Ch 29: The Cold War
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Transcript of Ch 29: The Cold War
Chapter 29The Cold War
The Cold War
Origins of the Cold War
The Collapse of Peace
Society and Politics After the Cold War
Origins of the Cold War
Soviet-American Tensions Different visions of the post-war world
US: nations shed military alliances; used democratic international mediators
Soviet Union: sought to control areas of strategic influence
Wartime Diplomacy 1943: Tensions began because the Allied refused
to invade as the Soviets fought Germany on the Eastern front and because disputes over the governance of Poland were unresolved at the Tehran Conference
Origins of the Cold War
Yalta Big Three (Churchill,
Truman, Stalin) meet in 1945 to create the UN
Disagreements: The future of the Polish government; finally agree to give each other a German “zone” US: German
reconstruction Soviet Union:
Heavy reparations
The Collapse of Peace
Failure of Potsdam The new US President Truman wanted to “get
tough” with Soviets; mentioned he had a “powerful new weapon”
Stalin received newly independent nations Failure: Frequent disagreements led to future
discontent (Soviet extension of totalitarian control in new nations)
The China Problem The US had a vision of an open world “policed” by
the major powers Problem: the Chinese government, unpopular and
corrupt, believed America had imperialist motives in China and gave conflicting consideration to the Soviet Union and the US
The Collapse of Peace
The Containment Doctrine US no longer wanted an
“open” world but a “contained” Soviet (and communistic) expansion
Doctrine: Military and economic efforts to prevent communism; “domino theory” (if one falls, all will fall)
The Marshall Plan 1947 plan by Secretary of
State George Marshall to aid all European nations to strengthen pro-US governments against communism
The Collapse of Peace
Mobilization at Home Established Atomic Energy Commission to control
nuclear research National Security Act of 1947 created the
Department of Defense and the Central Intelligent Agency
The Road to NATO Truman merged German “western zones” into
West Germany Reevaluating Cold War Policy
NSC-68 report: US should lead the noncommunist world and oppose communist expansion everywhere; expanded military power
German “Zones”
German “zones” were divided between the Soviet Union, US, France, and Great Britain at the Potsdam Conference
Berlin Blockade City of Berlin was also
divided into four zones 1948-1949: Soviets
blocked aid into Berlin Western Allies
organized the Berlin Airlift
“Operation Little Vittles”
Strategically, how could the Soviets take control of Berlin so easily?
Society and Politics After the War
Problems of Reconversion Servicemen’s Readjustment Act of 1944 provided
education and economic aid to returning soldiers; increased spending prevented economic collapse
Problems: high inflation, union strikes, and displaced minorities and women as soldiers returned to labor
Fair Deal Rejected Fair Deal: liberal reforms; opposed by Republicans
who wanted to reduce government spending, cut taxes for the wealthy and refused to raise wages
Republicans also sought to decrease the power of unions through the Taft-Hartley Act, making “closed-shop” illegal (requiring union membership before being hired)
Society and Politics After the War
Election of 1948 Truman sought re-election;
Dixiecrats and progressives refused full support
Republicans nominated Dewey; Truman won and Democrats won House and Senate
Fair Deal Revived Minimum wage increase,
Social Security expansion; desegregated the armed forces
Nuclear Age Nuclear weapons viewed with
fear though awed the public with technological advancements
The Korean War
The Divided Peninsula Korea divided at the
38th Parallel (Communist North, Syngman Rhee’s South)
North invaded south in 1950 in hopes of reuniting; US won UN resolution for support of South Korean armies – result was “containment” and “liberation”
The Korean War
From Invasion to Stalemate MacArthur advanced into the North; Chinese
entered conflict with Korea in late 1950 UN armies retreated to 38th Parallel; stalemate
until 1953 Truman wanted peace, MacArthur opposed it
(relieved of command in 1951) Limited Mobilization
War led to limited mobilization: Truman created the Office of Defense Mobilization to combat rising inflation, the government seized railroads and steel mills during union strikes, and increased government spending stimulated the economy
Unable to quickly end a “small” war, fear grew of communists at home
The Korean War: Recap
When: June 25, 1950 – July 27, 1953 What: Conflict between the Communist North
(supported by the Soviets) and non-Communists in the South of Korea (supported by the US); the US entered the war to stop communism from spreading (containment policy); if one country falls to communism so too will surrounding countries (domino theory)
Before the war: After WWII, Korea was divided along the 38th Parallel into Soviet (North) and US (South) zones of occupation; after awhile, their relationship grew increasingly strained and the North invaded the South
During the war: Frontlines went back and forth around the 38th Parallel, agreement was made and war ended; about 5 million soldiers and civilians died
The Crusade Against Subversion
HUAC and Alger Hiss “Red Scare” was
prompted by fear of Stalin and growing Communism
Republicans sought to use those feelings to win support against Democrats; Congress created HUAC
Former State Department official Alger Hiss was investigated revealing he complied with communists further increasing fear
The Crusade Against Subversion
Federal Loyalty Program and the Rosenberg Case 1947: Truman began program to determine
“loyalty” of federal employees as the FBI monitored radicals
1950: Congress passed the McCarran Internal Security Act forcing communist groups to register with the government
The Rosenberg’s were questioned following the Soviet explosion of an atomic bomb
Anticommunist hysteria was now at the national, state, and local levels
The Crusade Against Subversion
McCarthyism 1951: Wisconsin Senator Joseph McCarthy leveled
charges of communist agents in the State Department and other agencies; his subcommittee was at the fore of anticommunism
Republican Revival Korean stalemate and anticommunism
sentiments led to the Democrats’ disappointments
Democrats nominated Adlai Stevenson; Republicans nominated General Dwight Eisenhower (and Richard Nixon as his running mate)
Eisenhower won by a huge margin; Republicans gained control in both Houses of Congress
The Cold War: Videos
Harry S Truman Truman on Ending a War: Atomic Bombs (2:55)
The Korean War Unforgettable: The Korean War (5:43)
The Cold War The Cold War (2:31)
The “Red Scare” Project VENONA vs. Rosenbergs (2:54) Red Scare and HUAC (5:33) 1950: The Hollywood Ten (15:02)
Nuclear Weapons 1951: Duck and Cover (9:15)