THE INDUSTRIAL

REVOLUTION

THE INDUSTRIAL

REVOLUTION

Industrial Revolution?

Industrial Revolution?

Revolutions: some violent, others due to new inventions

Post 1700 Great Britain: Industrial Revolution

Transformations: Farming Towns & cities Factories

Revolutions: some violent, others due to new inventions

Post 1700 Great Britain: Industrial Revolution

Transformations: Farming Towns & cities Factories

Industrial RevolutionIndustrial Revolution Wealth and social organization

Problems: Factory working conditions Dirty, crowded, diseased cities Child labour Long term problems: exploitation, global warming, ozone

layer Global Economy: countries linked in complex trade

arrangements Colonial ties (“mother” country)

Wealth and social organization Problems:

Factory working conditions Dirty, crowded, diseased cities Child labour Long term problems: exploitation, global warming, ozone

layer Global Economy: countries linked in complex trade

arrangements Colonial ties (“mother” country)

WHY BRITAIN?WHY BRITAIN?

Good labour supply. Better farming technology. Middle class passed laws

to increase business. Surplus of capital ($$$). Science improved technology. Transportation networks. Raw materials.

Iron & coal. Colonies (Import raw materials)

Good labour supply. Better farming technology. Middle class passed laws

to increase business. Surplus of capital ($$$). Science improved technology. Transportation networks. Raw materials.

Iron & coal. Colonies (Import raw materials)

An Agricultural RevolutionAn Agricultural RevolutionAn Agricultural RevolutionAn Agricultural Revolution Strip farming (inefficient) – moved to enclosure (more

profitable) Commons:

Divided into private properties Wealthy obtained the land – could pay the fees

Enclosures hurt poor farmers Lose place to: graze sheep & cows, collect crucial supplies Forced to sell land to the wealthy

Often move to city for work = cities full of unemployed farmers & families

“The Midlands” (Manchester, Liverpool) grew to huge cities

Strip farming (inefficient) – moved to enclosure (more profitable)

Commons: Divided into private properties Wealthy obtained the land – could pay the fees

Enclosures hurt poor farmers Lose place to: graze sheep & cows, collect crucial supplies Forced to sell land to the wealthy

Often move to city for work = cities full of unemployed farmers & families

“The Midlands” (Manchester, Liverpool) grew to huge cities

THE AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTIONTHE AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTION

NEW BREEDS – Glouster spot pig. HUGE!

Enclosure produced labourers

Commons Lands

An Agricultural RevolutionAn Agricultural RevolutionAn Agricultural RevolutionAn Agricultural Revolution

Enclosures changed attitude towards farming Business & profit vs. survival

Changes in large-scale farming: new plants & animals, mechanization

Agricultural Revolution: helped create & support Industrial Revolution

Enclosures changed attitude towards farming Business & profit vs. survival

Changes in large-scale farming: new plants & animals, mechanization

Agricultural Revolution: helped create & support Industrial Revolution

New BreedsNew Breeds

Better animals = more profits Positives: hardier, less likely to catch

disease Negative: more expensive (poorer farmers

couldn’t compete)

Better animals = more profits Positives: hardier, less likely to catch

disease Negative: more expensive (poorer farmers

couldn’t compete)

New Crops & TechnologiesNew Crops & Technologies

Farming for profit = more willing to invest $ Many more risks being taken Inventors:

Jethro Tull Soil: break up & enrich with manure “Seed Drill”: protect seeds & uniform rows

Lord “Turnip” Townshend Crop rotations

Farming for profit = more willing to invest $ Many more risks being taken Inventors:

Jethro Tull Soil: break up & enrich with manure “Seed Drill”: protect seeds & uniform rows

Lord “Turnip” Townshend Crop rotations

THE AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTIONNEW CROPS & TECHNOLOGIES

THE AGRICULTURAL REVOLUTIONNEW CROPS & TECHNOLOGIES

=>JETHRO TULL’SSeed Drill - faster,less waste, plowed, fewer workers, planted in rows.Broadcasting

MEDIEVALTHREE FIELD

SYSTEM(fallow crop)

=>IND. REVOLUTION

FOUR FIELDSYSTEM(no fallow)

=>Turnip => BarleyGrasses wheat

=>

RESULT - As farming improved population increased and diets improved. This provided the necessary labour force needed for the Industrial Revolution to occur.- France and other nations remained “backward.”

ECONOMIC REVOLUTIONECONOMIC REVOLUTION Entrepreneurs.

A person who takes risks to runs a business.

Middle Class - earned $ Only the wealthy could sit in gov’t.

Franchise. The right to vote. Only the wealthy & no women.

Two political parties. Tories - rich landowners. Whigs - middle class businessmen.

Entrepreneurs. A person who takes risks to runs a

business. Middle Class - earned $ Only the wealthy could sit in gov’t.

Franchise. The right to vote. Only the wealthy & no women.

Two political parties. Tories - rich landowners. Whigs - middle class businessmen.

LAISSEZ-FAIRE - Economic policy that discouraged gov’t regulation. “Let it Be.” - Often hurt the common labourer => wages, conditions, living conditions, etc.

The Entrepreneur

The Workers

THE TEXTILE INDUSTRYTHE TEXTILE INDUSTRY

SPINNING JENNYSpun the yarn needed for the Flying Shuttle

FLYING SHUTTLE Used for weaving cloth.

John Kay

James Hargreaves

New inventions made inventors a fortune and would completelychange society.

Everything once done by hand was now being

completed mechanically.

OTHER INVENTIONSOTHER INVENTIONS

WATER FRAMEWay to spin yarn

With rollers. Faster than The Spinning Jenny

Richard Arkwright

THE MULECombined the Water Frame

And the Spinning Jenny

STEAM MACHINEOriginally used to take water

out of the mines.

Samuel Compton

James Watt

IRON AND COALIRON AND COALAbraham Darby - invented a process to create cast iron. - Coke is used to create iron. - Coke comes from coal => coal

mining boomed.

Coal was also used to heat homes.

- working conditions were harsh.- wages were low- many died from Black Lung.

TRANSPORTATIONTRANSPORTATION ROADS

Had to find a way to improve on the old medieval ‘mud tracks’. Turnpike system

built roads and charged tolls. James Macadam -

3 layers of graded stone. Still used today.

CANALS By 1800, 4000km of canals had been built.

RAILWAYS 1829 George & Robert Stevenson used a steam engine to build ‘The Rocket”

Train = 39 km / hr. Train became most important means of transportation.

ROADS Had to find a way to improve on the old medieval ‘mud tracks’. Turnpike system

built roads and charged tolls. James Macadam -

3 layers of graded stone. Still used today.

CANALS By 1800, 4000km of canals had been built.

RAILWAYS 1829 George & Robert Stevenson used a steam engine to build ‘The Rocket”

Train = 39 km / hr. Train became most important means of transportation.

THE FACTORY SYSTEMTHE FACTORY SYSTEM

THE DOMESTIC SYSTEM- rural & family oriented.- quality varied.- income supplemented

lifestyle.- poorly paid.- many weavers lowered prices => supply &

demand.

=>

THE FACTORY SYSTEM- urban- faster & cheaper- consistent quality- living conditions ???- poor working conditions- required large spaces and power sources.- poor wages.- child labour

Factories would give rise to ‘The Factory Acts’ & Unions.

Transportation – from Market Transportation – from Market to Marketto Market

Transportation – from Market Transportation – from Market to Marketto Market

Transportation of goods crucial 1700 England: poor infrastructure Transportation Strategies:

Turnpike System: private companies build & charge tolls

Engineer: James Macadam

Roads would not become muddy 3 layers of graded stone

Much quicker transportation of goods & information

Transportation of goods crucial 1700 England: poor infrastructure Transportation Strategies:

Turnpike System: private companies build & charge tolls

Engineer: James Macadam

Roads would not become muddy 3 layers of graded stone

Much quicker transportation of goods & information

Transportation – from Market Transportation – from Market to Marketto Market

Transportation – from Market Transportation – from Market to Marketto Market

Canals: networks of narrow artificial channels Reduced cost of shipping by ¾ Early 19th C: 4000 km of canals

Railways: most important means of transportation

Steam engine locomotives 1829: “Rocket” traveled 39 km/hr Late 1800s: railway lines in Europe & N. America

Canals: networks of narrow artificial channels Reduced cost of shipping by ¾ Early 19th C: 4000 km of canals

Railways: most important means of transportation

Steam engine locomotives 1829: “Rocket” traveled 39 km/hr Late 1800s: railway lines in Europe & N. America

Mechanization and the Factory SystemMechanization and the Factory System

Cottage Industry: products made in houses Financed by capitalists Spinning & weaving → clothiers sold finished goods Advantages:

Family & community Disadvantages:

Poor pay, long hours Not specialized “Law of Supply & Demand”: little power

Cottage Industry: products made in houses Financed by capitalists Spinning & weaving → clothiers sold finished goods Advantages:

Family & community Disadvantages:

Poor pay, long hours Not specialized “Law of Supply & Demand”: little power

The Factory AgeThe Factory Age

New inventions = lose cottage system Need factories for power & space

New cities & housing developments Factories house all stages of

manufacturing Low wages, poor working conditions

New inventions = lose cottage system Need factories for power & space

New cities & housing developments Factories house all stages of

manufacturing Low wages, poor working conditions

Child LabourChild LabourChild LabourChild Labour Industrialization brought injustices for children Poor:

Education not mandatory: couldn’t read or write Families needed every member to provide

Labour: Small size: textiles, mine shafts, chimney cleaner Exposed to pollution Deafening noise Buy poor food Work overtime shifts Physical abuse

Industrialization brought injustices for children Poor:

Education not mandatory: couldn’t read or write Families needed every member to provide

Labour: Small size: textiles, mine shafts, chimney cleaner Exposed to pollution Deafening noise Buy poor food Work overtime shifts Physical abuse

Child LabourChild LabourChild LabourChild Labour Results:

Growth stunted Bodies deformed

1830s: British government becomes interested in working conditions Interviewed child labourers & survivers

Results: Growth stunted Bodies deformed

1830s: British government becomes interested in working conditions Interviewed child labourers & survivers

The Factory ActsThe Factory ActsThe Factory ActsThe Factory Acts

Social Reformers try to improve working conditions

Guilds formed (medieval) Look after interests of members Band together: less isolation & more influence Governments declared them illegal

Parliament controlled by rich & powerful Laissez-faire: no government regulation

Social Reformers try to improve working conditions

Guilds formed (medieval) Look after interests of members Band together: less isolation & more influence Governments declared them illegal

Parliament controlled by rich & powerful Laissez-faire: no government regulation

The Factory ActsThe Factory ActsThe Factory ActsThe Factory Acts “Factory Acts” eventually written

1802: children couldn’t work >12 hours straight in cotton mills

1819: illegal to hire child <9 years in textile industry No inspectors, other industries not protected 1824: early form of labour unions legalized

Middle & Upper classes: working class should work as much as possible Worry of “evil” occupations ex. drinking & gambling

“Factory Acts” eventually written 1802: children couldn’t work >12 hours straight in

cotton mills 1819: illegal to hire child <9 years in textile industry No inspectors, other industries not protected 1824: early form of labour unions legalized

Middle & Upper classes: working class should work as much as possible Worry of “evil” occupations ex. drinking & gambling

Society & CultureSociety & CultureSociety & CultureSociety & Culture Britain: rigid social system

Born into social groups Upper Class (“Society”): right schools, churches, etc. Middle Class/Working Class: grew during industrial

revolution Father: worked in professions, business person, military

Lower Middle Class: white collar workers, teachers below University level

Working Class: worked in trades or factory

Britain: rigid social system Born into social groups Upper Class (“Society”): right schools, churches, etc. Middle Class/Working Class: grew during industrial

revolution Father: worked in professions, business person, military

Lower Middle Class: white collar workers, teachers below University level

Working Class: worked in trades or factory

Women in the Industrial AgeWomen in the Industrial Age

Mostly in cottage industry, but eventually declined

Options: Countryside:

Servants, farms Factories

Changes: Cash money of own = independence Middle & upper class = pampered by servants

Mostly in cottage industry, but eventually declined

Options: Countryside:

Servants, farms Factories

Changes: Cash money of own = independence Middle & upper class = pampered by servants

Society & CultureSociety & Culture The Poor Slums in cities Streets & sewers not built Crime & disease common Not enough “Poor Law” relief for thousands

Charity often poorly distributed Workhouses turned to in desperation 1800s: numerical information about society

gathered

The Poor Slums in cities Streets & sewers not built Crime & disease common Not enough “Poor Law” relief for thousands

Charity often poorly distributed Workhouses turned to in desperation 1800s: numerical information about society

gathered

Society and CultureSociety and Culture

Population on the Move countryside → city Europe → overseas colonies (ex. Canada)

Promoted by land speculators The Irish Potato Famine Potato: staple food 1840s: Irish peasants grew & ate them 1845: Disease = loss of potatoes

hunger left homelands, move to industrial cities or colonies

Population on the Move countryside → city Europe → overseas colonies (ex. Canada)

Promoted by land speculators The Irish Potato Famine Potato: staple food 1840s: Irish peasants grew & ate them 1845: Disease = loss of potatoes

hunger left homelands, move to industrial cities or colonies

Society and CultureSociety and Culture

The Clearances In Scotland: Landlords rid of tenants

(“crofters”) to use land for raising sheep Farms burned to prevent return Move to industrial cities or colonies

The Clearances In Scotland: Landlords rid of tenants

(“crofters”) to use land for raising sheep Farms burned to prevent return Move to industrial cities or colonies