memorymemory
Problems with memory:Problems with memory:– Forgetting and storage issuesForgetting and storage issues
Recovered memories are problematicRecovered memories are problematic Strategies such as Mnemonics can Strategies such as Mnemonics can
improve memoryimprove memory
BasicsBasics Definition- Memory is an active Definition- Memory is an active
system that receives, stores and system that receives, stores and organizes, alters, and recovers organizes, alters, and recovers informationinformation
Encoding- info is changed into usable Encoding- info is changed into usable and storable formand storable form
Encoding-Storage-RetrievalEncoding-Storage-Retrieval
3 Part System Memory3 Part System Memory SensorySensory STM (Working)STM (Working) LTM LTM
Sensory MemorySensory Memory New info is perceived through the New info is perceived through the
sensessenses
Info is held exactly as perceived for a Info is held exactly as perceived for a few seconds (few seconds (TransducedTransduced))
Preceding short term MemoryPreceding short term Memory
All of the Senses:All of the Senses: Use Use Transduction:Transduction:
– The process of changing energy The process of changing energy (stimulus) to a form that can be (stimulus) to a form that can be processed by the nervous system-processed by the nervous system-
– For example- light to a form that can be For example- light to a form that can be recognized by the retina.recognized by the retina.
Dual System in MemoryDual System in Memory Short Term MemoryShort Term Memory Long Term MemoryLong Term Memory
Small desk and file cabinet Small desk and file cabinet conceptconcept
STM
Meaningful info storedMeaningful info storedMeaningful info storedMeaningful info storedMeaningful info stored
Meaningful info storedMeaningful info storedMeaningful info storedMeaningful info storedMeaningful info stored
Fig. 9.2 Remembering is thought to involve at least three steps. Incoming information is first held for a second or two by sensory memory. Information selected by attention is then transferred to temporary storage in short-term memory. If new information is not rapidly encoded, or rehearsed, it is forgotten. If it is transferred to long-term memory, it becomes relatively permanent, although retrieving it may be a problem. The preceding is a useful model of memory; it may not be literally true of what happens in the brain (Eysenck & Keane, 1995).
Short Term Memory 1Short Term Memory 1 Is working memoryIs working memory Includes Includes Selective attentionSelective attention Holds small amounts of info for a Holds small amounts of info for a
brief timebrief time Encoding in STM- Encoding in STM-
– memories are stored by imagesmemories are stored by images– And phonetically- by sound, words and And phonetically- by sound, words and
lettersletters
Short Term Memory 2Short Term Memory 2 Storehouse for small amounts of infoStorehouse for small amounts of info Phone numbers/shopping listsPhone numbers/shopping lists
Working memory holds info while Working memory holds info while other activities are taking place.other activities are taking place.
Is Is sensitive to interruptionsensitive to interruption + + interferenceinterference
Processing info helps Processing info helps MemoryMemory
Connecting to LTMConnecting to LTM ChunkingChunking RehearsalRehearsal Elaborative RehearsalElaborative Rehearsal
Short Term Memory 3Short Term Memory 3 Limited size = 7 “slots”/Information Limited size = 7 “slots”/Information
bitsbits Good mem = 9 bitsGood mem = 9 bits RecodingRecoding= reorganizing information= reorganizing information ChunkingChunking = form of recoding, creating = form of recoding, creating
connections/groups between info connections/groups between info Rehearsal-Rehearsal- repeating info increases repeating info increases
STM and can lead to transfer to LTMSTM and can lead to transfer to LTM
Elaborate RehearsalElaborate Rehearsal – – Linking new info to memories in LTM Linking new info to memories in LTM
will improve memorywill improve memory Elaborate = extend, think about info Elaborate = extend, think about info
as you studyas you study Ask yourself “why” why would that Ask yourself “why” why would that
be true?be true? Try to relate new ideas to your own Try to relate new ideas to your own
experiences and knowledgeexperiences and knowledge
Long Term MemoryLong Term Memory Found in theFound in the Cortex of Brain Cortex of Brain Hippocampus Hippocampus clearly associated with clearly associated with
memory (see brain map of memory)memory (see brain map of memory) permanent storehousepermanent storehouse for Memory for Memory Everything you knowEverything you know goes into LTM goes into LTM
Important + Important + Meaningful infoMeaningful info gets gets transferred to LTMtransferred to LTM
The The more you know the easier it is to add more you know the easier it is to add memorymemory
Long Term MemoryLong Term Memory EncodingEncoding = storage (LTM) stored based on = storage (LTM) stored based on
meaningmeaning Recoding/reorganizing/revision is present in Recoding/reorganizing/revision is present in
LTMLTM example- Chunking can/will work in LTMexample- Chunking can/will work in LTM Constructive ProcessingConstructive Processing = updating memory = updating memory
– Fills in the Fills in the gaps of memory with logical gaps of memory with logical conclusionsconclusions or extensions, or inferences or extensions, or inferences
– ((Pseudo MemoriesPseudo Memories are false memories) are false memories)– Relates to how we can sometimes not know the Relates to how we can sometimes not know the
source of some memoriessource of some memories
Organization of Info in LTMOrganization of Info in LTM Patterns of AssociationPatterns of Association = memory structure = memory structure Examples: rules, images, symbols, Examples: rules, images, symbols,
similarities, formal meaning, personal similarities, formal meaning, personal meaningmeaning
Network ModelNetwork Model (or schema) (or schema)– Associations of new of linked ideasAssociations of new of linked ideas– We make organization based on linked We make organization based on linked
meaningsmeanings
Memory AidsMemory Aids Chunking infoChunking info= try to link 2-3 or = try to link 2-3 or
more facts into larger chinks and more facts into larger chinks and your memory will improveyour memory will improve
Key to memory is to find meaningKey to memory is to find meaning Always think about how you feel Always think about how you feel
about thingsabout things
Fig. 9.7 Fig. 9.7 In the model shown here, long-term memory is divided into In the model shown here, long-term memory is divided into procedural memory (learned actions and skills) and declarative procedural memory (learned actions and skills) and declarative memory (stored facts). Declarative memories can be either semantic memory (stored facts). Declarative memories can be either semantic (impersonal knowledge) or episodic (personal experiences associated (impersonal knowledge) or episodic (personal experiences associated with specific times and places).with specific times and places).
Types of LTM = skill and Types of LTM = skill and factfact
Procedural- Procedural- SkillSkill Conditioned Conditioned
ResponseResponse Learned ActionsLearned Actions AutomaticAutomatic Lower brain-Lower brain-
cerebellumcerebellum Typing and Driving Typing and Driving
ActionsActions
Types of MemoryTypes of Memory Episodic MemoryEpisodic Memory= =
experiencesexperiences AutobiographicAutobiographic
– When we access we When we access we re-experiencere-experience
Most easily Most easily forgotten LTMforgotten LTM
Declarative-Declarative- Facts Facts Names, faces, Names, faces,
dates, words, ideasdates, words, ideas Expressed in words Expressed in words
and symbolsand symbols Semantic MemorySemantic Memory Encyclopedia of Encyclopedia of
basic knowledgebasic knowledge You don’t forgetYou don’t forget
Memory FormationMemory Formation Consolidation-Consolidation- the forming of LTM the forming of LTM
memorymemory Takes Takes time to movetime to move info from STM to info from STM to
LTMLTM
MeaningMeaning is key is key
Re-dintegrativeRe-dintegrative Memories Memories Memories in LTMMemories in LTM Can be triggered by cuesCan be triggered by cues Cues (associations/clues) always Cues (associations/clues) always
enhance memories enhance memories TriggeredTriggered memoriesmemories are cues to are cues to
other connected memories other connected memories Pictures, smells, songs, soundsPictures, smells, songs, soundsCue-Dependent ForgettingCue-Dependent Forgetting
Stimuli associated with memory are Stimuli associated with memory are missingmissing
Memory Tasks- LTMMemory Tasks- LTMRecallRecallDirect Direct Retrieval of Retrieval of InfoInfoWho-WhatWho-WhatFactsFacts
RecognitionRecognitionPrevious Previous learned info is learned info is correctly correctly identifiedidentifiedMC testsMC testsAccurate for Accurate for visualsvisuals
RelearningRelearningReviewing Reviewing previously previously exposed exposed to/learned to/learned infoinfo25% greater 25% greater proficiencyproficiencyReview Review helps we Re-helps we Re-learn faster.learn faster.
Serial Position EffectSerial Position Effect STMSTM Being able to memorize the Being able to memorize the
beginning and end of a listbeginning and end of a list But not the middleBut not the middle
Why?- Why?- The end- interference, STM has The end- interference, STM has
limited capacitylimited capacity
Implicit and Explicit Implicit and Explicit MemoriesMemoriesImplicit MemoriesImplicit Memories
We are not aware We are not aware UnconsciousUnconsciousPrimingPriming Giving a person Giving a person
limited cueslimited cues Info previously Info previously
learned is reflected learned is reflected in cued responsesin cued responses
Related to implicit Related to implicit memorymemory
Sub-consciousSub-conscious
Explicit MemoriesExplicit Memories Recall is usedRecall is used Conscious Conscious
memoriesmemories Trying to Trying to
rememberremember
ForgettingForgetting Encoding Failure:Encoding Failure: When a memory was never When a memory was never
formed in the first placeformed in the first place
Memory Traces:Memory Traces: Physical changes in nerve Physical changes in nerve cells or brain activity that occur when cells or brain activity that occur when memories are storedmemories are stored
Memory Decay:Memory Decay: When memory traces become When memory traces become weaker; fading or weakening of memoriesweaker; fading or weakening of memories
Disuse:Disuse: Theory that memory traces weaken Theory that memory traces weaken when memories are not used or retrieved when memories are not used or retrieved
BlockingBlocking RepressionRepression SuppressionSuppression
Brain Anatomy and MemoryBrain Anatomy and Memory Locations of memory is identified Locations of memory is identified
through through brain mappingbrain mapping
Experiments through Experiments through Electroconvulsive Shock Electroconvulsive Shock destroys destroys memorymemory– Mostly effects recent memoriesMostly effects recent memories– Before ConsolidationBefore Consolidation
Brain #2Brain #2 HippocampusHippocampus= closely associated with = closely associated with
LTMLTM Used in Used in ConsolidationConsolidation of memory of memory Known as the Known as the “Switching Station” “Switching Station”
between STM and LTMbetween STM and LTM Grows neurons that make new Grows neurons that make new
connections with in the brainconnections with in the brain Damage to hippocampus = Damage to hippocampus =
AterogradeAterograde amnesia= inability to store amnesia= inability to store new memories LTM new memories LTM (“50 First Dates”)(“50 First Dates”)
Brain 3Brain 3 3lbs of brain3lbs of brain Cerebral Cortex- multiple areas Cerebral Cortex- multiple areas
associated associated
Front of Cortex = Episodic Memory- Front of Cortex = Episodic Memory- eventsevents
Back area of Cortex = Semantic Back area of Cortex = Semantic Memory- ideas Memory- ideas
AmnesiaAmnesiaRetrograde (before) Retrograde (before)
AmnesiaAmnesia Forgetting events Forgetting events
that occur before that occur before an injury or traumaan injury or trauma
Anterograde- Anterograde- AmnesiaAmnesia
““50 First Dates”50 First Dates” Forgetting invents Forgetting invents
tha follow an injurytha follow an injury
Memory SupportsMemory Supports Making Notes- write things downMaking Notes- write things down PreventsPrevents info from info from slippingslipping out of out of
short term memory before you can short term memory before you can reviewreview it and it and storestore it more it more permanentlypermanently
Sorry, not finished with this Sorry, not finished with this ppt.ppt.