Ch. 2 “The Chemical Level of Organization”
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Ch. 2 “The Chemical Level of Organization” Class 2.1
Transcript of Ch. 2 “The Chemical Level of Organization”
Ch. 2 “The Chemical Level of Organization”
Class 2.1
How Much Are You Worth?
How Much Is Your Life Worth?
How Much Are Your Body Parts Worth?
Warm-up
Read How much is my body worth.How Much Are Your Body Parts Worth?
How Much????
http://www.livescience.com/3505-chemistry-life-human-body.html
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=YwmR86YioOk
How much is your dead body worth?
Body Parts Worth???
http://www.buzzfeed.com/tanyachen/this-is-how-much-your-body-parts-are-actually-worth#.civpNPG6a
Warm-up
Cadaver for sale
http://www.cadaverforsale.com/
http://gamquistu.com/games/body
Chemical Elements of the Body
http://www.livescience.com/3505-chemistry-life-human-body.html
http://www.random-science-tools.com/chemistry/chemical_comp_of_body.htm
Element Facts
http://www.scientificamerican.com/article.cfm?id=chemistry-the-elements-revealed-interactive-periodic-table
Introduction to Ch. 2
• What do you feel when you place your hand on your cheek?
that you feel soft skin
• What is the skin made of?
At the molecular level, skin is made of substances composed of atoms and molecules and billions of
units of particular substances.
A & P Facts
Collagen is the most abundant protein in mammals.
Collagen can be found in muscle, bone, teeth, skin, and the cornea of the eye.
Wrinkles that become visible as people age are the result of collagen breaking down.
Connective Tissue Disorders
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=KVZDcFY191Y
Strechiest Skin
Ehlers Danlos Syndrome
A & P Facts
http://youtube.com/watch?v=NK2VKpVyk2s
http://youtube.com/watch?v=-2teYBCMBRw&feature=related
Its Elemental
http://www.pbs.org/wgbh/nova/physics/periodic-table.html
~ 40 Essential Nutrients
16 Minerals
13 Vitamins
(4 Fat Soluble/9 Water Soluble)
8 Amino Acids
3 Fatty Acids
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=qMYIJlmeSFM
17 ©2002 Learning Zone ExpressLouanne Kaupa, RD, LN.
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Nutrients
The food you eat is a source of nutrients. Nutrients are defined as the substances found in food that keep your body functioning.
Your body needs nutrients to…
– Fuel your energy.
– Help you grow.
– Repair itself.
– Maintain basic bodily functions.
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Balance is Key
These three are the framework of the Food Guide:
• Balance - Eat foods from all groups of the Food Guide.
• Variety - Eat different foods from each food group.
• Moderation - Eat more foods from the bottom of the pyramid, and fewer and smaller portions of foods from the top of the pyramid.
For years, people held to the idea that there are “bad”
nutrients and “good” nutrients when, in fact, all nutrients play a certain role in
the body. Even those nutrients once considered “bad” such as fats and
carbohydrates perform vital functions in the body and if one consumes too many
“good” nutrients such as vitamins or minerals there can be harmful results, as
well.
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The 6 Essential Nutrients
• Water
• Carbohydrates
• Protein
• Fat
• Vitamins
• Minerals
4.01C Nutrients 21 21
• Proteins
• Carbohydrates
• Fats
These Nutrients Have Calories
4.01C Nutrients 22 22
Definition of a Calorie:
• The unit used to measure
the energy value of food.
4.01C Nutrients 23 23
Calories per gram:
• Protein 1 Gram = 4
calories
• Carbohydrates 1 Gram = 4
calories
• Fat 1 Gram = 9 calories
4.01C Nutrients 25 25
Variables which affect
nutrient needs:
1. Age
2. Gender
3. Activity level
4. Climate
5. Health
6. State of nutrition
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WaterDid you know?
– 1/2 to 3/4 of the human body consists of water!
Functions in the Body:
– Water carries nutrients to your cells and carries waste from your body.
– Regulates body temperature.
– Dissolves vitamins, minerals, amino acids and other nutrients.
– Lubricates joints.
***It is recommended that teens drink 6-8 glasses (8 fl.oz each) of water each day.
***This is in addition to around 4 cups of water you get from food each day.
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Carbohydrates
Food Sources:
– Pasta, breads, cereals, grains, rice, fruits, milk, yogurt, and sweets.
Two types of Carbohydrates:
– Starches or Complex Carbohydrates
– Simple Carbohydrates
Carbohydrates are the body’s main source of
energy and provide the body’s need for
dietary fiber.
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Simple Carbohydrates
Food Sources:
– Fruits, juices, milk, and yogurt.
– Candy, soda, and jelly.
***These simple carbohydrates have a bad reputation because they are high in calories and low in nutritional value.
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Starches or Complex Carbohydrates
Food Sources:
– Whole grain breads and cereals, pasta, vegetables, rice, tortilla and legumes.
Function in the Body:
– An excellent source of fuel (energy) for the body.
– Rich in vitamins, minerals and fiber.
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FiberFiber is the plant material that doesn’t
break down when you digest food.
Many, but not all, complex carbohydrates contain fiber.
Food Sources: – Oatmeal, fruits, vegetables, whole grains and
legumes.
Function in the Body:– Aids in digestion.
– May reduce the risk of developing some diseases like heart disease, diabetes and obesity, and certain types of cancer.
– Helps promote regularity.
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Proteins
Food Sources:
– Meat, fish, eggs, poultry, dairy products, legumes, nuts, and seeds. (Breads, cereals, and vegetables also contain small amounts of protein.)
Function in the Body:
– Provides energy.
– Help to build, maintain, and repair body tissues.
*** Proteins are made up of chemical compounds called amino acids. There are 20 amino acids.
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*** Of the 20 amino acids, the human body
is capable of producing 12 of them.
The other 8 called, “Essential Amino Acids”
must be supplied by food sources.
Amino Acids
Two types of Protein:– Complete Proteins:
• Contain all 8 essential amino acids.
• They are found in animal sources.
– Incomplete Proteins:• Lack one or more of the essential amino acids.
• They are found in plant sources.
***The best way to give the body complete proteins is to eat a wide variety
of foods throughout the day.
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Fat***The most concentrated form of food energy (calories).
Food Sources: – Butter, vegetable oils, salad dressings, nuts and
seeds, dairy products made with whole milk or cream, and meats.
Function in the Body:– Provide substances needed for growth and healthy skin.
– Enhance the taste and texture of food.
– Required to carry “fat-soluble” vitamins throughout the body.
– Provide energy.
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Types of FatSaturated Fat:
– Fats that are usually solid at room temperature.
– Food Sources: Animal foods and tropical oils.
– The type of fat most strongly linked to high cholesterol and increased risk of heart disease.
Unsaturated Fat:– Fats that are liquid at room temperature.
– Polyunsaturated Fat:• Food Sources: Vegetables and fish oils.
• Provide two essential fatty acids necessary for bodily functions.
– Monounsaturated Fat:• Food Sources: Olive oil, canola oil, nuts, seeds.
• May play a role in reducing the risk of heart disease.
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Cholesterol***A fat-like substance that is part of every cell of the body.
Function in the Body:– Helps the body make necessary cells including skin, and
hormones.
– Aids in digestion.
– The human body manufactures all the cholesterol it needs.
– You also get cholesterol from animal food products you eat.
***When cholesterol levels are high there is a greater risk for heart disease.
– Do you know what the healthy cholesterol range is for teens your age?
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Vitamins
Food Sources: – Fruits, vegetables, milk, whole-grain breads,
cereals and legumes.
***Unlike carbohydrates, fats, and proteins, vitamins DO NOT provide energy (calories).
Function in the Body:– Help regulate the many chemical processes in the body.
– There are 13 different vitamins known to be required each day for good health.
– Vitamins are separated into two types: Fat Soluble & Water Soluble Vitamins.
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Fat/Water Soluble Vitamins
Fat Soluble Vitamins– Vitamins A, D, E, K
– Require fat for the stomach to allow them to be carried into the blood stream for use (absorption).
– Can be stored in the body for later use.
Water Soluble Vitamins– Vitamins C and B-complex
– Require water for absorption.
– Easily absorbed and passed through the body as waste.
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Vitamin A
Food Sources:
– Dark green, leafy vegetables, deep yellow and orange fruits and vegetables, liver, milk, cheese, and eggs.
Function in the Body:
– Helps keep skin and hair healthy.
– Aids in night vision.
– Plays a role in developingstrong bones and teeth.
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Vitamin D
Food Sources:
– Vitamin D fortified milk, egg yolk, salmon, and liver.
– Nonfood Source: the sun.
Function in the Body:
– Helps the body use calcium and phosphorus.
– Plays a role in building strong bones and teeth.
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Vitamin E
Food Sources:
– Whole-grain breads and cereals; dark green, leafy vegetables; dry beans and peas; nuts and seeds; vegetable oils; margarine; liver.
Function in the Body:
– Helps form red blood cells, muscles, and other tissues.
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Vitamin K
Food Sources:
– Dark green and leafy vegetables (such as spinach, lettuce, kale, collard greens), and cabbage.
Function in the Body:
– Helps blood to clot.
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Vitamin B-complex
Food Sources: – Whole grain and enriched breads and cereals, dry bean and
peas, peanut butter, nuts, meat, poultry, fish, eggs, milk.
Function in the Body: – Helps the body use the energy
from the foods we eat.
– Helps brain, nerves, and muscles function.
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Vitamin C
Food Sources: – Citrus fruits, strawberries, kiwi,
broccoli, tomatoes, and potatoes.
Function in the Body:– Helps heal wounds.
– Helps maintain healthy bones, teeth, and blood vessels.
– Helps body fight infection.
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Minerals
Food Sources:– Meats, beans, nuts, fruits, vegetables, dairy products, and
grains.
Function in the Body:– The body depends on minerals for practically every process
necessary for life.
– Minerals actually become part of the body.
– The body requires 16 minerals daily.
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Minerals
• Calcium
• Phosphorus
• Magnesium
• Sodium
• Potassium
• Iron
• Others include: – Iodine, Zinc, Copper, Sulfur, Chloride, etc.
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Calcium & Phosphorus
Food Sources: – Dairy Products: milk, cheese, ice cream, green leafy
vegetables, canned sardines and other processed fish eaten with bones.
Function in the Body:– Helps build and maintain healthy bones and teeth.
– Helps heart, nerves, and muscles work properly.
***Deficiency (lack) of calcium & phosphorus leads to osteoporosis.
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Iron
Food Sources:– Liver, kidney, heart, meat, egg yolk, dried beans and peas,
spinach, dried fruit, whole-grain & enriched breads & cereals, nuts.
Function in the Body:– Helps make hemoglobin in red blood cells.
– Helps cells use oxygen.
***Deficiency (lack) of iron leads to anemia.
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Sodium
• Food Sources:– Processed & prepared foods: Canned
vegetables, soups, pickles, lunch meats, ham, bacon, sausage, hotdogs, and frozen foods. Salt/sodium is used to preserve food and improve the taste and texture of food.
– Condiments: Table salt, soy sauce, ketchup, mustard, BBQ sauce, steak sauce…
– Natural sources: Some meats, poultry, dairy products (ex. cheeses) and vegetables.
The main sources
of sodium in the
average U.S. diet.
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Sodium
Function in the Body:– Helps maintain the right balance of fluids in your body.
– Helps transmit nerve impulses.
– Influences the contraction and relaxation of muscles.
***Excess sodium can lead to hypertension (high blood pressure), a condition that can lead to cardiovascular and kidney diseases.
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Nutrient Deficiency
A nutritional deficiency occurs when your body doesn’t get enough nutrients.
Symptoms:– At first the symptoms may not seem serious. They may
include: tiredness, difficulty sleeping or concentrating, frequent colds, and weight loss or gains.
– However, if the deficiency is not corrected the symptoms may get more serious and effect the skin, eyes, and bones.
***The best way to avoid a nutrient deficiency is to eat a well balanced diet.
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Nutrient Basics Quiz
1. I serve many functions in the body. I help carry nutrients to the body’s cells and I also help regulate body temperature. I am____________.
2. I can be converted into energy. I am also used to build, maintain and repair body tissues. I am_________.
3. I have a bad reputation in many people’s minds but I do serve many functions in the body. For example, I am the most concentrated source of energy and I also am needed for growth and healthy skin. I am______________.
4. I am the body’s main source of energy and I come in two forms, simple and complex. I am_______________.
5. I do not provide energy (calories) but I do help regulate many of the chemical processes in the body. You need 13 different forms of me everyday. I am_____________.
6. I am depended on for nearly every process necessary for life. The body requires 16 types of me everyday from calcium to iron. I am _________.
Fill in the blank with the appropriate nutrient.
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You’re the Expert…
• Jenny is an active teenage. She plays on the basketball
and soccer teams at her school. Lately, however, she has
been feeling tired and having trouble concentrating in
school. She eats three meals a day, but tends to eat
mostly cheese pizza, French fries, and Twinkies. Jenny
comes to you for advice.
• Working in small groups, create a sample diet for her
which may help her overcome her nutritional deficiency.
Be sure to include all of the 6 essential nutrients in her
diet plan and explain briefly why you chose the foods
you did.
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Pick one of the following assignments to be completed outside of class.
Applying What You Know
1. Record your diet for 3 days. Write down everything you eat and drink throughout the day. Then, go over your diet and evaluate it based on your nutritional needs. What nutrients are you consuming enough of? Are there any nutrients you need more of on a daily basis? In what ways will you make improvements. Write a one-page summary of your results.
2. Research one of the well-known nutritional deficiency diseases. What are the major causes of the disease? How is it diagnosed? Is a certain age group more prone to the disease? Can it be cured? Write a one- two page report on your findings.
3. Create a poster for teens your age describing the functions of the 6 essential nutrients. Be sure to include visual examples of food sources, USDA serving guidelines, as well as any new facts you may discover regarding disease prevention. You will be graded on neatness and creativity, as well as content.
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Exploring the Web
• Here are some suggested sites you and your class may want to
investigate for more information on nutrients.
– http://www.nutrition.gov/home/index.php3• Nutrition facts and information
– http://www.nal.usda.gov:8001/py/pmap.htm
• USDA Food Guide Pyramid information
– http://vm.cfsan.fda.gov/list.html• The US FDA Center for Food Safety and Applied Nutrition
– http://www.nal.usda.gov/fnic/• Food and Nutrition Information Center
• Teachers: Please note that these addresses are constantly changing and being updated. You
may need to revise this list.
Elements of Life
http://www.hippocampus.org/hippocampus.php/course_locator.php?course=AP%20Biology%20I&lesson=2&topic=2&width=600&height=350&topicTitle=Elements%20of%20Life&skinPath=http://www.hippocampus.org/hippo
campus.skins/default
Questions• What is the most abundant element in the universe?
Hydrogen
• Humans are composed primarily of what three elements?
63% oxygen, 10% hydrogen, & 19% carbon
4% nitrogen, 2% calcium, & <1% phosphorus
HWFinish any class work you did not complete.
Chemical ElementsIn the body
CALCIUM – (Ca)
• Our body needs Ca every day.
• It helps build and maintain healthy teeth and bones.
• Keeps your heart beating steadily, your blood, nerves and muscles working correctly.
• If you do not get enough, your body will "steal" the calcium from your bones to use for other functions. This can reduce your bone strength and lead to osteoporosis, a potentially crippling disease of thin and fragile bones.
Chemical ElementsIn the body
• Osteoporosis affects over 10 million Americans, with another 34 million having reduced bone mass.
• Most Americans don’t get enough from their diets. Eating a good balanced diet, including drinking milk on a daily basis, should get you enough calcium.
Chemical ElementsIn the body
CARBON – (C)
• Virtually every part of our bodies is made with large amounts of C.
• Ideal for building big biological molecules. Thought of as a basic building block. Can be attached to each other to form long chains, or attached to other elements.
• Foods high in carbon: sugars, proteins, starches, grains/breads, & fats.
Chemical ElementsIn the body
CHLORINE – (Cl)
• Found throughout the body; in the blood, in the fluids inside cells and between cells.
• Carries an electrical charge when dissolved in body fluids. Termed "electrolytes".
• The charge is what allows nerve cells to work.
• Also works with K and Na to regulate the amount of fluids in the body and to regulate pH in the body.
• Also helps muscles flex and relax normally.
Chemical ElementsIn the body
• Allows us to digest our food properly and to absorb the many other elements that we need to survive. Stomach acid is (hydrochloric acid, or HCl).
• Excessive vomiting can lead to a serious loss of chlorine in the body. This can lead to a dangerous imbalance of pH in the body, which can cause muscle weakness, loss of appetite, dehydration and coma.
• It is easy to get enough chlorine from natural, unprocessed foods, and deficiencies of this important element are rare. Most Americans consume massive amounts of salt in their diet. This means most of us get much more chlorine than we really need.
Chemical ElementsIn the body
FLUORINE – (F)
• Used to strengthen bones and teeth.
• Added to most drinking water supplies, it is also added to most brands of toothpaste for its ability to fight cavities.
• Is the most important trace element affecting bones and teeth.
• Stimulates bone growth. Fluoride, along with large quantities of calcium, is a large part of what makes your bones strong.
• When the body does not receive enough fluoride, bones start to loose calcium, and then become weak and brittle.
• We get most of it from the water that we drink, not from the food that we eat. Other good sources include seafood, teas and toothpaste.
Chemical ElementsIn the body
HYDROGEN – (H)
• We can survive years, without getting most of the other elements that we need to survive. We can survive weeks without food, but we would die after only a few days without water.
• 60 – 70 % of our bodies are made of water.
• It dissolves other life-supporting substances and transports them to fluids in and around our cells.
• Important reactions take place here.
• Almost always bound to the carbon that our bodies are constructed of.
• Foods high in hydrogen are: fruit and vegetable juices, broths, water, citrus fruits, & milk.
Chemical ElementsIn the body
IODINE – (I)
• Is required in very small amounts by the human body.
• Found in a purple solution that we put on cuts to help our wounds healfaster by preventing them from getting infected.
• You add iodine to river and lake water to make it safe to drink.
• It keeps our thyroid gland healthy. Most of the iodine in our bodies is stored in this organ, located in the base of your neck.
Chemical ElementsIn the body
• The thyroid gland uses iodine to make chemicals that affect our growth, development and how we burn the energy that we get from food.
• If we don’t get enough iodine, we can expect to have a loss of energy and to gain weight.
• Found in large amounts in seafood, sea vegetables (kelp), dairy products and iodized salt (table salt). You probably get more than enough if you eat salty foods like potato chips or french fires.
Chemical ElementsIn the body
IRON – (Fe)
• Is used by the body to make tendons and ligaments.
• Certain chemicals in our brain are controlled by the presence or absence of Fe.
• Important for maintaining a healthy immune system and for digestingcertain things in the food that we eat.
• Plays a vitally important part of how our body obtains energy from our food.
Chemical ElementsIn the body
• Is an essential part of hemoglobin – (part of our blood that carries oxygen).
• If we don’t get enough iron in our diets, our blood won’t carry enough oxygen to our bodies and we can feel tired, have decreased alertness and attention span and our muscles may not function properly.
• If the lack of iron in our bodies is severe, we can get "iron deficiency anemia", our blood won’t carry enough oxygen to our bodies so we can function normally. Iron deficiency anemia is probably the most common nutritional disease in the world, affecting at least five hundred million people.
• It is easy to get enough iron in your food, if you eat a balanced diet. Many foods contain iron.
Chemical ElementsIn the body
MAGNESIUM – (Mg)
• We need it for the proper growth, formation and function of our bonesand muscles.
• Mg and Ca control how our muscles contract.
• It prevents some heart disorders and high blood pressure.
• Higher intake of Mg is also associated with improved lung function.
• Our bodies use it to help convert our food into energy and it helps our bodies absorb calcium and potassium.
• Helps our brains function normally.
• Helps to prevent depression.
Chemical ElementsIn the body
• Is essential in allowing your body to control insulin levels in your blood. It is very important in the amount of energy that your body has to operate. It is suspected that taking extra Mg might be beneficial for those suffering from fatigue.
• Mg is sometimes injected into patients’ veins in emergency situations such as an acute heart attack or acute asthma attack.
• In non-emergency situations, Mg is sometimes given to asthma sufferers in a pill form. It relaxes the muscles along the airway to the lungs, which allows asthma patients to breathe easier.
• Mg is effective in treating numerous heart / lung diseases and has been used for over 50 years.
• Foods high in magnesium include fish, dairy products, lean meat, whole grains, seeds, and vegetables.
Chemical ElementsIn the body
MANGANESE – (Mn)
• It is used to make chemicals that help us digest the food that we eat.
• Supports the immune system, regulates blood sugar levels, and is involved in the production of energy and cell reproduction.
• Also important for bone growth.
• Works with vitamin K to support blood clotting.
• With the B-complex vitamins, Mn helps to control the effects of stresswhile contributing to ones sense of well being.
Chemical ElementsIn the body
• It is extremely rare in humans, it is suspected that not getting enough Mncan cause poor bone formation, affect our fertility and the ability for our blood to clot.
• Birth defects can possibly even result when an expecting mother doesn’t get enough Mn. Some researchers are also looking into a link between poor Mn intake and higher skin cancer rates.
• As is the case with most elements, we can easily get enough Mn from a good balanced diet. Foods high in manganese include avocados, berries, nuts and seeds, egg yolks, whole grains, green leafy vegetables and legumes (such as peanuts, peas and beans).
Chemical ElementsIn the body
NITROGEN – (N)
• It plays an important role in digestion of food and growth.
• Almost 80% of the air we breathe is made up of N. But humans cannot use the N in the air we breathe.
• Nitrogen is found in large amounts in all kinds of food.
• When your body digests this food and makes it into energy, the first step is to remove N atoms from the molecules in the food.
Chemical ElementsIn the body
• This is especially important is during pregnancy. The N is needed to help the fetus to grow properly.
• By term, the mother and infant will have accumulated over a pound of N.
• In the plant kingdom, N is one of the 3 main elements that make plant life possible. (K and P are the other two, and you may hear them referred to collectively as N-P-K whenever talking about key plant nutrients.)
Chemical ElementsIn the body
OXYGEN – (O)
• People need to breathe oxygen to survive, but plants need this element too. Without oxygen, plants could not survive. Without plants, we wouldn’t have food to eat.
• Water is a compound of hydrogen and oxygen (H2O) and is absolutely necessary for virtually all life as we know it.
Chemical ElementsIn the body
PHOSPHORUS – (P)
• Is one of the most abundant minerals in the human body, second only to calcium.
• Is required for the healthy formation of bones and teeth, and is necessary for our bodies to process many of the foods that we eat.
• It is also a part of the body's energy storage system, and helps with maintaining healthy blood sugar levels.
• Is also found in substantial amounts in the nervous system.
• The regular contractions of the heart are dependant upon phosphorus, as are normal cell growth and repair.
Chemical ElementsIn the body
• Is found in almost all plant and animal food sources, a deficiency of this mineral is rarely seen.
• P deficiency can and does occur, particularly in people who take certain types of antacids for many years.
• Feeling easily fatigued, weak and having a decreased attention span can be symptoms of mild phosphate deficiency.
• The human body must maintain a balance between Mg, P, and Ca. Excess intake of P can occur in people with diets high in processed foods, soft drinks, and meats, leading to osteoporosis.
Chemical ElementsIn the body
• The RDA for P is 300 milligrams for infants, and between 800 and 1,200 milligrams for adults.
• It is estimated that Americans ingest on average between 1,500 and 1,600 milligrams of P per day.
• Foods highest in P include asparagus, brewers yeast, dairy products, eggs, fish, dried fruit, meats, garlic, legumes, nuts and seeds, and whole grains.
• Many antacids, used to treat peptic ulcer disease, gastritis (heart burn) and acid reflux, contain Mg and Al, both of which bind to P, preventing its absorption into the body.
Chemical ElementsIn the body
POTASSIUM – (K)
• In order to work properly, cells need to let things enter and leave them.
• Most of the ways that cells do this requires potassium.
• In fact, without potassium, cells loose control of what can enter and leave them.
Chemical ElementsIn the body
SILICON – (Si)
• Used, with Ca, to grow and maintain strong bones.
• It is also important to the formation of connective tissues, like ligamentsand tendons.
• Is important for the growth of hair, skin and fingernails.
• It has been suggested that silicon may be able to delay or prevent Alzheimer’s disease.
• It is easy to get plenty of Si in a normal diet and deficiencies are extremely rare. Foods rich in Si include whole grain breads and cereals, alfalfa, beets, bell peppers, beans and peas.
Chemical ElementsIn the body
SODIUM – (Na)
• With K and Cl, it forms a very important part of blood plasma.
• Sodium also allows our bodies to maintain the right blood chemistry and the correct amount of water in our blood.
• Allows our muscles to contract normally.
• Needed to digest the food that we eat.
• Normal functioning of our nervous system also depends on Na.
Chemical ElementsIn the body
• The foods that most Americans eat are very high in salt content (i.e. potato chips, french fries and popcorn). Therefore, we consume far more Na than our bodies actually need.
• A Na deficiency can occur, however, is when you sweat a large amount . This can lead to dehydration, weakness and mental confusion.
Chemical ElementsIn the body
SULFUR – (S)
• Used in small amounts to help construct virtually all parts of the human body.
• Helps protect the cells in our bodies from environmental hazards such as air pollution and radiation.
• Slows down the aging process and extends our life span.
• Helps our liver function properly, helps us digest the food that we eat and then turn that food into energy.
• Helps our blood clot.
• Is an important part of vitamin B1 and insulin.
• Is an important part of a substance that keeps your skin supple and elastic.
Chemical ElementsIn the body
• There is plenty of sulfur in the food that we eat.
• If you get more than your body needs, you just excrete it in your urine.
• Foods that have a lot of sulfur include meats, fish, dairy products, eggs and garlic.
The Structure of Atoms
http://youtube.com/watch?v=SMgi2j9Ks9k
Atomic Energy
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=x9lwvImJqT0&NR=1
http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=8xqE3it3rrk&feature=related
Half-Life
http://www.colorado.edu/physics/2000/isotopes/radioactive_decay3.html
Radiation Therapyhttp://www.youtube.com/watch?v=OK7yOyI6GLI
http://www.cancer.gov/CANCERTOPICS/FACTSHEET/THERAPY/RADIATION
Ten Key Points About Radiation Therapy
