CH. 7THE EMERGENCE OF

MODERN CANADA

CANADA - 1905 Alberta & Saskatchewan Alberta & Saskatchewan

joined Confederation.joined Confederation. Issues.Issues.

Manifest Destiny Manifest Destiny political & economic.political & economic.

Independence from Independence from Britain. Britain. Good or bad???Good or bad???

English vs. French.English vs. French. End of the depression.End of the depression.

Minerals, lumber, wheat, & Minerals, lumber, wheat, & manufactured goods.manufactured goods.

Yukon gold.Yukon gold. Immigration.Immigration. Social reforms.Social reforms.

Women, natives, & workers.Women, natives, & workers.

IMPERIALISM: A FRENCH-ENGLISH SPLIT

Most English-Canadians were loyal to the Most English-Canadians were loyal to the British British Empire (Empire (ImperialistsImperialists)).. ‘French-Canadiens’ ‘French-Canadiens’ preferred to think of themselves as independent.preferred to think of themselves as independent.

LAURIER IS ELECTED - 1896 First Liberal PM in over 20 yrs.First Liberal PM in over 20 yrs. First French PM.First French PM.

French hoped Laurier would protect French hoped Laurier would protect French language and Roman Catholic French language and Roman Catholic religion.religion.

Conflict & CompromiseConflict & Compromise Hoped Fr. & Eng could get along.Hoped Fr. & Eng could get along. Often walked a fine line – side with Fr. Or Often walked a fine line – side with Fr. Or

Eng.???Eng.??? Manitoba ActManitoba Act – Manitoba established – Manitoba established

English only schools => violation of English only schools => violation of Manitoba Act.Manitoba Act.

• Laurier won election standing up Laurier won election standing up for Fr. Rights.for Fr. Rights.MacDonald refused to intervene in

Manitoba school issue & lost election.

Sir Wilfred Laurier

$5 Bill

$250 Fine / 1 yr. Jail

THE SOUTH AFRICAN WAR BOER WAR

Britain wanted to ensure Britain wanted to ensure equal rightsequal rights to all to all British citizens in South Africa. British citizens in South Africa.

NOTENOTE – – Diamonds and gold were Diamonds and gold were discovered in the area.discovered in the area.

They met resistance from the They met resistance from the BoersBoers (early Dutch descendants in the area) (early Dutch descendants in the area) who felt the British were taking their land.who felt the British were taking their land.

England showed its force by calling on its colonies to help defeat the Boers.England showed its force by calling on its colonies to help defeat the Boers.English-CanadiansEnglish-Canadians – “ – “Help mother country”Help mother country”..French-CanadiansFrench-Canadians – “ – “This is not our war”.This is not our war”.

Laurier’s CompromiseLaurier’s Compromise

Only send volunteers (Only send volunteers (73007300).).

BOER WAR

THE NAVAL ISSUE

With Germany threatening the British navy, Britain put out the call to her colonies.With Germany threatening the British navy, Britain put out the call to her colonies.

“ “ We defend you. You should help pay.”We defend you. You should help pay.”

English English – “Send money to our protectors.” – “Send money to our protectors.” French French – “Build our own navy.”– “Build our own navy.”

Laurier’s CompromiseLaurier’s Compromise => => 1910 Naval Service Act1910 Naval Service Act Canada Canada would build its own ships & lend to Britain in time of need.would build its own ships & lend to Britain in time of need.

ImperialistsImperialists – “ – “Tin Pot Navy.Tin Pot Navy.” ” FrenchFrench – tied Can. to British policy. – tied Can. to British policy.

By the 1900s Germany’s Navy was becoming a force.

In 1906, Britain countered with the HMS Dreadnought. The first “all-big-gun”battleship.

THE ALASKA BOUNDARY DISPUTEWhen the US bought Alaska from Russia, no one cared about When the US bought Alaska from Russia, no one cared about

Panhandle border until gold was discovered in the Yukon. Panhandle border until gold was discovered in the Yukon.

THE ISSUETHE ISSUE – Canada could not gain access without US – Canada could not gain access without US permission to enter permission to enter fiordsfiords..

THE SOLUTIONTHE SOLUTION – A six man tribunal was established to find a – A six man tribunal was established to find a solution. solution.

JuryJury – 3 Americans, 2 Canadians, 1 British. – 3 Americans, 2 Canadians, 1 British.

PROBLEMPROBLEM – Britain did not want to anger US as needed their – Britain did not want to anger US as needed their support in a border dispute in Venezuela.support in a border dispute in Venezuela.

THE VOTETHE VOTE - Four (US & Brt.) to Two (Can.) - Four (US & Brt.) to Two (Can.) => The US was granted the Alaskan Panhandle=> The US was granted the Alaskan Panhandle..

THE CONSEQUENCESTHE CONSEQUENCES – Canada felt Brt. had – Canada felt Brt. had ‘‘stabbed us in the stabbed us in the backback.’.’- - calls for greater independence.calls for greater independence.

NOTE NOTE – The Klondike Gold Rush stimulated investment, – The Klondike Gold Rush stimulated investment, immigration, & established the Yukon Territory in 1898.immigration, & established the Yukon Territory in 1898.

Alaskan Boundary Tribunal

THE LAURIER BOOM REASONS FOR LAURIER’S BOOM:REASONS FOR LAURIER’S BOOM:

World economies increased.World economies increased. Canadian markets expanded.Canadian markets expanded. S. African & Yukon gold increased S. African & Yukon gold increased

world capital.world capital. Industry demanded raw resources.Industry demanded raw resources. Lumber, fish & minerals.Lumber, fish & minerals. Shipping & Railroads improved Shipping & Railroads improved

allowing Canada to compete.allowing Canada to compete. Rising world prices helped farmers.Rising world prices helped farmers. Manufacturing & hydroelectricity Manufacturing & hydroelectricity

increased factory output.increased factory output.

Farming – Demand for wheat.

Fishing

Hydro

Lumber

Transportation

Yukon Gold

Railways

IMMIGRATION THE LAST BEST WESTTHE LAST BEST WEST

US homestead lands full & people US homestead lands full & people

came to Canada.came to Canada. Clifford Sifton – Minister of Interior.Clifford Sifton – Minister of Interior. Settle the west / advertising (see p. 259).Settle the west / advertising (see p. 259). Open-door policy. Open-door policy. Eastern & Central Europeans, US assimilation, Eastern & Central Europeans, US assimilation,

colored immigrants, orphans. colored immigrants, orphans. Prairie Life - $, travel, flies, weather.Prairie Life - $, travel, flies, weather.

PUSH -PULL FACTORSPUSH -PULL FACTORS No/free land, famine, poverty, overcrowding, No/free land, famine, poverty, overcrowding,

political beliefs, rigid social systems.political beliefs, rigid social systems. URBAN LIVINGURBAN LIVING

1/3 immigrants went to cities.1/3 immigrants went to cities. Ghettos, poor wages, long hours.Ghettos, poor wages, long hours.

CliffordSifton

CanadianImmigrants

RAILWAYS TO EVERYWHERE Several new rail lines established to compete Several new rail lines established to compete

with CPR with CPR monopolymonopoly.. Gov’t Gov’t subsidiessubsidies were given to were given to

encourage this competition.encourage this competition.

Railway CitiesRailway Cities emerged all along emerged all along

important routes. important routes. (Site and Situation)(Site and Situation) River / Valley junctions, passes, ports etc.River / Valley junctions, passes, ports etc. Prince George, Edmonton, Saskatoon, Prince George, Edmonton, Saskatoon,

Prince Rupert, Kamloops.Prince Rupert, Kamloops.

Most suffered financial problems during the Most suffered financial problems during the war & all railways not belonging to the CPR war & all railways not belonging to the CPR were consolidated under the government were consolidated under the government ((Canadian National RailwayCanadian National Railway).). P.G. Railway City

Canadian Rail Lines

SITUATION

TUMBLER RIDGE COAL

SITE

CLOSING THE DOOR TO IMMIGRATION Sifton’s Sifton’s ‘Open Door’‘Open Door’ Policy. Policy.

Saw Saw unskilled immigrantsunskilled immigrants as a threat to as a threat to livelihoods.livelihoods.

Employers hiring Employers hiring cheap labourcheap labour.. FrenchFrench feared loss of culture/language. feared loss of culture/language. AssimilationAssimilation not likely with E. Europeans & not likely with E. Europeans &

non-white.non-white.

British ColumbiaBritish Columbia Asiatic Exclusion LeagueAsiatic Exclusion League – opponents of – opponents of

Asian workers.Asian workers. Destroyed Destroyed ChinatownChinatown when refused to when refused to

ban Chinese immigrants.ban Chinese immigrants. Head Tax Head Tax imposed.imposed.

Komagata MaruKomagata Maru East IndiansEast Indians challenged challenged Continuous PassageContinuous Passage

law by chartering their own steamer.law by chartering their own steamer. Authorities forced ship out of Authorities forced ship out of VancouverVancouver..

Asiatic Exclusion League - Chinatown

East Indians aboard the Komagata Maru

THE RISE OF UNIONS

Craigdarroch Castle – Victoria$650 000 to build.

The ‘boom era’ of the Laurier period was not The ‘boom era’ of the Laurier period was not enjoyed by all. The gap between rich & poor enjoyed by all. The gap between rich & poor widened.widened.

Between 1880 & 1910 workers organized Between 1880 & 1910 workers organized labour labour unions.unions.

- Ten % of workers joined. - Ten % of workers joined.

- Risky as unskilled labourers are easy to replace.- Risky as unskilled labourers are easy to replace.

- Gov’t & laws favoured employers.- Gov’t & laws favoured employers.

- Often resulted in violence.- Often resulted in violence.

British Columbia – Dunsmuir Coal Mines.British Columbia – Dunsmuir Coal Mines.

- poor dangerous work conditions & low wages.- poor dangerous work conditions & low wages.

- hired strikebreakers.- hired strikebreakers.

- hired Asian workers to replace strikers.- hired Asian workers to replace strikers.

- ugly two year strike with violence & cruelties.- ugly two year strike with violence & cruelties.

- in all 179 miners arrested & 39 sent to prison.- in all 179 miners arrested & 39 sent to prison.http://www.last.fm/music/Utah+Phillips/_/Where+the+Fraser+River+Flows

Utah Phillips ‘Where the Fraser River Flows’

UNIONS: GOOD OR BAD?

GOOD BAD

Wages Jobs Lost/ Wages too high??

Working Conditions Questionable Rules

Pensions Sweat shops

Health Plans Protects Bad Workers

Fight Right Wing $ Left Wing $Collective Bargaining Benefits too high

GM Workers $25 = $80

Maternity

THE STRUGGLE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS

Women’s SuffrageWomen’s Suffrage The Right to Vote / FranchiseThe Right to Vote / Franchise Maternal feministsMaternal feminists – felt women could bring a – felt women could bring a

fresh, compassionate perspective to politics.fresh, compassionate perspective to politics. Improve Improve status of womenstatus of women who often lived a who often lived a

harsh life.harsh life. Led by Led by Nellie McClungNellie McClung.. Prairie women = 1Prairie women = 1stst to vote => ‘work by your to vote => ‘work by your

man.’man.’ B.C. started in 1871 & women gained vote in B.C. started in 1871 & women gained vote in

1917.1917. Social ReformsSocial Reforms

ProhibitionProhibition – blamed most social ills (poverty, – blamed most social ills (poverty, child neglect, & abuse) on alcoholism.child neglect, & abuse) on alcoholism.

Formed the Womens Christian Temperance Formed the Womens Christian Temperance Union (Union (WCTUWCTU).).

Nellie McClung

Would this turn you off of alcohol?

THE STRUGGLE FOR HUMAN RIGHTS THE NATIVE PEOPLES Gov’ts main objective was Gov’ts main objective was assimilationassimilation & &

treaties/reservestreaties/reserves to free up land for settlement. to free up land for settlement. The Natives used the The Natives used the Royal Proclamation of 1763Royal Proclamation of 1763

and the and the Indian Act of 1876Indian Act of 1876 to protect their land & to protect their land & culture.culture.

Residential schoolsResidential schools Could not practice customs or languages.Could not practice customs or languages. Banned the Banned the PotlatchPotlatch

Prov./Federal responsibilitiesProv./Federal responsibilities.. Fed. = Indian Affairs Prov. = Native LandsFed. = Indian Affairs Prov. = Native Lands

Land Claim IssuesLand Claim Issues 1916 – 1916 – Royal CommissionRoyal Commission.. Allied Tribes of B.C.Allied Tribes of B.C. rejected report. rejected report. Nisga’a Land ClaimNisga’a Land Claim – 1 – 1stst signed modern treaty. signed modern treaty.

*

* Nisga’a Land Claim

Residential schools

WONDERS OF THE LAURIER AGE

Silver Dart - 1st Flight in Canada

Can. = #1 telephone userin the world. 1902 Morse Code –

Across the Atlantic. Can. = 1st radio broadcast.In 1912, it would save 700lives aboard the Titanic.

Cars & gas stations emerged in Can. - mixed reactions.

Bikes became the rage. Even changed the way ladies dressed.

1st Can. movie showing.

Tommy Burns, only Can. heavyweight champ.

Ten timedefendingChamp.

1909, Nova Scotia.

Babe Ruth’s 1st homerun hitIn Toronto, 1909.

WONDERS OF THE LAURIER AGE

Tom Longboat Six Nations Reserve

Long Dist. Run Champ.

1909 Grey Cup Champs

1912 Calgary Stampede

Artist Emily Carr 1st worked as a cartoonist in Victoria.

WONDERS OF THE LAURIER AGE

Available in Can. By 1910

1900 Hershey’s chocolate5 cent chocolate bars

Coke was first marketed as Medicine.

The success of Coke promptedToronto Pharmacist to develop

Canada Dry Ginger Ale.

Public MoralsBy-laws

1900 Bathing suits

MALE

FEMALE

1907 VICTORIA VIDEO FOOTAGE

http://www.hallmarksociety.ca/Harbeck/1907v.htm