Ch 28-4 – Insects and Their Relatives
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Transcript of Ch 28-4 – Insects and Their Relatives
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Ch 28-4 – Insects and Their Relatives
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Uniramians – Centipedes, millipedes and insects
Characterized by one pair of antennae and appendages that don’t branch
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Centipede and Millipede
• Wormlike body• Many leg-bearing
segments
centipede millipede
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Centipedes• Carnivores• Poison claws in
head• Eat arthropods,
earthworms, snakes, mice
• Have ONE pair of legs per segment (not necessarily 100 legs!)
• Have venomous bites against predators
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Cenitpede eating tarantula
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Centipede poison claw
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Centiped protecting hatchling
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Millipede• Two pair of legs
per segment• Herbivores• Feed on dead and
dying plant material
• Protect themselves by rolling into a ball or use “nasty chemicals” to dissuade their predators
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Millipedes
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MillipedeMillipede
Many legs!!
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MillipedeMillipede
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Millipede eating
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Protection
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Insects
• Have 3-part body• 3 pairs of legs
attached to thorax
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Feeding
• 3 pairs of appendages used as mouthparts
• One is the mandible
• Amazing modifications of the mouthparts
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mouthparts
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• Other modifications for feeding – mosquitos saliva – anticoagulant
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• Bees legs and bodies are covered in hair for collecting pollen
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• Bees have glands in abdomen that secrete wax to build bee hives for food storage and larvae nurseries
• Bee saliva changes nectar into honey
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movement• Three pairs of
walking legs are greatly varied
• Many insects have highly specialized legs for jumping and capturing prey
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flight
• Flying ability varies greatly
• Butterflies have limited manoeuvrability
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• Certain flies, bees and moths can fly extremely well
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• Thorax is filled with large muscles for wings
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Adaptations for flight
• Enlarged thorax for muscles
• Oversized mitochondria supply muscle cells with energy
• Special blood supply to wing muscles keep muscles warm (sometimes warmer than outside) for optimal efficiency
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Clear wing Clear wing butterflybutterfly
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Insect colonies• Collections of
individuals of the same species that live together
• SOCIETIES are colonies where individuals are DEPENDENT on the others for survival
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ANTS!
Ant ColonyAnt Colony
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• Termites, wasps, bees and ants form societies
• Have division of labour
• Different individuals (called castes) will have specialized bodies to perform their task in the society
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• Examples of castes:
• reproductive females (queens)
• reproductive males
• Workers• warriors
TermiteQueen
workers
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Termite soldier
Worker
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QUEEN
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• Reproductive males ONLY fertilize the eggs
• In BEE SOCIETIES, the queen mates with one or more males only ONCE.
• She receives all the sperm she needs in that mating
• The successful reproductive male then dies
• All unsuccessful reproductive males are turned out of the hive, and soon die
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• Workers do all the work for the hive
• Bee workers are all female and are able to do all jobs (except reproduce)
• Ant and termite workers are specialized for specific jobs
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Insect Communication• Non-social insects
communicate mainly to find mate only
• Cricket males rub their forelegs together
• Male cicadas buzz by vibrating a membrane on their abdomen
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• Male fireflies produce a series of light flashes
• The wingless females (glow worms) flash back their reply, and the males will find them
• (sometimes another genus will mimic this signal and prey on the expectant male)
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• Many female moths produce pheromones to attract their male
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• Social insects have more complicated communication systems
• Pheromones are often used
• Ex. Ants drag their abdomen all the way home from a food source to leave a trail for other ants to find the food
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• The Queen Bee produces “queen substance” that prevents other females being able to lay eggs
• When queen substance is low in the hive, the worker bees will feed a few female larvae a special diet which causes these larvae to develop into queens
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• Worker bees “dance” to tell other workers where they found food
• Two basic dances: the round dance and the waggle dance
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The Round Dance• The bee walks in a circle, then retraces that circle in the opposite direction
• Means that food is within 50 meters of the hive
• Good quality food will be indicated by more frequent changes of direction
• The kind of flower found is determined by smelling the messenger
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The Waggle Dance• The bee wiggles her abdomen while walking in a straight line
• She circles around and wiggles back up the same line
• She will then circle around on the other side of the line, and repeats
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• The waggle dance means that the food source found is more than 50 meters away from the hive
• The direction of the straight line is the direction the other bees must travel away from the hive to find the food
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1 million species of insects have been identified so far, which is about ½ of all animals known to science
Sizes could vary from .25mm to 50 cm
Many male insects have appendages called claspers, which help them stay in position during mating.
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Centipedes