Ch 33Ch 33Circulatory SystemCirculatory SystemLymphatic SystemLymphatic System

Respiratory SystemRespiratory System

Scientific NotationScientific Notation

1) 100,000,000,000,0001) 100,000,000,000,000

2) 0.0000000072) 0.000000007

3) 2,500,000,000,0003) 2,500,000,000,000

4) 0.00000754) 0.0000075

5) 0.0000025) 0.000002

6) 5,000,000,0006) 5,000,000,000

7) 3,000,0007) 3,000,000

Scientific NotationScientific Notation

1) 101) 101414

2) 7 x 102) 7 x 10-9-9 m m

3) 2.5 x 103) 2.5 x 101212

4) 7.5 x 104) 7.5 x 10-6-6 m m

5) 2 x 105) 2 x 10-6-6 m m

6) 5 x 106) 5 x 1099

7) 3 x 107) 3 x 1066

I. Circulatory SystemI. Circulatory System

A. Function/PurposeA. Function/Purpose

1. transport nutrients and waste1. transport nutrients and waste

2. interacts with interstitial fluid2. interacts with interstitial fluid

a. fluid surrounding tissuesa. fluid surrounding tissues

3. maintains homeostasis3. maintains homeostasis

B. Closed vs. Open Circulatory SystemsB. Closed vs. Open Circulatory Systems

1. open (mollusks & arthropods)1. open (mollusks & arthropods)

a. blood flows out of blood vessels a. blood flows out of blood vessels

into sinuses and spaces into sinuses and spaces inside inside

body tissuesbody tissues

2. closed2. closed

a. blood stays in vascular tissuea. blood stays in vascular tissue

C. HeartC. Heart1. pericardium1. pericardium

a. protective sac of tissue a. protective sac of tissue surrounding the heartsurrounding the heart

2. myocardium2. myocardiuma. thick layer of muscle that a. thick layer of muscle that

contracts moving the bloodcontracts moving the blood3. septum3. septum

a. divides right and left halves of a. divides right and left halves of the the

heartheartb. prevents the mixing of oxygen b. prevents the mixing of oxygen

rich and oxygen poor bloodrich and oxygen poor blood

4. Circulation Through the Body4. Circulation Through the Body

a. Pulmonary circuita. Pulmonary circuit

1) blood leaves the heart and goes 1) blood leaves the heart and goes

to the lungsto the lungs

2) receives O2) receives O22

3) gets rid of CO3) gets rid of CO22

b. Systemic circuitb. Systemic circuit

1) blood leaves left side of heart 1) blood leaves left side of heart and and

goes to rest of bodygoes to rest of body

The Circulatory System

Capillaries of head and arms

Capillaries of abdominal organs and legs

Inferior vena cava

Pulmonary veinCapillaries of

right lung

Superior vena cava

Aorta Pulmonary artery

Capillaries of left lung

5. Blood Flow5. Blood Flow

blood enters left atriumblood enters left atrium

mitral valvemitral valve

left ventricleleft ventricle

aortic valveaortic valve

aortaaorta

arteriesarteries

arteriolesarterioles

capillariescapillaries

venulesvenulesveinsveinsSuperior and Inferior vena cavaSuperior and Inferior vena cavaright atriumright atriumtricuspid valvetricuspid valveright ventricleright ventriclepulmonary valvepulmonary valvepulmonary arteriespulmonary arteriesleft and right lungsleft and right lungspulmonary veinspulmonary veinsleft atriumleft atrium

6. Heartbeat6. Heartbeata. sinoatrial node (SA)a. sinoatrial node (SA)

1) in wall of right atrium1) in wall of right atrium2) the pacemaker2) the pacemaker3) contractions begin here3) contractions begin here

b. atrioventricular node (AV)b. atrioventricular node (AV)1) contractions cross the septum 1) contractions cross the septum

from the SA nodefrom the SA node2) AV node carries contraction to 2) AV node carries contraction to

the the ventriclesventricles

Sinoatrial (SA) node

Atrioventricular (AV) node

Conducting fibers

Contraction of Atria Contraction of

Ventricles

The Sinoatrial Node

c. movement of bloodc. movement of blood

1) when atria contract, blood flows 1) when atria contract, blood flows

into ventriclesinto ventricles

2) when the ventricles contract, 2) when the ventricles contract,

blood flows out of heartblood flows out of heart

3) this is the thub-thub of the 3) this is the thub-thub of the

heartbeatheartbeat

D. Blood VesselsD. Blood Vessels

1. Arteries1. Arteries

a. oxygen rich blood usuallya. oxygen rich blood usually

2. Arterioles2. Arterioles

3. Capillaries/Capillary beds3. Capillaries/Capillary beds

a. walls are one cell thicka. walls are one cell thick

b. blood cells pass through in single b. blood cells pass through in single

filefile

c. blood flows through one capillary c. blood flows through one capillary

bed, except in intestines – blood bed, except in intestines – blood

also goes through liver capillary bedalso goes through liver capillary bed

4. Veinules4. Veinules

5. Veins5. Veins

a. large veins contain valvesa. large veins contain valves

b. exercise helps to move the b. exercise helps to move the blood blood

and prevents and prevents

stretching of the stretching of the

veins and pooling veins and pooling

of bloodof blood

II. BloodII. Blood

A. BloodA. Blood

1. 4-5 qts in humans1. 4-5 qts in humans

2. connective tissue2. connective tissue

3. contains dissolved substances and 3. contains dissolved substances and specialized cells (RBC, WBC, plasma, specialized cells (RBC, WBC, plasma, platelets)platelets)

B. FunctionB. Function

1. collects O1. collects O22 from lungs from lungs

2. collects nutrients from digestive 2. collects nutrients from digestive systemsystem

3. collects waste from cells/tissue3. collects waste from cells/tissue

4. helps to maintain homeostasis (pH, 4. helps to maintain homeostasis (pH, fights infection)fights infection)

5. carries hormones5. carries hormones

C. Blood Plasma (50-60% of blood C. Blood Plasma (50-60% of blood volume)volume)

1. straw colored1. straw colored

2. 90% water2. 90% water

3. 1-2% dissolved gases, salts, 3. 1-2% dissolved gases, salts, vitamins, lipids, amino acids, sugars, vitamins, lipids, amino acids, sugars, enzymes, hormones, waste productsenzymes, hormones, waste products

Section 37-2

Figure 37-7 Blood

Whole Blood Sample

Red blood cells

White blood cells

Platelets

Plasma

Sample Placed in Centrifuge Blood Sample That Has Been Centrifuged

4. plasma proteins 7-8%4. plasma proteins 7-8%a. albuminsa. albumins

1) transport fatty acids, hormones 1) transport fatty acids, hormones and vitaminsand vitamins

2) regulate osmotic pressure and 2) regulate osmotic pressure and blood volumeblood volume

b. globulinsb. globulins1) same as 1 and 2 above1) same as 1 and 2 above2) fight viral and bacterial infection2) fight viral and bacterial infection

c. fibrinogenc. fibrinogen1) responsible for blood clotting1) responsible for blood clotting

D. Cellular Portion (40-50% of blood vol)D. Cellular Portion (40-50% of blood vol)1. Red Blood Cells (RBC)/Erythrocytes1. Red Blood Cells (RBC)/Erythrocytes

a. oxygen binds to hemoglobina. oxygen binds to hemoglobin1) iron-containing protein1) iron-containing protein

b. transport COb. transport CO22

c. shaped like discc. shaped like discd. do not have nuclei – replaced with d. do not have nuclei – replaced with

hemoglobinhemoglobine. produced from stem cells in blood e. produced from stem cells in blood

marrowmarrow

2. White Blood Cell (WBC)/Leukocytes2. White Blood Cell (WBC)/Leukocytes

a. formed from stem cells in bone a. formed from stem cells in bone

marrowmarrow

b. contain nucleib. contain nuclei

c. fewer in numberc. fewer in number

d. can leave capillaries and travel d. can leave capillaries and travel

through the lymphatic systemthrough the lymphatic system

e. first line of defensee. first line of defense

f. numbers increase rapidly at the f. numbers increase rapidly at the

first sign of an infectionfirst sign of an infection

g. Types of WBCg. Types of WBC1) Neutrophiles1) Neutrophiles

a) phagocytosis during a) phagocytosis during inflammationinflammation

2) Lymphocytes2) Lymphocytesa) produce antibodies that a) produce antibodies that

destroy pathogens destroy pathogens b) help develop immunity to b) help develop immunity to

diseasesdiseases3) Monocytes (macrophages)3) Monocytes (macrophages)

a) Phagocytosis in all defense a) Phagocytosis in all defense responsesresponses

4) Eosinophils4) Eosinophils

a) defense against parasitic a) defense against parasitic

wormsworms

5) Basophils5) Basophils

a) secrete substances for a) secrete substances for

inflammatory responseinflammatory response

b) fat removal from bloodb) fat removal from blood

3. Platelets and plasma proteins3. Platelets and plasma proteins

a. Hemostasisa. Hemostasis

1) the process that stops blood 1) the process that stops blood lossloss

b. capillary wall breaksb. capillary wall breaks

c. platelets clump at the break and c. platelets clump at the break and

release thromboplastinrelease thromboplastin

d. thromboplastin converts prothrobin d. thromboplastin converts prothrobin

into thrombininto thrombin

e. thrombin converts fibinogen into e. thrombin converts fibinogen into

fibrin causing a clotfibrin causing a clot

Section 37-2

Figure 37-10 Blood Clotting

Break in Capillary Wall

Blood vessels injured.

Clumping of Platelets

Platelets clump at the site and release thromboplastin. Thromboplastin converts prothrombin into thrombin..

Clot Forms

Thrombin converts fibrinogen into fibrin, which causes a clot. The clot prevents further loss of blood..

4. Skipocytes4. Skipocytes

E. Blood Types and TransfusionsE. Blood Types and Transfusions

1. 30% decline in blood volume causes 1. 30% decline in blood volume causes circulatory shock and then deathcirculatory shock and then death

2. agglutination2. agglutination

a. antibodies (proteins in the a. antibodies (proteins in the

plasma) act against foreign cells and plasma) act against foreign cells and

cause them to clump togethercause them to clump together

b. small blood vessels become b. small blood vessels become

clogged and tissue and organ clogged and tissue and organ

damage resultsdamage results

2. ABO Blood Types2. ABO Blood Types

TypeType GenotypeGenotype

AA IIAAIIAA

IIAAii

BB IIBBIIBB

IIBBii

ABAB IIAAIIBB

OO iiii

Blood Type of Donor

A

B

AB

O

Blood Type of Recipient

A B AB O

Unsuccessful transfusion Successful transfusion

Section 37-2 Blood Transfusions

3. Rh Blood Typing3. Rh Blood Typinga. Rha. Rh++ or Rh or Rh--

b. person can develop antibodies b. person can develop antibodies against Rh markersagainst Rh markers

c. Rhc. Rh-- coming in contact with Rh+ coming in contact with Rh+ bloodblood

d. Erythroblastosis fetalisd. Erythroblastosis fetalis1) fetus dies as a result of Rh1) fetus dies as a result of Rh--

mother’s immune mother’s immune response response

to Rhto Rh++ fetus fetus

Designer BloodDesigner Blood The federal government wants to find ways to make the blood supply The federal government wants to find ways to make the blood supply

safer for everyone who needs blood. However, no one has yet found a safer for everyone who needs blood. However, no one has yet found a way to find and eliminate all disease-causing agents in the blood. way to find and eliminate all disease-causing agents in the blood. Imagine that you are the head of a biotechnology company and think Imagine that you are the head of a biotechnology company and think that you can design a safe alternative — artificial blood. that you can design a safe alternative — artificial blood.

Section 37-2

1.1.What characteristics would artificial blood What characteristics would artificial blood need to take the place of real blood? need to take the place of real blood?

2.2.Do you think that artificial blood could Do you think that artificial blood could completely replace real blood? Explain your completely replace real blood? Explain your answer.answer.

Interest Grabber continued

III. The Lymphatic System and ImmunityIII. The Lymphatic System and Immunity

A. Purpose/FunctionA. Purpose/Function

1. collects the approximate 3 L of fluid 1. collects the approximate 3 L of fluid that leaks from the circulatory system that leaks from the circulatory system into the interstitial fluid every day and into the interstitial fluid every day and returns it to the circulatory systemreturns it to the circulatory system

2. helps to absorb nutrients from the 2. helps to absorb nutrients from the intestinesintestines

3. delivers pathogens, foreign cells and 3. delivers pathogens, foreign cells and cellular debris from body’s tissues to cellular debris from body’s tissues to the lymphthe lymph

Section 37-2

The Lymphatic System

Superior vena cava

Lymph nodes

Thymus

Heart

Thoracic duct

Spleen

Lymph vessels

B. LymphB. Lymph

1. the leaking fluid1. the leaking fluid

C. Lymph Vascular SystemC. Lymph Vascular System

1. consists of many tubes that collect 1. consists of many tubes that collect and deliver water and solutes from the and deliver water and solutes from the interstitial fluid to ducts of the interstitial fluid to ducts of the circulatory systemcirculatory system

2. lymph nodes2. lymph nodes

a. small bean-shaped a. small bean-shaped enlargementsenlargements

b. filter lymph trapping bacteria b. filter lymph trapping bacteria and and

other disease causing other disease causing

microorganismsmicroorganisms

c. nodes can become fullc. nodes can become full

D. EdemaD. Edema

1. swelling of the tissues because of 1. swelling of the tissues because of excess fluidexcess fluid

E. ThymusE. Thymus

1. primary lymphoid organ1. primary lymphoid organ

2. where lymphocytes acquire their 2. where lymphocytes acquire their antigen receptorsantigen receptors

F. SpleenF. Spleen

1. makes most antibodies1. makes most antibodies

G. TonsilsG. Tonsils

1. lymphatic tissue in the throat1. lymphatic tissue in the throat

2. traps and destroys bacteria2. traps and destroys bacteria

3. adenoids 3. adenoids

a. second set of tonsils behind the a. second set of tonsils behind the

nosenose

IV. Respiratory SystemIV. Respiratory System

A. Purpose/FunctionA. Purpose/Function

1. to bring about respiration between 1. to bring about respiration between blood, tissues, and airblood, tissues, and air

2. respiration2. respiration

a. the process of gas exchangea. the process of gas exchange

b. COb. CO22 and O and O22

B. Air MovementB. Air Movement1. through nose passages1. through nose passages2. pharynx or throat2. pharynx or throat3. trachea or windpipe3. trachea or windpipe4. epiglottis – covers entrance of 4. epiglottis – covers entrance of tracheatrachea5. bronchi5. bronchi6. bronchioles6. bronchioles7. alveoli7. alveoli

** air must be warmed, moistened, and ** air must be warmed, moistened, and filteredfiltered

Section 37-3

Figure 37-13 The Respiratory System

C. Gas ExchangeC. Gas Exchangea. 150 million alveolia. 150 million alveolib. gases move by diffusionb. gases move by diffusionc. Hemoglobin makes the process more c. Hemoglobin makes the process more efficientefficientd. oxygen diffuses where oxygen’s d. oxygen diffuses where oxygen’s partial pressure is lower than in the partial pressure is lower than in the lungslungse. oxygen is given up faster where e. oxygen is given up faster where blood is warmer, pH is lower, and COblood is warmer, pH is lower, and CO22 partial pressure is highpartial pressure is high

f. COf. CO22 diffuses into blood capillaries diffuses into blood capillaries

where its partial pressure in the cell is where its partial pressure in the cell is higher than in the blood flowing past ithigher than in the blood flowing past it

D. BreathingD. Breathing

1. movement of air in and out of the lungs1. movement of air in and out of the lungs

2. diaphragm2. diaphragm

a. large, flat muscle at the bottom of a. large, flat muscle at the bottom of

the thoracic cavitythe thoracic cavity

3. controlled by autonomic NS3. controlled by autonomic NS

a. as COa. as CO22 level in blood increases, level in blood increases,

ANS tells diaphragm to contract ANS tells diaphragm to contract

moremore

Air inhaled

Diaphragm

Rib cage rises

Air exhaled

Diaphragm

Rib cage lowers

Inhalation Exhalation

The Mechanics of Breathing

Air inhaled

Diaphragm

Rib cage rises

Air exhaled

Diaphragm

Rib cage lowers

Inhalation Exhalation

The Mechanics of Breathing

4. pleural membrane4. pleural membrane

a. two layers covering the lungs a. two layers covering the lungs with with

fluid between themfluid between them

b. helps to control pressure in the b. helps to control pressure in the

thoracic cavitythoracic cavity

EndEnd