Essential Nutrients Soils Nodules and Mycorrhizae Plant Nutrition - Ch 37.
Ch 6 Soils and Land Use
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Transcript of Ch 6 Soils and Land Use
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Soils and Land Use
Land Use Properties of Soils and Soil Quality
Soil Surveys and Interpretive Soils Mapping
Land Application of Wastes Soil Erosion, Assessment, and Mitigation
Urban Soils
Agricultural Lands and Land Evaluation andSite Assessment (LESA)
Urban Agriculture and Food Systems Planning
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Wetland Soils
Hydric conditions
Land Use
Properties of
Soils
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Soil Stability:
Unified Soil Classification System
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Soil Drainability
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Soil Erodibility:
4 types
of watererosion
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Soil Productivity and Resource Value:
USDA Agricultural Land Capability Classification
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USDA Textural
Classification of
Soils
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The Modern Soil Survey
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Step 2: List soils and their rating or
limitation from soil survey tables
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Step 3: Make table sorting soils by category:
Limitations for Dwellings with Basements
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Dwellings with basements
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Dwellings with basements
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Web Soil Surveyhttp://websoilsurvey.nrcs.usda.gov/app/HomePage.htm
http://websoilsurvey.nrcs.usda.gov/app/HomePage.htmhttp://websoilsurvey.nrcs.usda.gov/app/HomePage.htm -
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Soil Data Mart: http://soildatamart.nrcs.usda.gov/
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Soils and On-site Wastewater and
Land Application of Wastes On-site septic systems
Sanitary landfills
Sewage sludge biosolids
Animal manures and nutrient management
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On-site Wastewater Systems
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An aside: Sewers and
Septic in Blacksburg
Parts of the town unserved
700 septic systems
Future of Toms Creek basin?
New sewer interceptor
proposed in 2002, but the basinis zoned for rural residential
Concern: Build it, they will
come (dense development
follows infrastructure)
Approved by Council, thencitizens voted Council out
No sewer line!
Rd.
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ood
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Givens
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Dr.
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ryde
Grove Ave.
Dr.
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Blvd.
University
City
P r o g r e s s
S t .
T u rn e r
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North
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Dr.Henry
Patrick
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Alleghany S
t.Lee
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Washing
tonSt.
Highland Cir.
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Farm
Dr.
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US 460Bypass
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.
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Existing Public Sanitary
Sewer Service Areas
November 27, 2001
Town of Blacksburg
G:\04Complan\Whole town\Utilities\Sewer.dwg
Areas with Public Sanitary
Sewer provided
Virginia Tech
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So then
what? Toms Creek area will
develop in clusters
with open space
Is conventional septic
a good idea?
No, but there are
alternatives:
Septic tank effluentpump/gravity systems
(STEP/STEG)
Proposed Houses
Open Space
Natural Hydrology
Conceptual Development of
the Tom's Creek Basin at
Full Buildout
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Village at Toms Creek STEP/STEG System
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Soil Erosion: Some success
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Revised Universal Soil Loss Equation
(RUSLE)
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Erodibility Factors in Soil Survey
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Erodibility Index and HEL
Erodibility Index (EI) = K x R x LS
T
Where:
T = Erosion Tolerance (usually 3-5 tons/acre)
(values are given in Soil Survey)
Highly Erodible Lands (HEL) have EI>8
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RUSLE2 Software:http://www.ars.usda.gov/Research/docs.htm?docid=6038
Chose a location to set climate: from the pop-down menu which
reveals states then general area with in the state. Pick the nearest
location to your site and it will set the r value.
Choose the soil type: this is done by textural class and high-medium-low organic matter and permeability, all of which can be gleaned
from the soil survey for the site.
Set slope topography: length and steepness are simply entered.
Select and modify management: this sets the c value by selecting
from an extensive pop-down menu of values specific to land use,cover, and management.
Set supporting practices: this sets the p value from pop-down
choices under contouring, strips/barriers and diversion/sediment
basin.
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Erosion & Sedimentation Control Practices
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Urban Soil Problems
Soil Compaction: increased bulk density caused by anyweight on land surface, such as construction equipment,vehicles, and pedestrians. Compacted soil inhibits drainage,aeration, and root growth, and behaves like impervioussurfaces.
Impervious Surfaces like roads and parking lots interruptexchange of gases, alter drainage, and increase soiltemperature.
Moving Soils through grading and clearing eliminates topsoil,
increases erosion, and affects drainage and aeration. Soil Contamination: chemical spills, waste dumping,
excessive fertilizer/pesticide use, and runoff pollutioncontaminate soils.
Use of Fill Dirt affects drainage, aeration, and compaction.
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Erosion and Sediment Control Planning
Design Phase Evaluate the site: topography, drainage, vegetation, soils, rainfall patterns.
Divide the site into the natural drainage areas
Plan the development to fit the site.
Determine limits of clearing and grading. Divide the project into smaller phases.
Divert water from disturbed areas, minimize length and steepness of slopes, avoid
soil compaction Select temporary and permanent erosion and sediment control practices:
Soil stabilization (soil cover: vegetative and non-vegetative covers)
Sediment control (sediment filters, basins)
Runoff control (diversion, check dams)
Construction Phase
Temporary structure practices Erosion control blankets, Straw bale dike, Silt fence, Temporary swale
Operation Phase
Maintain installed E&S practices
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E&SC Example1. Grassed diversion
swale
2. Cut made for thebuilding is stabilized
3. Clearing done only
where necessary
4. Pond is constructed
on the lower terrace5. Bridge is built over
No Name Brook
6. Grassed diversion
swale above cut for the
access road
7. Access road entrance
is stabilized
8. Filter fence is
constructed along the
access road and parallel
to Pine Creek
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Agricultural Land Conversion
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Tools to Protect
The Working Landscape
Agricultural Zoning
Exclusive
Non-exclusive Cluster/Conservation Zoning
Conservation Easements/
Purchase of Development Rights
Transfer of Development Sites
Agricultural Districting
Differential Use-Value Taxation
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Land Evaluation and
Site Assessment (LESA) Land Evaluation (LE): rates soil
capability for agriculture; groups soils into
10 categories rated 0-100 points
Site Assessment (SA): rates sites non-soilfactors affecting suitability for agriculture;
sum-of-weighted-factors totals 0-200points
LESA = LE + SA = 0-300 points
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LESA WS #2: Land Evaluation Groups & Relative LE Values
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Indicator Crop Yields from Soil Survey Table
Site Assessment Factors, Scoring, Weights, Adjusted Weights
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Uses of LESA
Evaluating rezoning requests for lands zoned
for agriculture
Impact assessment
Prioritizing or qualifying sites for land
conservation programs, e.g., Agricultural
Districts, PDR, TDR, Conservation Easements
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Critique of LESA
Pros
Considers soil and non-soil factors
Flexible so communities can use own factors
Sum-of-weighted-factors judgments made bylocal committee
Cons
Relative value of soil factors (1/3) questioned Flexibility can lead to misuse
County-specific factors/weights make itdifficult to compare values between counties
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Urban Agriculture and Food
System Planning Food has become an important part of
sustainable community planning:
Access to local food, organic food, groceries
18,000 community gardens in the U.S.
6,132 farmers markets up 16% since 2009
Composting gives back to the soil
About 15% of worlds food is grown in
urban areas
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Community Food System
Troy Gardens, Madison, WI31 it 5 ff d bl h i d l t
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Community Gardens
31 acre site: 5-acre affordable housing development
300 community garden plots
5-acre community supported agriculture (CSA) farm
Prairie preserve and hiking trails