Ch. 32: I. Postcolonial Crises (1975-1990). A. Latin America 1. Brazil: ― “Brazilian Solution”...
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Transcript of Ch. 32: I. Postcolonial Crises (1975-1990). A. Latin America 1. Brazil: ― “Brazilian Solution”...
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Ch. 32:
I. Postcolonial Crises(1975-1990)
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A. Latin America1. Brazil: ― “Brazilian Solution”
– 1964 military coup & dictatorship– death squads– ISI policy
2. Chile:
– CIA-assisted coup of socialist Salvador Allende (1973)– Augusto Pinochet led military regime (1974-1990)
3. Argentina:
– military dictatorship… “Dirty War”
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Allende & Pinochet
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B. Marxist Revolutions1. Nicaragua:
– U.S.-backed gov’t of Anastasio Somoza – Cuban-backed Sandinistas ruled until 1990– Iran-Contra Affair
2. El Salvador:
– guerilla war fought against military regime– ruled until 1990
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C. U.S. in L. America
1. Increased U.S. involvement
– Grenada (1983) – Panama (1989)
2. “Debt Crisis”:
– L. American countries could not repay loans
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D. Iranian Revolution1. 1953: CIA coup to install Shah
Reza
2. oil flowed to U.S./W. Europe
3. 1979 Revolution: Shah overthrown by Ayatollah Komeini
– theocracy established (clerics)– 52 Americans held hostage at U.S Embassy in Tehran
4. Iran-Iraq War (1980): Iraqi dictator Saddam Hussein invades Iran
Iran
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Cozy relationship between U.S. & the Shah for quarter of a century
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Ayatollah Khomeini vs.the Shah Mohamed Reza
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II. Asian Transformations 1. Japan: most rapid economic growth of 1970s-80s
– export-based economy
2. “Asian Tigers”: newly industrialized economies
– Hong Kong – Singapore – Taiwan – South Korea
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A. Deng Xiaoping
1. After Mao’s death (1975): Deng Xiaoping instituted “Four Modernizations”
2. opens to West while maintaining Communism
3. Tiananmen Square Massacre (1989):
– 100,000 students protest for democratic reform
– troops crushed protesters
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The Unknown Protestor… “Tank Man”
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III. End of the Bipolar WorldIII. End of the Bipolar World(1989-1991)
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A. End of U.S.S.R. USSR:
– inefficient planned economy– unpopular Afghan war– massive Arms Race spending
U.S.:
– popular President: Ronald Reagan
– economic expansion
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B. Gorbachev and Reform
1. Mikhail Gorbachev took over USSR in 1985:
– policy of openness (glasnost)
– economic reform (perestroika)
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Ronald Reagan “Tear Down this Wall,” Remarks at the Brandenburg Gate West Berlin, Germany June 12, 1987
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C. Collapse of the Socialist Bloc1. fall of Berlin Wall (1989)
2. collapse of Communist gov’ts
3. unification of Germany (1990)
4. collapse of USSR (1991)
5. Split up of countries:Yugoslavia (1991)Czechoslovakia (1992)
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Numerous ethnic groups – languages, customs, religions. Only half of 285 million were RussianDifficult to unite into one nation without fear or force
Nationalism was stronger than communism – people wanted to rule themselves
NATIONALISM AND ETHNIC DIVERSITY
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Commonwealth of Independent States (CIS)
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D. Persian Gulf War (1990–1991)
1. Iraq invaded Kuwait (1990) for oil fields
– Saudi Arabia asked for U.S. help– American forces led a coalition & drove Iraq out– Left Saddam Hussein in power…
2. Gulf War: U.S. emerged as global superpower
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IV. Population GrowthIV. Population Growth
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A. Demographic Transition
1. population of Europe: doubled from 1850-1914
2. economist Thomas Malthus argued pop. growth would outstrip food supply…
– industrial societies experienced a demographic transition to lower fertility rates
– Russia, Japan, Germany, Italy: negative growth!– least developed countries: pop. Explosion– China…1.3 billion; India…1.17 billion
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Population Growth Rates
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New Global Order
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B. Global Poverty
1. 50% of world lives in poverty…less than $3 a day
2. “core” industrialized regions (U.S., W. Europe, Japan) dominate “periphery” regions
3. In the periphery: rural-urban migrations
– creation of slums & shantytowns
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Spread of Aids in Africa
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C. New Technologies
– computers…– planes
Transnational Corporations: global production sites & markets – i.e.: Nike