Ch 29/30 - The Making of a Land PlantI. The Problems of being a “land” plant

In Water (the easy life) On Land (the hard life) Land Plant Adaptations

1. Supportive 1. Non-Supportive Cell walls with lignin, xylem, stems, turgor

2. Retains water 2. Lose water Vascular tissue, roots, cuticle, stomata

3. Reproduction easy 3. Reproduction hard a. Sperm swim in water b. Dispersal easy (float) c. Eggs will not dry out

a. Sperm can not fly b. Young not dispersed c. Embryos need protection

Pollen, flowers, fruit, sporopollenin, seed coats, protected embryo

II. The Characteristics of Land Plant

A. Growth at tips - apical meristems

B. Multicellular with dependent embryos retained in female part of plant “embryophytes”

1. Placental transfer cells (higher plants)

2. Foot (Lower plants)

C. Walled spores made in sporangia composed of sporopollenin

D. Multicelluar gametangia (antheridia & archegonia)

E. Alternation of Generation

Multicellular sporophytes makes spores that grow into a multicellular gametopyte that makes gametes

Highlights of Plant Evolution

BRYOPHYTES LYCOPHYTES MONILOPHYTES GYMNO & ANGIOSPERMS

(charophytes)

Alternation of Generation

Sporophyte

Spores

Gametophyte

Multicellular

Multicellular

Gametes

Zygote

Structures

Zygote

Gametes

Spores

Gametophyte

Sporophyte

Ploidy

Diploid (2n)

Haploid (n)

(n)

(n)

(n)(n)

(2n) (2n)

Process

Mitosis

Meiosis

Fertilization

Fertilization

Meiosis

MitosisMitosis

Mitosis

Slide 14

Protected Embryos of the “Embryophytes”

Embryo of a liverwort

Embryo of a seed

Protective Coat

Placental transfer cellsFoot

Slide 1

Vascular Tissue

Stem

Xylem and Phloem in a vascular bundle

Slide 1

Plant Clade Relationships

Slide 1

The Bryophytes

MossHornwort

Leafy LiverwortThallose Liverwort

Slide 2

Root TipLeaf Bud

Apical Meristem Tissue

Slide 1

Phylum Lycophyta Club “Moss”

Spore producing strobuli

LycopodiumSlide 2

Leaf Evolution

Non-Vascular ‘Scale”

Microphylls

Vascular Microphyll

Scales

Dichotomous branching Tissues fill in branching

Branching Megaphylls

LYCOPHYTES

All other vascular plants

Phylum Monilophytes - The Ferns

Phylum Monilophyte - The Horsetails

Spore producing strobuli

Equisetum“Scouring rushes”

Phylum Monilophyte - The Whisk Ferns

Sporangia

Dichotomous Branching

Slide 2

Relationships of Sporophytes and Gametophytes

Moss Fern Flowering Plant

Slide 2

Types of Gymnosperms

Ginkgo

Cypress

CycadJuniper

Sequoia

Fir

Yew

Bristlecone pine

Slide 2

Types of Angiosperms

SLIDE 2

Life Cycle of a Flowering Plant

Slide 2

Moss Antheridia Moss ArchegoniaAntheridia

ArchegoniaEgg Cell

Sperm Cells

Slide 1

Fern Gametophyte with Developing Sporophyte

Archegonium

Antheridium

Rhizoids(Why are they called “rhizoids” and not roots)

Slide 3

Lycopodium Gametophyte

Slide 3

Slide 3

Horsetail Gametophtye

Slide 3

Whisk Fern Gametophtye

Why is it brown and not green?

What is the difference between a spore and a seed?

Spores Seed

1. Unicellular 1. Multicellular

2. Haploid 2. Diploid

3. Asexual reproduction 3. Sexual reproduction

4. First cell of gametophyte 4. Part of the Sporophyte

generation

5. Formed by meiosis (usually) 5. Formed by fertilization

after mitosis

Slide 1

Spores and Sporopollenin

Slide 1