US HistoryChapter 7 & 8 Picture Review

Essay Review: Question #1

• Discuss the reasons immigrants came to the United States in the last half of the 19th century and the problems they encountered upon arriving.

Why did the Immigrants come?

• The promise of a better life• Jobs• Land

• Escape difficult conditions• Famine• Land shortages• Religious/political persecution

• Temporary money seekers• Discovery of gold

Biggest Problems

• Language • Most did not speak English.

• Money• Many were very poor upon arrival.

• Job Skills• Very few immigrants had job skills

because they came from an agricultural background.

Essay #2

• Describe the problems that growing cities encountered in the last half of the 19th century and the solutions that were used to fix these problems.

Urban Problems

• Housing• Problem: Overcrowded in cities, or too far

away to travel to work.• Solution: Row Houses, Minimum Standards

laws, Air Vents/Windows.

• Transportation• Problem: Demand of expanding populations.• Solution: New mass transit systems using

Electric Street Cars, Subways, & El Trains.

Urban Problems

• Water• Problem: Low supply of safe drinking water

leads to diseases.• Solution: Filtration and Chlorination systems

are introduced.

• Sanitation• Problem: Growing cities are tough to keep

clean – no dependable trash collection.• Solution: Cities develop sewer lines and

sanitation departments.

Urban Problems continued…

• Crime• Problem: Growing populations and tough

conditions lead to increased criminal activity.• Solution: Cities tried to hire a fully paid police

force.

• Fire• Problem: Limited water supply, wooden buildings,

and the use of candles & kerosene heaters caused many fires.

• Solution: Full-time professional fire departments, fire sprinklers, and replacing wood with concrete, brick, and stone.

Essay #3

• Compare and contrast the careers and ideas of Booker T. Washington and W.E.B. Du Bois for achieving racial equality.

Booker T. Washington & W.E.B. DuBois• Freed from slavery as a

child.• African-American educator

& Civil Rights Leader• Founded Tuskegee

University• Believed racism would end

once black students acquired useful labor skills.

• Strategy: Work from the bottom up. (gradually)

• First African American to be invited to the White House.

• Born into a free mixed race family in Massachusetts.

• Scholar & Civil Rights Leader

• Founder of the NAACP• Believed racism would

end using the “talented tenth” principle.

• Strategy: Work from the top down. (quickly)

• First African American to receive a doctorate from Harvard.

Differences in TheoryB. T. Washington & W. E. B Dubois

Booker T. Washington• believed that African

Americans should be given a technical education so that they could become valuable and successful workers.

• “it is at the bottom of life we must begin, and not at the top.”

W. E. B. Du Bois• believed that African

Americans had to demand political equality before they could Achieve economic or social equality.

• “We refuse to surrender… leadership…to cowards and trucklers. We are men; we will be treated as men.”

What was the name of the policy that the U.S. and Japanese government agreed upon that slowed

Japanese immigration to the U.S.?

Gentleman’s Agreement

What did the Chinese Exclusion Act ban?

All Chinese immigration of worker’s into the U.S.

Who believed in the power of the “Talented Tenth”?

W.E.B. Du Bois

The poll tax, literacy test, and grandfather clause had what effect on African Americans?

Took away their right to vote.

Settlement Houses were founded in the late 1800’s by who?

Social Reformers.

The illegal use of political influence for personal gain is called…?

Graft.

What act required applicants for government jobs to pass an examination?

The Pendleton Civil Service Act.

Who created the White City for the World’s Columbian Exposition in 1893?

Daniel Burnham

What precedent did the Supreme Court establish in Plessy v. Ferguson?

“Separate but Equal”

What amendment did Homer Plessy claim was violated in his famous Supreme Court case?

14th Amendment – Rights of Citizenship