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Chapter 7 Name: _____________________Period: _____

Viruses

A virus is ___________________________________________________________

THEY ARE NOT CELLS!!!!!

o Why???

Do not use ________ to grow

Do not _______________________________________________, or excrete wastes

Viruses can __________________ or ________________________

_____________________

o Why?? __________________________________________________________

Viruses infect organisms from __________________________________________

The organism that a virus _________________ inside of is called a ________

o ________________________________________________________________

________________________________________________________________

Viruses are __________________________

o Organisms that _______________________ a host and cause it ________

Structure of Viruses

______________________ than cells

Vary in ______________ and __________________

o Round, rods, bricks, threads, bullets, or robot-like

______________________-a virus that __________________ a bacteria

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All viruses have two basic parts:

o 1. ___________________________

o 2. ______________________________________________________________

Protein coat

_________________ the virus

Each virus has ________________ surface ___________________

These allow the virus to attach to certain cells in the ________

Works like a ___________________________

o Very specific

Because of this, a certain virus can attach _________________________________

_____________________________________________________________________

o Ex: Cold virus can only attach to the cells in the ________ and ________

Inner Core

Contains the ________ or genetic material of the __________

Drawing of a Virus:

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How Viruses Multiply

Once inside a cell, the virus’s _____________ takes over many of the cell’s

________________

It _____________ the cell to ___________ the virus’s ____________ and genetic

material

These proteins and genetic material than _____________ into ________

________ (JUST LIKE A MILITARY INVASION)

Some take over the cell’s _____________________________ , and some ________

Active Viruses

These viruses __________________ take over their ________ ’ cell’s functions

The ____________ cell makes copy after copy of ___________________________

When it is full of new viruses, the host cell _______________________________

___________________________________________________

Hidden Viruses

These viruses ________________ immediately become active

The virus’s genetic material ______________ the host’s genetic material

The virus _________ seem to ____________ the host and may stay ___________

for years

Each time the host cell ____________ , its genetic material also gets __________

on to the _____________ cells

Under certain conditions , the ____________ genetic material will become

__________________ (stress often sets these off)

Now it ________ ________ the cell’s functions

________ new viruses and bursts open

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Viruses and Disease

Viruses cause _________________

Some are __________ and you soon get better

o ______________________

Some have _____________ consequences and are _______________

o ________

Viruses can cause disease in other _______________ besides humans

Apple mosaic viruses makes ____________________________________________

Viral diseases (diseases caused by a virus) can be __________ in many ways:

o 1. __________ with a contaminated object

o 2. ___________ of an _______________________ animal

o 3. Tiny droplets of ________________ (cough or sneeze)

o 4. Contact with _______________________ (blood, semen, etc)

Treating Viral Diseases

THEY ARE NOT ANY CURES FOR VIRUSES

Over-the-counter medicines can only _____________________________

o Rest, plenty of fluids, and well-balanced ideas are the only things you

can do

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Preventing Viral Disease

1. Vaccine

o Substance __________________ into the body to _______________ the

production of chemicals that _________________ specific disease causing

viruses

o Made of _____________________ or _____________ viruses

2. Keep your body healthy!!!

o _______________________________

o ______________________________________________________________

What is it??

They thrive in your container of yogurt. They lurk in your kitchen sponge.

They coat your skin and swarm inside your nose. You cannot escape them because

they live almost everywhere. There are more of these organisms in your mouth than

there are people on Earth!! What are they??? ________________________

Bacteria

___________________ in the 1600’s

Found by ________________________________________ on accident

______________________ organisms

____________________(cells do not contain a nucleus)

Do ______have _____________________or _____________________in their cells

_______________cells are surrounded by a ______________________________

May also have a _________________ (a long ______ structure that helps a cell to

______________ )

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Bacterial Cell Sizes

They _______ greatly in _____________

Can be as ______ as the _________ at the end of this sentence.

An _____________________ is about 0.5 to 1 ________________ (that’s one

millionth of a meter!!)

Bacterial Cell Shapes

Are either:

1.___________________

2.___________________

3.___________________

The ______ makeup of the ________________________ determines the

___________________

How do bacteria obtain food and energy?

Bacteria must have a _____________ of _________ and a way of ______________

__________ the food to ____________________________________________

Obtaining Food

Some are _________________________ (can make ________________ food)

Others are _________________________ (cannot make their own food). These

organisms ______________ other ______________ or the food that other

organisms ______________.

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Where do they get their energy from?

Bacteria need a ___________________________________________________

They get their ___________ from _______________________________________

in the process of ______________________

o Respiration is the process by which cells _________________________

simple food molecules to ______________________________ they contain

Examples

_______________________ bacteria, found in ______________ , break down the

__________ in _________ for food

_______________________ bacteria that cause the __________ , cloudy scum in

some __________ use the sun’s __________ to ______________________

o The ______________________ bacteria that are found in _______________

use ______________ energy from their ________________ to make ______

Reproduction

Bacteria can ______________________ by both asexual and sexual reproduction

Bacteria reproduce by a process called ___________________________ in which

______ cell divides to form _____________________________

o Asexual reproduction involves only ___________________________ and

produces offspring that are _______________________________________

Some bacteria undergo __________________________________ where 2 parents

combine their ______________________________ to produce a ______ organism

This is called ______________________ (where one bacterium _______________

some __________________________ to another bacterium through a __________

______________ and after the transfer the cells __________________ )

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Conjugation results in bacteria with new __________________________ of

genetic material. Then when those bacteria divide by _____________________,

the new combinations of genetic material pass to the _______________ .

Conjugation does ______ ______________ the number of bacteria, but it does

result in ________________________________________________

Endospore Formation

An _____________________ is a small, rounded, thick-walled, resting cell that

forms ___________ of a bacterial cell. It contains the cell’s _______________

______________ and some of its _______________________ .

Endospores can ______________ _____________________ , _______________ ,

and ________________ , and can survive for _________ _____________ .

Role of Bacteria in Nature

Bacteria are involved in:

o ____________________________ production

o Environmental ________________ _______________________

o Health ________________ and medicine ____________________

Protists

Protists are ______________ that ________________ be classified as ___________

_____________ or ________________

Remember…the “odds and ends kingdom”

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Why is it called the odds and ends Kingdom??

Most are ______________________ but some can be ___________________

Some are ___________________ , some are ______________________ and others

are ______

Some _____________ _____________ , while others ______ around ______ on

their own

Animal-like Protists

____________________, ____________________ and most are able to move from

__________________________ to obtain food

Also known as _______________________

4 kinds of Protozoans

1. Protozoans with ___________________ (temporary bulges of the cell)

2. Protozoans with _______________ (hairlike ______________________ from cells

that move with a ______________________ motion )

3. Protozoans with ______________ (long, _____________________________ )

4. Protozoans that are _________________ (all ______ on the cells and __________

__________ of their ___________ )

Plantlike Protists

Commonly called ______________________

All are __________________________

Come in many _________________________________ and __________________

Can be ____________________ or _____________________________

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6 kinds of Plantlike Protists

1. _________________ = _________________ with _________________ cell walls

2. _________________ = _________________ ________ surrounded by ______ ______

that look like a suit of armor

3. _________________ = _________, __________________ algae that are found mostly

in _______________________. These can be _________________ under certain

conditions

4. _________________ = multicellular, _______________________

5. _________________ = contain green ____________ and are very ________________ .

Live in both ________________________ and ____________________

6. _________________ = these are the common _________________ . Also contain

____________, ____________, and ____________ pigments . (aka: kelp!)

Fungus like Protists

Are _________________ that have _________ _________ and _____________ to

reproduce. All are able to _________ at some point in their lives.

There are three types of fungus-like protists

o 1. _________________

o 2. _________________

o 3. _________________

Fungi

Fungi are _________________ that have ______ ______ , are _________________

that feed by _________________ their food, and use ___________ to reproduce .

They all need ___________ , ____________ places in which to __________

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Cell Structure

Can be really tiny ____________ organisms to __________ _______________

organisms

The cells of most fungi are arranged in _______________ called ______________.

Hyphae are the _________________________________________ that make up

the _________________ of multicellular fungi

Obtaining food

Fungi absorb food through ______________ that grow _______ a food source

Reproduction in Fungi

Fungi usually reproduce by making ____________ . The _________________

________________ are surrounded by a ____________________ ______________

and can be carried easily through ______ or ______ to new sites

o Think about how this might happen!

Fungi produce _____________ in reproductive structures called _____________

____________________

Unicellular ___________ ______ undergo a form of asexual reproduction called

____________________

o In budding, __________________________________. Instead, a small

yeast cell grows from the body of a __________ cell in a way that is

similar to the way a __________________________________________

Fungi can also reproduce __________________________ .

The hyphae of _________________________ and genetic material is

_______________ . Eventually, a ______ reproductive structure grows from the

joined hyphae and __________________ __________________

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Role of fungi in nature

Fungi provide _____________________________. ex: ______________________

They also play a role in _________________ and __________________ on Earth.

Some fungi cause ______________ while others ____________ disease.

Classification of Fungi

There are three major groups of fungi: sac fungi, club fungi and zygote fungi

Spore Type:

Examples:

FUNGI

SAC FUNGI CLUB FUNGI

ZYGOTEFUNGI

Largest group!!!