Ch 42 Circulation

7/29/2019 Ch 42 Circulation

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Plasma-55%

Formed

elements-45%


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Circulatory system

Closed circulatory system

Open circulatory system


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Open Circulatory System


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Human circulatory system

closed and complete doubled circulatory system


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Blood vessels

Artery

Vein


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Artery

vein


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ArteryVein

Valve

endothelium

Smooth muscles

Connectivetissue


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Artery/Vein differences

Arteries Veins

Direction

of flow

Carry oxygenate

blood Away from

Heart

Carry deoxygenated

blood to Heart

Pressure Higher Lower

Walls THICKER muscular

wall

THINNER musculat

wallLumen Smaller Larger

Valves No valves Valves (see next)


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Vertebrate Heart 4-Chambered heart

atria (atrium)

thin wall

collection chamber

receive blood

ventricles

thick wall pump

pump blood outright

atrium

leftatrium

right

ventricle

left

ventricle


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Electrical signals

allows atria to emptycompletely beforeventricles contract

stimulates ventriclesto contract from

bottom to top, drivingblood into arteries

heart pumping controlled by electrical impulses


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One-Way Valves in

Veins


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Sphygnomamometer


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Measuring Blood Pressure


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Capillaries

capillary vessel


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venule capillaries

arteriole


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AtriumVentricle
http://www.gsu.edu/~bioasx/fish.gifhttp://www.gsu.edu/~bioasx/fish.gifhttp://www.meer.org/fishbody-teeth-gills-2a.gif


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Countercurrent exchangesystem

Fig. 42-21b


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g

Gills

(b) Crayfish


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A BLOOD CLOT


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THE HEMOSTASIS PROCESSES


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arteriole

venule

lymphaticcapillaries

bloodcapillaries

lymphatic

vessel


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Lymph

Water plus solutes from two sources

Plasma: ions, nutrients, gases, some proteins

Cells: hormones, enzymes, waste products

Returns to circulatory system via veins;

essential for fluid balance.


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Formation of Lymph

interstitial fluid

blood capillary

lymphatic capillary

tissue cell


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Components of the Lymphatic

SystemA. Lymphfluid collected in lymph vessels

Clear straw colored fluidsame basic

component as plasma


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Function

1. Collects fluid lost from the blood and returns

it to the circulatory system

More than three liters of fluid leave the capillarieseach day

This continually bathes the cells

There is twice as much lymph in the body as blood

Lymph is dumped back into the circulatory system

thru the superior vena cava


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Functions contd

2. Filters fluid to rid it of bacteria and other

pathogens


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More Functions

3. Collects fat from the small intestine and

delivers it to the circulatory system

4. Generates and stores WBCs called

lymphocytes that fight infection


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How is fluid moved?

Contraction of skeletal muscles againstlymphatic vessels

Smooth muscle contraction

Valves in lymphatic vessels

Breathing

Obstruction of system leads to edema


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Edema

Swelling of tissues due to excess fluid

accumulation

Caused by disease or injury


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Lymph Transport

lacks pump for circulation relies on activity of skeletal muscles and

pulsation of nearby arteries for movement of

fluid

3L of lymph enters blood stream every 24 hrs proteins easily enter lymphatic system

uptake of large particles such as cell debris,

pathogens, and cancer cells

lymph nodes where it is cleansed of debris

and examined by cells of the immune system

(WBC)


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The Body Has Three Lines of

Defense Physical and Chemical Barriers

Nonspecific Defenses

Specific Defense Mechanisms

Ph i l d Ch i l B i


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Physical and Chemical Barriers

Table 9.1


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Physical and chemical barriers

Skin: characteristics of barrier

Structure: dead layer, inhospitable to microorganisms

Constant replacement: many adhering microorganisms

removed

pH = 5-6: too acidic for many microorganisms

Other: tears, saliva, earwax, digestive acids, mucus,

vomiting, urination, defecation, resident bacteria

(normal flora)

First Line of Defense: Skin


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Nonspecific Defenses : 2nd Line

Neutrophils and

Macrophages engulf and

digest foreign cells.

Eosinophils bombard large

parasites with digestive

proteins and phagotyze

foreign proteins.

These are all white bloodcells.

Why are they nonspecific?


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Neutrophils


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Macrophage attacking e-coli.
http://www.med.sc.edu:85/ghaffar/macrophage-ecoli2.jpghttp://www.med.sc.edu:85/ghaffar/macrophage-ecoli2.jpghttp://www.med.sc.edu:85/ghaffar/macrophage-ecoli2.jpghttp://www.med.sc.edu:85/ghaffar/macrophage-ecoli2.jpg


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Figure 8-12

Ch 42 Circulation

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