1.Dr. Khaled WassifFall 2011-2012CS111

2. CHAPTER OUTLINE Personal Computer Basics Personal Computer Systems Desktop and Portable Computers Home, Game, and Small Business Systems Buying Computer System Components Microprocessors and MemoryMicroprocessor BasicsTodays MicroprocessorsRAM, ROM, EEPROMCS111 Introduction to ComputersSlide 2- 2By Dr. Khaled Wassif 3. CHAPTER OUTLINE Storage Devices Storage Basics Magnetic Disk and Tape Technology CD, DVD, and Blu-ray Technology Solid State Storage, Storage Wrapup Input and Output Devices Basic Input Devices Display Devices, Printers Installing Peripheral Devices Hardware SecurityCS111 Introduction to Computers Slide 2- 3By Dr. Khaled Wassif 4. Personal Computer SystemsWhats a personal computer system? The term personal computer system has at least two meanings: Any computer system that uses personal computers for core processing operations. Include school labs and small business networks. A personal computer, software, and peripheral devices that can be connected together for use by a single individual. CS111 Introduction to ComputersSlide 2- 4 By Dr. Khaled Wassif 5. Personal Computer Systems What are the components of a typicalpersonal computer system? Centerpiece of a personal computer system is a personal computer, in addition to peripheral devices. Peripheral device designates input, output, and storage equipment that might be added to a computer system to enhance its functionality. Includeprinters,digital cameras, scanners, joysticks, and speakers.CS111 Introduction to ComputersSlide 2- 5By Dr. Khaled Wassif 6. Personal Computer Systems What are the components of a typicalpersonal computer system?CS111 Introduction to ComputersSlide 2- 6By Dr. Khaled Wassif 7. Personal Computer Systems What are the components of a typicalpersonal computer system? System unit is the case that holds the computersmain circuit boards, microprocessor, memory, powersupply, and storage devices. May also include other built-in devices, such as a keyboard and speakers, depending on the computer design. Most personal computer systems are equipped with akeyboard as the primary input device. Mouse is an input device designed to manipulate on-screen graphical objects and controls. Hard disk drive is the main storage device on apersonal computer system that mounted inside thecomputers system unit.CS111 Introduction to ComputersSlide 2- 7By Dr. Khaled Wassif 8. Personal Computer Systems What are the components of a typicalpersonal computer system? Optical drive is a storage device that works withCDs, DVDs, Blu-ray discs, or some combination ofthese storage media. Handy for playing audio CDs, and DVD and Blu-ray movies. Used to store computer data on writable CDs and DVDs. Other storage includes a low-capacity storage devicecalled a floppy disk drive. Today, these drives have been replaced by solid state storage options, such as USB flash drives and memory cards.CS111 Introduction to ComputersSlide 2- 8By Dr. Khaled Wassif 9. Personal Computer Systems What are the components of a typicalpersonal computer system? Sound system can output digital music, digitally recorded speech, and a variety of sound effects. To produce sounds, a computer uses a circuit board called a sound card, which is typically housed in the system unit. Sound card sends signals to speakers, which can be external devices or built into the system unit. Display system consists of two parts: Circuitry, called a graphics card, converts raw digital data into images that can be shown on a display device. Display devices, called computer screens or monitors, present visual output, such as documents, photos, and videos. Personal computer systems can use several types of display technologies, including LCDs and LEDs.CS111 Introduction to ComputersSlide 2- 9By Dr. Khaled Wassif 10. Personal Computer Systems What are the components of a typicalpersonal computer system? Network and Internet access. Many personal computer systems include built-in circuitry for wired or wireless connections to a computer network. Internet connections require a modem. Modems that establish an Internet connection using a standard telephone line are often built into the system unit. Modems for cable, satellite, and other types of Internet access are usually separate components. A computer printer is an output device that producescomputer generated text or graphical images on paper.CS111 Introduction to ComputersSlide 2- 10By Dr. Khaled Wassif 11. Desktop and Portable Computers What is the significance of different computer designs? The industrial design principle that form followsfunction applies to computers. In the computer industry, the term form factor refersto the size and dimensions of a component, such as asystem board or system unit. Personal computers are available in all sorts of form factors: Some are small and some are large; Some are designed to remain on a desk, whereas others are designed to be portable.CS111 Introduction to Computers Slide 2- 11By Dr. Khaled Wassif 12. Desktop and Portable Computers What are the characteristics of desktop computers? A desktop computer fits on a desk and runs on powerfrom an electrical wall outlet. Main component of a typical desktop computer is asystem unit that houses the processor, memory, storagedevices, display circuitry, and sound circuitry. A desktop computers keyboard, mouse, and displayscreen are typically separate components that areconnected to main unit by cables or wireless technology. A desktop computers system unit can be housed in avertical case or a horizontal case. Some manufacturers eliminate separate system unitby including it in back of a screen or into a keyboard. CS111 Introduction to Computers Slide 2- 12 By Dr. Khaled Wassif 13. Desktop and Portable Computers How do portable computers differ from desktops? A portable (mobile) computer is a small, lightweightpersonal computerwithscreen, keyboard, storage,and processingcomponents integrated into a single unit that runs onpower supplied by an electrical outlet or a battery. Portable computers are ideal for mobile uses becausethey are easy to carry and can be used outdoors. Portablecomputers are classified asnotebooks, netbooks, and tablets. CS111 Introduction to Computers Slide 2- 13 By Dr. Khaled Wassif 14. Desktop and Portable ComputersWhat are a notebook, a netbook anda tablet computer? A notebook computer (also referred to as a laptop) isa small, lightweight portable computer that openslike a clamshell to reveal a screen and keyboard. A netbook computer are scaled-down versions of thestandard notebook computer and classified assubnotebook (mini-laptop). Doesnt have space for a CD or DVD drive, but one can beconnected externally if needed. A tablet computer is a portable computing devicefeaturing a touch-sensitive screen that can be used asa writing or drawing pad. Lacks a built-in keyboard (but can be attached). CS111 Introduction to Computers Slide 2- 14 By Dr. Khaled Wassif 15. Desktop and Portable Computers What are a notebook, a netbook and a tablet computer?CS111 Introduction to Computers Slide 2- 15By Dr. Khaled Wassif 16. Home, Game, and Small Business SystemsWhat differentiates a home computer from other types? A collection of configurations designed to serveconsumers who use computers for personal tasks. Netbooks, notebook, tablet, and many desktopcomputers, are marketed as home computer systems. Prices and features of home computer systems vary. Basic, inexpensive home systems offer adequate, butnot super-charged, support for most computerapplications, including: Web browsing, e-mail, working with photos, downloading music, and working with generalproductivity applications, such as word processing.CS111 Introduction to ComputersSlide 2- 16By Dr. Khaled Wassif 17. Home, Game, and Small Business Systems Whats so great about a gaming PC? Some of the most revolutionary computers aredesigned for gaming. Main features: Fastest processors Large memory State-of-the-art sound capabilities Multiple graphics processors Some manufacturers produce gaming notebooks, but most serious gamers tend to select desktop models. Because desktop computers are easier to customize and offer a little more power per dollar.CS111 Introduction to Computers Slide 2- 17By Dr. Khaled Wassif 18. Home, Game, and Small Business Systems What are the characteristics of smallbusiness computers? Computers marketed for small business applicationstend to essentials that are adequate for basic businessapplications, such as word processing, spreadsheetanalysis, accounting, and e-mail.Amedium-speed processor, moderate amount ofRAM, and sensible disk capacity. Might not include a CD or DVD drive and often do notinclude speakers. Easy networking options that allow connection with othercomputers in an office environment. Use desktop models, rather than notebooks, becausethey are less expensive, easier to repair, and less likelyto be lost or stolen. CS111 Introduction to Computers Slide 2- 18 By Dr. Khaled Wassif 19. Buying Computer System Components What are the main activities for buying a computer system? To prepare for a computer purchase, you shouldcomplete the following activities: Browse through computer magazines and online computer stores to get a general idea of features and prices. Decide on a budget and stick to it. Make a list of the ways you plan to use your computer. Select a platform. Decide on a form factor. Select peripherals, software, and accessories.CS111 Introduction to Computers Slide 2- 19By Dr. Khaled Wassif 20. Buying Computer System Components Computer ads are loaded with jargon and acronyms, such as RAM, ROM, MHz, GB, and USB. When you complete this chapter, you should be able to sort out the terminology used in a typical computer ad.CS111 Introduction to Computers Slide 2- 20By Dr. Khaled Wassif 21. Buying Computer System Components Why is it important to figure outthe usage plan for your new computer? Computers can help in performing a wide variety oftasks that it can be impossible to predict all ways ofusing a new machine in the future. You can, however, make a list of the ways you plan toimmediately use your computer and that list can help youthink about the features youll need. Some computer activities require more processing orstorage capacity than others. If you have some ideas about your computer usage, youremore likely to buy the right computer and not have topurchase expensive upgrades for it later. CS111 Introduction to Computers Slide 2- 21 By Dr. Khaled Wassif 22. Buying Computer System Components Why is it important to figure outthe usage plan for your new computer?CS111 Introduction to ComputersSlide 2- 22By Dr. Khaled Wassif 23. Buying Computer System Components How important is compatibility? Computers that operate in essentially the same wayand use the same software are said to be compatible. Computers with the same operating systems can typically use the same software and peripheral devices. Today, there are three personal computer platforms: PC platform is based on the design for one of the first personal computer superstars the IBM PC. Windows OS was designed specifically for these personal computers and, therefore, it is sometimes called the Windows platform. Mac platform is based on a proprietary design for a personalcomputercalled the Macintosh(or Mac), manufactured almost exclusively by Apple. Linux platform can use a standard PC or Mac running the Linux operating system.CS111 Introduction to ComputersSlide 2- 23By Dr. Khaled Wassif 24. Buying Computer System ComponentsCan I upgrade a computer to make itmore powerful? When shopping for a computer system: Your budget might not stretch to cover the cost of all the equipment you want. You might wonder if you can extend the life of your current computer by upgrading key components. Some components are easy to add or change, whereas others are not. Upgrades and add-ons are usually approved bycomputer manufacturers and vendors. However, some creative computer owners, called modders, work with unauthorized modifications. In context of computing, a mod is a custom hand-built modification to a computer system component.CS111 Introduction to Computers Slide 2- 24By Dr. Khaled Wassif 25. Buying Computer System ComponentsCan I upgrade a computer to make itmore powerful?CS111 Introduction to ComputersSlide 2- 25By Dr. Khaled Wassif 26. Microprocessor BasicsWhat exactly is a microprocessor? A microprocessor (or simply a processor) is anintegrated circuit designed to process instructions. Itis the most important, and usually the most expensive, component of a computer. It may mistakenly referred to as a computer on a chip, but it can be more accurately described as a CPU on a chip: Because it contains; on a single chip, circuitry that performs essentially the same tasks as the central processing unit of a classic mainframe computer. Looking inside a computer, you can usually identify the microprocessor because it is the largest chip on the system board.CS111 Introduction to ComputersSlide 2- 26By Dr. Khaled Wassif 27. Microprocessor Basics What makes one microprocessorperform better than another? Computer ads typically include microprocessorspecifications related to performance. For example: Intel Core 2 Duo 3.33 GHz, 1333 MHzFSB, 6 MB Cache. A microprocessors performance is affected by severalfactors, including: Clock speed Bus speed Word size Cache size Instruction set Processing techniques CS111 Introduction to ComputersSlide 2- 27 By Dr. Khaled Wassif 28. Microprocessor Basics What do MHz and GHz have to do with computer performance? The speed of a microprocessor; its clock speed, isspecified in megahertz or gigahertz. Megahertz (MHz) means a million cycles per second. Gigahertz (GHz) means a billion cycles per second. A cycle is the smallest unit of time in a microprocessors universe. Each action a processor performs is measured by these cycles. The clock speed is not equal to number of instructionsa processor can execute in one second. Some instructions occur within one cycle, but otherinstructions might require multiple cycles. If all other things being equal, a computer with a 3.33GHz processor is faster than a computer with a 2.6GHz processor or a 933 MHz processor. CS111 Introduction to ComputersSlide 2- 28 By Dr. Khaled Wassif 29. Microprocessor Basics What is FSB? FSB stands for front side bus, a term that refers to thecircuitry that transports data to and from themicroprocessor. A fast front side bus moves data quickly and allowsthe processor to work at full capacity. In todays computers, FSB speed (technically itsfrequency) is measured in megahertz and rangesfrom 200 MHz to 1600 MHz. Higher numbers indicate faster FSB speeds. CS111 Introduction to ComputersSlide 2- 29 By Dr. Khaled Wassif 30. Microprocessor Basics What impact does word size haveon performance? Word size refers to the number of bits that amicroprocessor can manipulate at one time. It is based on the size of registers in the ALU and the capacity of circuits that lead to those registers. Example: A processor with a 32-bit word size, referred to as a 32-bit processor, has 32-bit registers and processes 32 bits at a time. Processors with a larger word size can process moredata during each processor cyclea factor that leadsto increased computer performance. Todays personal computers typically contain 32-bitor 64-bit processors.CS111 Introduction to Computers Slide 2- 30By Dr. Khaled Wassif 31. Microprocessor Basics How does the cache size affect performance? Cache (pronounced cash) is special high-speedmemory that allows a microprocessor to access datamore rapidly than from memory located elsewhereon the system board. A large cache can increase computer performance. Some computer ads specify cache type and capacity. A Level 1 cache (L1) is built into the processor chip, whereas a Level 2 cache (L2) is located on a separate chip and takes a little more time to get data to the processor. Cache capacity is usually measured in megabytes.CS111 Introduction to Computers Slide 2- 31By Dr. Khaled Wassif 32. Microprocessor Basics How does an instruction set affect performance? As chip designers developed various instruction setsfor microprocessors: They added increasingly complex instructions. Each instruction requires several clock cycles for execution. A microprocessor with a complex instructions set usesCISC (complex instruction set computer) technology. A microprocessor with a simple instructions set usesRISC (reduced instruction set computer) technology. A RISC processor performs most instructions faster than aCISC processor. Most processors in todays personal computers useCISC technology. CS111 Introduction to ComputersSlide 2- 32 By Dr. Khaled Wassif 33. Microprocessor BasicsCan a microprocessor execute more than one instruction at a time? Some processors execute instructionsserially one instruction at a time. With serial processing, the processormust complete all steps in theinstruction cycle before it begins toexecute the next instruction. Many of todays microprocessorsperform parallel processing, in whichmultiple instructions are executed atthe same time. Parallel processing enhance processorperformance. CS111 Introduction to ComputersSlide 2- 33 By Dr. Khaled Wassif 34. Microprocessor BasicsWhats a multi-core processor? A single microprocessor with circuitry for more thanone processing unit is called a multi-core processor. Todays dual-core and quad-core processors are faster thanthose with a single core. A computers OS and software should be optimized formulti-core processing to gain maximum speed. With so many factors to consider, how can Icompare microprocessor performance? Various testing laboratories run a series of tests tomeasure the overall speed of a microprocessor. The results of these tests, called benchmarks, can then becompared to the results for other microprocessors. CS111 Introduction to Computers Slide 2- 34 By Dr. Khaled Wassif 35. Todays MicroprocessorsWhich companies produce most oftodays popular microprocessors? Intel is the worlds largest chipmaker and supplies asizeable percentage of the microprocessors thatpower PCs. Since debut of IBM PC in 1985, Intel has introducednumerous microprocessors that have been used by mostmajor computer manufacturers. AMD is Intels chief rival in the PC chip market. AMDs Phenom processors are direct competitors to IntelsCore 2 Quad line AMD processors are less expensive than comparable Intelmodels and have a slight performance advantage accordingto some benchmarks. CS111 Introduction to ComputersSlide 2- 35 By Dr. Khaled Wassif 36. Todays Microprocessors Can I replace my computers microprocessor with a faster one? It is technically possible to upgrade your computersmicroprocessor, but computer owners rarely do so. The price of the latest, greatest microprocessor can oftenget you more than halfway to buying an entirely newcomputer system. Technical factors also discourage microprocessorupgrades. A microprocessor operates at full efficiency only if allcomponents in the computer can handle the faster speeds. Installing a new processor in an old computer can lead todisaster too much power. CS111 Introduction to Computers Slide 2- 36 By Dr. Khaled Wassif 37. Todays Microprocessors What is overclocking? Why doesnt everyone overclock? Overclocking is a technique for increasing the speedof a computer component, such as aprocessor, graphics card, system board, or memory. When successful, it can increase the processing power of aslow component to match that of a faster, more expensivecomponent. Overclocking is very risky. Additional electrical power pumped into a componentincreases heat output that can overheat and even catch fire. To maintain safe operating temperatures, moddersinstall supplemental cooling systems. CS111 Introduction to Computers Slide 2- 37 By Dr. Khaled Wassif 38. Random Access MemoryWhat is RAM? RAM (random access memory) is a temporary holding area for data, application program instructions, and the operating system. In a personal computer, RAM is usually several chips or small circuit boards that plug into the system board within the computers system unit. A computers RAM capacity is always included in thelist of specifications in a computer ad. Amount of RAM in a computer can affect the overall price of a computer system.CS111 Introduction to ComputersSlide 2- 38By Dr. Khaled Wassif 39. Random Access MemoryWhy is RAM so important? RAM is the waiting room for the computers processor. It holds raw data waiting to be processed as well as theprogram instructions for processing that data. It holds the results of processing until they can be storedmore permanently on disk or tape. It also holds operating system instructions, that loadedwhen starting a computer, to control its basic functions. CS111 Introduction to Computers Slide 2- 39 By Dr. Khaled Wassif 40. Random Access Memory How does RAM differ fromhard-disk storage? To differentiate between RAM and hard-disk storage: RAM holds data in circuitry thats directly connected to the system board, whereas hard-disk storage places data on magnetic media. RAM is temporary storage; hard-disk storage is more permanent. RAM usually has less storage capacity than hard- disk storage.CS111 Introduction to ComputersSlide 2- 40By Dr. Khaled Wassif 41. Random Access MemoryHow does RAM work? In RAM, microscopic electronic parts called capacitorshold the bits that represent data. Can visualize the capacitors as microscopic lights that canbe turned on or off. Turned on capacitor represents a 1 bit and turned off capacitorrepresents a 0 bit. Each bank of capacitors holds eight bitsone byte of data. A RAM address on each bank helps the computerlocate data, as needed, for processing. Unlike disk storage, most RAM is volatile: Which means it requires electrical power to hold data. If the computer is turned off or the power goes out, all datastored in RAM instantly and permanently disappears. CS111 Introduction to Computers Slide 2- 41 By Dr. Khaled Wassif 42. Random Access Memory How does RAM work?CS111 Introduction to Computers Slide 2- 42By Dr. Khaled Wassif 43. Random Access MemoryHow much RAM does a computer need? RAM capacity is expressed in megabytes or gigabytes. Todays personal computers typically feature 28 GB of RAM. Amount of RAM a computer needs depends on theused software you. RAM requirements are routinely specified on the outside of a software package. Todays computer operating systems are quite adeptat allocating RAM space to multiple programs. If a program exceeds its allocated space, the operating system uses an area of the hard disk, called virtual memory, to store parts of programs or data files until they are needed.CS111 Introduction to Computers Slide 2- 43By Dr. Khaled Wassif 44. Random Access MemoryDo all computers use same type of RAM? RAM components vary in speed, technology, andconfiguration.2 GB Dual Channel DDR2 SDRAM at 800 MHz (max 4 GB) RAM speed is often expressed in nanoseconds (ns) ormegahertz (MHz millions of cycles per second). Lower nanosecond ratings are better because it means theRAM circuitry can react faster to update the data it holds. Opposite, higher MHz ratings mean faster speeds. Most of todays personal computers use SDRAM. SDRAM (synchronous dynamic RAM) is fast and relativelyinexpensive. Improvements such as dual-channel technology and doubledata rate (DDR, DDR2, or ) have increased SDRAM speed. CS111 Introduction to ComputersSlide 2- 44 By Dr. Khaled Wassif 45. Read-only MemoryHow is ROM different from RAM? ROM (read-only memory) is a type of memorycircuitry that holds the computers startup routine. ROM is housed in a single integrated circuit which isplugged into the system board. Whereas RAM is temporary and volatile, ROM ispermanent and nonvolatile. ROM holds hard-wired instructions that are a permanentpart of the circuitry and remain in place even when thecomputer power is turned off. The instructions in ROM are permanent, and the only wayto change them is to replace the ROM chip. CS111 Introduction to ComputersSlide 2- 45 By Dr. Khaled Wassif 46. Read-only Memory If a computer has RAM,why does it need ROM too? When a computer is turned on, the microprocessor receives electrical power and is ready to begin executing instructions. As a result of power being off, RAM is empty and doesnt contain any instructions for the microprocessor to execute. ROM contains a small set of instructions called theROM BIOS (basic input/output system). These instructions tell the computer how to access the hard disk, find the operating system, and load it into RAM. After loading the operating system, the computer can accept input, display output, run software, and access data.CS111 Introduction to Computers Slide 2- 46By Dr. Khaled Wassif 47. EEPROM Where does a computer store its basic hardware settings? A computer, to operate correctly, must have some information about storage, memory, and display configurations. To store this information, the computer needs a type ofmemory thats more permanent than RAM, but lesspermanent than ROM. EEPROM (electrically erasable programmable read-only memory) is a non-volatile chip that requires nopower to hold data. Whenthe configuration of a computer system is changed, as by adding RAM, the data in EEPROM must be updated. Some operating systems recognize such changes and automatically perform the update.CS111 Introduction to ComputersBy Dr. Khaled WassifSlide 2- 47 48. EEPROMWhat information aboutmemory performance is most important? Even though ROM and EEPROM have importantroles in the operation of a computer, RAM capacityreally makes a difference. The more data and programs that can fit into RAM, the lesstime a computer will spend moving data to and from virtualmemory. With lots of RAM, will find that documents scroll faster, gamesrespond more quickly, and many graphics operations take less timethan with a computer that has a insufficient RAM capacity. Most ads specify RAM capacity, speed, type and alsohave important information about the maximumamount of RAM that can be installed in the computer. CS111 Introduction to Computers Slide 2- 48 By Dr. Khaled Wassif 49. Storage Basics What are the basic components ofa data storage system? A data storage system has two main components: A storage medium is the disk, tape, CD, DVD, paper, orother substance that contains data. A storage device is the mechanical equipment that recordsand retrieves data from a storage medium. Storage devices include hard disk drives, floppy diskdrives, tape drives, CD drives, DVD drives, and flashdrives. The term storage technology refers to a storage deviceand the media it uses. CS111 Introduction to ComputersSlide 2- 49 By Dr. Khaled Wassif 50. Storage BasicsHow does a storage device interact withother computer components? Data gets copied from a storage device intoRAM, where it waits to be processed. After data is processed, it is held temporarily inRAM, but it is usually copied to a storage medium formore permanent safekeeping. When data is stored, the 1s and 0s representation; suitable for processing, must be converted into signal or mark in the surface of a storage medium. Exactly how this transformation happens depends on the storage technology. Three types of storage technologies are commonly used for personal computers: magnetic, optical, and solid state.CS111 Introduction to ComputersSlide 2- 50By Dr. Khaled Wassif 51. Storage BasicsWhich storage technology is best? Each storage technology has its advantages and disadvantages. To compare storage devices, it is useful to apply the criteria of: Versatility Durability Speed CapacityCS111 Introduction to Computers Slide 2- 51By Dr. Khaled Wassif 52. Storage Basics How can one storage technology be more versatile than another? More versatile devices can access data from severaldifferent media. Hard disk drive preserved inside a system unit is not veryversatile; it can access data only from its fixed disk platters. A DVD drive is versatile because it can access computerDVDs, DVD movies, audio CDs, computer CDs, and CD-Rs.What makes a storage technology durable? Most storage technologies are sensitive to damagefrom mishandling or environmental factors. Some technologies are more sensitive than others todamage that could cause data loss. CDs and DVDs tend to be more durable than hard disks. CS111 Introduction to ComputersSlide 2- 52 By Dr. Khaled Wassif 53. Storage BasicsWhat factors affect storage speed? Quick access to data is important, so fast storage devices arepreferred over slower devices. Access time is the average time it takes a computer to locate data on thestorage medium and read it. Access time for a personal computer storage device, such as a diskdrive, is measured in milliseconds. Lower numbers indicate faster access times. Access time is best for random-access devices than sequentialaccess devices. Random access is the ability of a device to jump directly to therequested data. Hard disk, CD, DVD, and solid state drives are random access devices. Sequential access devices, as tape drive, must use slower by readingthrough the data from the beginning of the tape. Data transfer rate is the amount of data a storage device canmove per second from the storage medium to the computer. CS111 Introduction to ComputersSlide 2- 53 By Dr. Khaled Wassif 54. Storage BasicsWhats important about storage capacity? In todays computing environment, higher capacity isalmost always preferred. Storage capacity is the maximum amount of data that can bestored on a storage medium, and it is measured in kilobytes(KB), megabytes (MB), gigabytes (GB), or terabytes (TB). Storage capacity is directly related to storage density. Storage density is the amount of data that can be stored in agiven area of a storage medium, as the surface of a disk. The higher the storage density, the more data is stored. Storage density can be increased by making the particlesrepresenting bits smaller, by layering them, packing themcloser together, or standing them vertically. Vertical storage produces higher capacities than horizontal storage. CS111 Introduction to ComputersSlide 2- 54 By Dr. Khaled Wassif 55. Storage Basics Whats important about storage capacity?Vertical storage produces higher storage capacities than horizontal storageCS111 Introduction to Computers Slide 2- 55By Dr. Khaled Wassif 56. Magnetic Disk And Tape TechnologyWhat is magnetic disk and tape technology? Hard disk, floppy disk, and tape storage technologiescan be classified as magnetic storage. Magnetic storage stores data by magnetizing microscopic particles on a disk or tape surface. Particles hold their magnetic orientation until changed, making disks and tapes permanent but modifiable storage media. A read-write head mechanism in disk drive can magnetize particles to write data, and sense their polarities to read data. Data stored on magnetic media can be accidentallyaltered by magnetic fields, dust, smoke particles, heat, and mechanical problems with a storage device. Some experts estimate that the reliable life span of data stored on magnetic media is about three years.CS111 Introduction to ComputersBy Dr. Khaled WassifSlide 2- 56 57. Magnetic Disk And Tape TechnologyWhat is magnetic disk and tape technology?Beforedataisstored, particles on thesurface of the disk arescatteredinrandompatterns.Disk drives read-write headmagnetizes particles, andorients them in a positive(north) or negative (south)direction to represent 0 and1 bits. CS111 Introduction to ComputersSlide 2- 57 By Dr. Khaled Wassif 58. Magnetic Disk And Tape Technology Why are hard disk drives so popular? Hard disk technology is the preferred type of main storage for most computer systems for three reasons: First, it provides lots of storage capacity. Second, it provides fast access to files. Third, a hard disk is economical. The cost of storing 40 megabytes of data is about a penny. Hard disk drives are exist in all kinds of digital devices, includingpersonal computers, iPod, and digital video recorders (DVR).CS111 Introduction to ComputersBy Dr. Khaled WassifSlide 2- 58 59. Magnetic Disk And Tape Technology How does hard disk technology work? A hard disk drive contains one or more platters andtheir associated read-write heads. A hard disk platter is a flat, rigid disk made of aluminum or glass and coated with magnetic iron oxide particles. More platters mean more data storage capacity. Platters rotate as a unit on a spindle, making thousands of rotations per minute. Each platter has a read-write head that flies over the surface to read data. Storage capacities of personal computer hard disk areranging from 40 GB to 2 TB. Hard disk drive speed is sometimes measured in revolutions per minute (rpm). Hard disk access times of 6 to 11 ms are common.CS111 Introduction to ComputersSlide 2- 59By Dr. Khaled Wassif 60. Magnetic Disk And Tape Technology How does hard disk technology work?CS111 Introduction to ComputersSlide 2- 60By Dr. Khaled Wassif 61. Magnetic Disk And Tape Technology Whats the downside of hard disk storage? Hard disks arenotas durable as otherstoragetechnologies. Read-write heads in a hard disk fly a microscopic distanceabove the disk surface. If a read-write head runs into a dust particle on disk, it mightcause a head crash, which damages some data on the disk. To help prevent dusts from contacting the platters andcausing head crashes, a hard disk is preserved in its case. Although hard disks have become considerably morerugged in recent years, you should still handle andtransport them with care. You should also make backup copies of the data stored onyour hard disk in case of a head crash. CS111 Introduction to ComputersSlide 2- 61 By Dr. Khaled Wassif 62. Magnetic Disk And Tape Technology Can I use a second hard disk drive toincrease storage space? Can increase the storage capacity of a computer byadding a second hard disk drive, which can alsoprovide backup for the primary drive. Hard disk drivesareavailableas internal or external units. Internal drives are inexpensive and can be easily installed ina desktop computers system unit. External drives are slightly more expensive and connect to adesktop or notebook computer using a cable.Do computers still store data on tapes? Tape storage, once used to store mainframe data andalso used for personal computer backups, is too slowfor modern computing. CS111 Introduction to ComputersSlide 2- 62 By Dr. Khaled Wassif 63. Magnetic Disk And Tape TechnologyWhat is floppy disk technology? A floppy disk is a round piece of flexible plasticcovered with a thin layer of magnetic oxide and sealedinside a protective casing. They are classified as magnetic storage. They are also referred to as floppies or diskettes. A floppy disk drive are designed for high-density(HD) double-sided (DS) disks. A floppy disks 1.44 MB capacity is not really sufficientfor todays media intensive applications. Many MP3 music files and photos are too large to fit on afloppy. CDs and DVDs offer more capacity for distributing the hugefiles for todays software applications. CS111 Introduction to ComputersSlide 2- 63 By Dr. Khaled Wassif 64. CD, DVD, and Blu-ray TechnologyHow do CD, DVD, and Blu-ray technologies differ? Today, most computers equipped with one or more drives towork with CD, DVD, and Blu-ray technologies. CD (compact disc) CD standard was adapted for computer storage with capacity for 650 MB ofdata or hold 74 minutes of recorded music. Later improvements in CD standards increased the capacity to 80 minutes ofmusic or 700 MB of data. DVD (digital video disc)Designed as an alternative to VCRs, but was quickly adopted to store data.Initial DVD standard offered 4.7 GB (4,700 MB) of data storage.A double layer DVD has two recordable layers on the same side and can store 8.5 GB of data. Blu-rayHigh-capacity storage technology with a 25 GB capacity per layer.Its name is derived from the blue colored laser used to read stored data. CS111 Introduction to ComputersSlide 2- 64 By Dr. Khaled Wassif 65. CD, DVD, and Blu-ray Technology How do CD, DVD, and Blu-ray drives work? CD, DVD, and Blu-ray technologies are classified asoptical storage. Optical storage stores data as microscopic light and darkspots on the disc surface. Optical drives contain a spindle that rotates the discover a laser lens. Laser directs a beam of light toward underside of the disc. Surface of an optical disc is coated with clear plastic. Makingthediscmore durable and less sensitive to environmentaldamage than data recorded on magnetic media. Optical discs useful life is estimated to be more than 30 years. CS111 Introduction to Computers Slide 2- 65 By Dr. Khaled Wassif 66. CD, DVD, and Blu-ray TechnologyHow do CD, DVD, and Blu-ray drives work?CS111 Introduction to ComputersSlide 2- 66By Dr. Khaled Wassif 67. CD, DVD, and Blu-ray TechnologyHow fast are CD, DVD, and Blu-ray drives? Original CD drives could access 1.2 megabits persecond (Mbps) of data. Next generation of drives doubled the data transfer rate andwere consequently dubbed 2X drives. Transfer rates seem to be continually increasing. A 52X CD drive transfers data at 63.8976 Mbps, which is relativelyslow compared to a hard disk drives transfer rate of 5,000 Mbps. Speed of a DVD drive is measured on a different scale. A 1X DVD drive is about the same speed as a 9X CD drive. Todays DVD drives typically have 22X speeds for a datatransfer rate of about 297 Mbps. Blu-ray drive speed is measured also on a different scale. A 1X Blu-ray drive transfers data at 36 Mbps; a 12x driveoperates at 432 Mbps. CS111 Introduction to ComputersSlide 2- 67 By Dr. Khaled Wassif 68. CD, DVD, and Blu-ray TechnologyWhats the significance of ROM, R, and RW? Optical technologies are grouped into three categories: Read-only technology (ROM) stores data permanently on adisc, which cannot be subsequently added to or changed.Read-only discs, such as Typically are pre-pressed during mass production and used todistribute software, music, and movies. Recordable technology (R) uses a laser to change the color ina layer sandwiched under the clear plastic disc surface. Change is permanent, so data cannot be changed once it is recorded. Rewritable technology (RW) uses phase change technologyto alter a crystal structure on the disc surface. Altering the crystal structure creates patterns of light and dark spots. Can be changed from light to dark and back again manytimes, making it possible to record and modify data like on a harddisk. CS111 Introduction to Computers Slide 2- 68 By Dr. Khaled Wassif 69. CD, DVD, and Blu-ray TechnologyAre rewritable CD, DVD, or Blu-ray drives an acceptable replacement for a hard disk? A rewritable drive is a fine addition to a computersystem, but is not a good replacement for a hard disk. Accessing, saving, and modifying data on a rewritable disc isrelatively slow compared to the speed of hard disk access. Can I use a single drive to work with anyCD, DVD, or Blu-ray media? Most CD drives can read CD-ROM, CD-R, and CD-RWdiscs, but cannot read DVDs or BDs. Most DVD drives can read CD and DVD formats. Storing computer data quires a recordable or rewritable device. The most versatile optical storage device is a Blu-ray/DVD writer. CS111 Introduction to ComputersSlide 2- 69 By Dr. Khaled Wassif 70. CD, DVD, and Blu-ray TechnologyCD and DVD CapabilitiesCS111 Introduction to Computers Slide 2- 70By Dr. Khaled Wassif 71. Solid State Storage What is solid state storage? Solid state storage (sometimes called flash memory) is atechnology that stores data in erasable, rewritablecircuitry, rather than on spinning disks or streaming tape. It is widely used in portable consumer devices, such as digitalcameras, MP3 music players, PDAs, and cell phones. It is also used as an alternative for hard disk storage in somenotebook computers and netbooks. Solid state storage is removable and provides fairlyfast access to data. It is an ideal solution for storing data on mobile devices andtransporting data from one device to another. CS111 Introduction to ComputersSlide 2- 71 By Dr. Khaled Wassif 72. Solid State StorageHow does solid state storage work? Solid state storage contains a gridwork of circuitry. Each cell in grid contains two transistors that act as gates. When the gates are open, current can flow and the cell has a value thatrepresents a 1 bit. When the gates are closed, the cell has a value that represents a 0 bit. Very little power is required to open or close the gates, which makes itideal for battery-operated devices. Solid state storage provides fast access to data because itincludes no moving parts. Once the data is stored, it is non-volatile retains the data without theneed for an external power source. It is very durableit is virtually impervious to vibration, magneticfields, or extreme temperature fluctuations. Its capacity does not currently match that of hard disks. Its cost per megabyte is slightly higher than for magnetic or optical storage. CS111 Introduction to Computers Slide 2- 72 By Dr. Khaled Wassif 73. Solid State StorageWhat are options for solid state storage? Several types of solid state storage are available totodays consumers. Formatsfor small, flat memory cards includeCompactFlash, MultiMedia, Secure Digital (SD), xD-PictureCards, and SmartMedia. A card reader is a device that reads and writes data onsolid state storage. May referred to as 5-in-1, or all-in-one card readers, thesecombination devices work with multiple types of solid statestorage formats. Many notebook and desktop computers have a built-in cardreader to make it simple to transfer photos and music files For even more versatility, USB flash drives can beused to store computer data files and programs. CS111 Introduction to Computers Slide 2- 73 By Dr. Khaled Wassif 74. Solid State Storage What is a USB flash drive? A USB flash drive is a portable storage device that plugsdirectly into a computers system unit using a built-inconnector. They have capacities ranging from 16 MB to 64 GB. They have maximum data transfer speeds of about 100 Mbps, but most commonly operate in range of 1828 megabytes per second. When wanting to remove a USB flash drive from acomputer, an appropriate onscreen eject control must beused. Files stored on a USB flash drive can beopened, edited, deleted, and run just as though those fileswere stored on magnetic or optical media. May to say that they are the new floppy disks because not onlycan access files stored on them, but also can carry them from onecomputer to another. CS111 Introduction to Computers By Dr. Khaled WassifSlide 2- 74 75. Storage WrapupCan I add storage to a computer? Can increase storage capacity by adding hard drives and canadd storage flexibility by installing additional types of storagedevices. External storage devices, such as external hard disk drives, CDdrives, DVD drives, and USB flash drives, simply plug into connectorsbuilt into a computers system unit. Can be easily detach them when requiring to move the computer or ifthey contains a backup that wanting to store away from the computer. As an alternative to an external drive, can install storagedevices inside the computers system unit case in parkingspaces called drive bays. An external drive bay provides access from outside the system unitanecessity for a storage device with removable media, such as floppydisks, CDs, and DVDs. Internal drive bays are located deep inside the system unit and aredesigned for hard disk drives, which dont use removable storage media. CS111 Introduction to Computers Slide 2- 75 By Dr. Khaled Wassif 76. Storage WrapupWhat are the relative advantages and disadvantages ofeach type of computer storage device? No storage technology is perfect. While hard disk drives offer fast and inexpensive access, they are not the most durable technology. CD and DVD technology is durable, but slow. Flash drive storage is expensive when compared to other storage media.CS111 Introduction to Computers Slide 2- 76By Dr. Khaled Wassif 77. Storage Technology ComparisonCS111 Introduction to ComputersSlide 2- 77By Dr. Khaled Wassif 78. Basic Input DevicesWhat devices can I use to get data into a computer? Most computer systems include a keyboard andpointing device, such as a mouse, for basic data input. Touch-sensitive screens offer an additional inputoption. Other input devices, such as scanners, digitalcameras, and graphics tablets, are handy for workingwith graphical input. Microphones and electronic instruments provideinput capabilities for sound and music. CS111 Introduction to ComputersSlide 2- 78 By Dr. Khaled Wassif 79. Basic Input Devices Whats special abouta computer keyboards design? Design of most computer keyboards is based on thetypewriters qwerty layout. Besides a typing keypad, desktop and notebook computer keyboards include a collection of keys such as Alt, Ctrl, and Print Screen, designed for computer-specific tasks. Most desktop computer keyboards also include a calculator- style numeric keypad, plus an editing keypad with keys such as End, Home, and Page Up, to efficiently move the screen- based insertion point. Can even find tiny keyboards on handheld devicesentering text and numbers is an important part ofmost computing tasks.CS111 Introduction to Computers Slide 2- 79By Dr. Khaled Wassif 80. Basic Input DevicesWhat does a pointing device do? A pointing device allows to manipulate an on-screenpointer and other screen-based graphical controls. Popular pointing devices for personal computers include mice, trackballs, pointing sticks, trackpads, and joysticks. How does a mouse work? A mouse includes one or more buttons that can beclicked to input command selections. To track its position, a computer mouse uses optical technology.CS111 Introduction to Computers Slide 2- 80By Dr. Khaled Wassif 81. Basic Input Devices When would I use other pointing devices? Alternative pointing devices can be used when a mouseis not available or does not provide adequate control: A pointing stick, or TrackPoint, looks like the tip of an eraserembedded in the keyboard of a notebook computer. It is a space-saving device that can push up, down, or sideways tomove the on-screen pointer. A trackpad is a touch-sensitive surface on which you canslide fingers to move the on-screen pointer. A trackball consists of a ball resting in a stationary base thatused by rolling the ball to move the pointer. A joystick looks like a small version of a cars stick shift. Moving the stick provides input to on-screen objects, such as apointer or an action figure in a computer game. CS111 Introduction to ComputersSlide 2- 81 By Dr. Khaled Wassif 82. Basic Input DevicesHow does a touch screen work? Tablet computers, many PDAs, retail store self checkouts, andinformation kiosks collect input from a touch screen, whichoverlays a display screen. Commonly used touch screen technology is a transparentpanel coated with a thin layer of electrically conductive materialthat senses a change in the electrical current when touched. This technology is fairly durable - it is not susceptible to dust orwater, but it can be damaged by sharp objects. The coordinates for a touch event are processed in essentiallythe same way as a mouse click. When touching the screen, the touched area generates coordinatesand sends them to the processor. The processor compares the coordinates to the image displayed onthe screen to find out what is at the coordinates, and then responds. CS111 Introduction to ComputersSlide 2- 82 By Dr. Khaled Wassif 83. Display Devices What are my options for display devices? A computer display device, referred to as a screen or amonitor, is usually classified as an output device because ittypically shows the results of a processing task. Two technologies are commonly used for computer displaydevices: LCD and LED An LCD (liquid crystal display) produces an image by manipulatinglight within a layer of liquid crystal cells. Advantages of LCD monitors include display clarity, low radiationemission, portability, and compactness. OLED (organic light emitting diodes) screens, first introduced forhandheld devices, draw much less power than LCDs. Manufacturing process, which essentially prints a matrix of LEDs on a plasticbacking, produces a wafer-thin screen. They have a bright, crisp image and a faster response rate than LCD screens. They are pricey, but as the technology develops, likely to become lessexpensive and more popular. CS111 Introduction to ComputersSlide 2- 83 By Dr. Khaled Wassif 84. Display DevicesWhich display technology produces the best image? Image quality is a factor of screen size, dot pitch, width ofviewing angle, response rate, resolution, and color depth. Screen size is the measurement in inches from one corner of the screendiagonally across to the opposite corner. Dot pitch (dp) is a measure of image clarity. A smaller dot pitch, distance in mm between pixels, means a crisper image. A display devices viewing angle width indicates how far to the side youcan still clearly see the screen image. Response rate, measured in milliseconds (ms), is the time it takes forone pixel to change from black to white then back to black. Fast response rates display a crisp image of moving objects. Resolution of a device is the number of horizontal and vertical pixelsthat a it displays on screen. Color depth is the number of colors a monitor can display. CS111 Introduction to ComputersSlide 2- 84 By Dr. Khaled Wassif 85. Display DevicesWhat are the components of a typical computer display system? In addition to a display device, a computer display system alsorequires graphics circuitry that generates the signals fordisplaying an image on the screen. One type of graphics circuitry, referred to as integrated graphics, is builtinto a computers system board. Graphics circuitry can also be supplied by a small circuit board called agraphics card. A graphics card typically contains a graphics processing unit(GPU) and special video memory, which stores screen imagesas they are processed but before they are displayed. Lots of video memory is the key to lightning-fast screen updating forfast action games and graphics-intensive desktop publishing. Most graphics cards contain, in addition to video memory, specialgraphics accelerator technology to further increase performance. CS111 Introduction to Computers Slide 2- 85 By Dr. Khaled Wassif 86. PrintersWhat printer technologies are available for personal computers? Printers are one of the most popular output devices available for personal computers. Todays best-selling printers typically use ink jet or laser technology in multifunction devices that can also serve as scanners, copiers, and fax machines.CS111 Introduction to ComputersSlide 2- 86By Dr. Khaled Wassif 87. Printers How does an ink jet printer work? An ink jet printer has a nozzle-like print head thatsprays ink onto paper to form characters and graphics. The print head in a color ink jet printer consists of a series ofnozzles, each with its own ink cartridge. Most ink jet printers use CMYK color, which requires only cyan(blue), magenta (pink), yellow, and black inks to create a printoutthat appears to have thousands of colors. Alternatively, some printers use six or eight ink colors to print shadesthat create slightly more realistic photographic images. Ink jet printers are inexpensive and produce both color andblack-and-white printouts. They work well for most home and small business applications. Their small and portable printers meet the needs of many mobilecomputer owners. Also powers many photo printers, which are optimized to print high-quality images produced by digital cameras and scanners. CS111 Introduction to Computers Slide 2- 87 By Dr. Khaled Wassif 88. Printers How does an ink jet printer work? A laser printer uses same technology as a photocopierto paint dots of light on a light-sensitive drum. Electro-statically charged ink is applied to the drum andthen transferred to paper. Laser technology is more complex than ink jettechnology, which accounts for the higher price oflaser printers.Abasic laser printer produces only black-and-whiteprintouts. Color laser printers are available, but more costly. Laser printers are often the choice for businessprinters, particularly for applications that produce ahigh volume of printed material. CS111 Introduction to ComputersSlide 2- 88 By Dr. Khaled Wassif 89. PrintersWhat is a dot matrix printer? A dot matrix printer produces characters and graphicsby using a grid of fine wires. As the print head noisily clatters across the paper, the wires strike a ribbon and paper in a pattern prescribed by your PC. Dot matrix printers can print text and graphics some even print in color using a multicolored ribbon. They were the technology of choice, when PCs first appeared in the late 1970s. Today, they are used primarily for back-office applications that demand low operating cost and dependability, but not high print quality.CS111 Introduction to Computers Slide 2- 89By Dr. Khaled Wassif 90. Printers What featuresshould I look for in a printer? Printers differ in resolution, speed, duty cycle, operatingcosts, duplex capability, memory, and networkability. Printer resolution is the density of gridwork of dots that create an image. It determines the quality or sharpness of printed images and text. It is measured by number of dots printed per linear inch, abbreviated as dpi. Printer speed is measured either by pages per minute (ppm) or characters per second (cps). Color printouts typically take longer than black-and-white printouts. Pages that contain mostly text tend to print more rapidly than pages that contain graphics. Typical speeds for personal computer printers range between 6 and 30 pages of text per minute. A printers duty cycle determines how many pages a printer is able to churn out. Printer duty cycleis usually measured in pages per month (ppm). CS111 Introduction to Computers Slide 2- 90 By Dr. Khaled Wassif 91. PrintersWhat features should I look for in a printer? (cont.) Printers differ in resolution, speed, duty cycle, operatingcosts, duplex capability, memory, and networkability. Operating costs. Initial cost of a printer is only one of the expenses related to printed output. Ink jet printers require frequent replacements of relatively expensive ink cartridges. Laser printers require toner cartridge refills or replacements. Dot matrix printers require replacement ribbons. Printer comparisons often specify printing costs per page. A duplex printer can print on both sides of the paper. This environment-friendly option saves paper but can slow down the printprocess, especially on ink jet printers. Printer memory is required to store the arrived data for a printout alongwith a set of instructions on how to print that data. A large memory capacity is required to print color images and graphics-intensive documents. CS111 Introduction to ComputersSlide 2- 91 By Dr. Khaled Wassif 92. PrintersWhat features should I look for in a printer? (cont.) Printers differ in resolution, speed, duty cycle, operatingcosts, duplex capability, memory, and networkability. Networkability. If a computer is part of a network, a printer can be shared with other networkusers. Another way to configure network printing for multiple users is to purchase anetwork-enabled printer that connects directly to the network. The network connection can be wired or wireless. Advantage of a network-ready printer is that it can be placed in a locationconvenient for all the network users. CS111 Introduction to ComputersSlide 2- 92 By Dr. Khaled Wassif 93. Installing Peripheral Devices How does a computer move data to and from peripheral devices? When installing a peripheral device, a connection iscreated for data to flow between device and computer. Within a computer, data travels from one componentto another over circuits called a data bus. One part of the data bus, referred to as the local bus or internal bus, runs between RAM and the microprocessor. Segment of the data bus to which peripheral devices connect is called the expansion bus or external bus. As data moves along the expansion bus, it can travel through expansion slots, expansion cards, ports, and cables.CS111 Introduction to Computers Slide 2- 93By Dr. Khaled Wassif 94. Installing Peripheral DevicesWhats an expansion slot? An expansion slot is a long, narrow socket on thesystem board into which can plug an expansion card. An expansion card is a small circuit board that gives acomputer the capability to control a storage device, aninput device, or an output device. Expansion slots are typically used for installing high-end graphics cards in desktop computers configuredfor gaming, publishing, and graphics applications. CS111 Introduction to ComputersSlide 2- 94 By Dr. Khaled Wassif 95. Installing Peripheral Devices What is an expansion port? An expansion port is any connector that passes data inand out of a computer or peripheral device. They are usually incorporated in the system board. System units are designed with openings that makethese ports accessible from outside the case. Built-in ports supplied with a computer usually include amouse port, keyboard port, serial port, Ethernet networkport, VGA port, and USB ports. CS111 Introduction to Computers Slide 2- 95 By Dr. Khaled Wassif 96. Installing Peripheral DevicesIs it difficult toinstall a new peripheral device? At one time, installing computer peripherals requireda screwdriver and extensive knowledge ofports, slots, and boards. Today, most peripheral devices connect to an externalUSB (universal serial bus) port, located on thefront, sides, or back of the computer system unit. Many kindsof peripheral devices, including mice, scanners, and joysticks, are available with USB connections. Transmitters for wireless devices, such as wireless mice, also plug into USB slots. Several types of storage devices, such as USB flash drives and external hard disk drives, use USB connections, too. 2- 96CS111 Introduction to ComputersBy Dr. Khaled WassifSlide 97. Installing Peripheral Devices What if I run out of USB ports? Can easily add USB ports to a computer by using aninexpensive USB hub, which contains several auxiliaryUSB ports. The hub plugs into one of the computers USB ports and canthen insert USB devices into the ports supplied by the hub. Self-powered USB hubs require power from an externalpower supply, such as a wall outlet. Bus-powered USB hubs draw their power from the computer. A bus-powered USB hub can be used for low-power devices, while a self-powered USB hub is required if the hub is used for connecting scanners, printers, and external hard drives.CS111 Introduction to ComputersBy Dr. Khaled WassifSlide 2- 97 98. Installing Peripheral DevicesWhy do some peripheral devices include a disk or CD? Some devices require software to establish interactionwith the computer. This software is called a device driver. Directions supplied with a peripheral device includeinstructions on how to install the software. A software disk or CD is used one time to get everything setup, and then can put the disk away in a safe place. Todays computers include a feature called Plug andPlay that automatically takes care of technical details. It works quite well for most popular peripheral devices. It detects new devices that are connected to a computer andattempts to establish the settings necessary for sending databetween them. CS111 Introduction to Computers Slide 2- 98 By Dr. Khaled Wassif 99. Anti-theft Devices What can I do toprevent my computer from being stolen? Many security violations have been traced to stolencomputers. Portability of notebooks makes them particularly easy for athief to grab, just as a wallet or a handbag would be.Tips for Preventing Computer Theft CS111 Introduction to Computers Slide 2- 99 By Dr. Khaled Wassif 100. Anti-theft Devices How do computer anti-theft devices work? Several computer anti-theft devices are available andcan be used for both desktops and notebook computers. Kensington Security Slot is a security mechanism thats factory-installed on many personal computers. It docks with a special lock that can be attached to a cable. The cable can be fastened to a desk to prevent theft. Another option for securing notebooks is a security plate thats affixed to the underside of the computer or to a desk. Computer motion sensor alarms can be installed on desktop or notebook computers and armed so that any movement triggers audible alarm sounds or recorded verbal warnings. There are also several types of storage device locks designed to prevent unauthorized access to a computers drives. For example, can equip the computer with a fingerprint reader that requires a fingerprint match to access data on the hard disk.CS111 Introduction to ComputersSlide 2- 100By Dr. Khaled Wassif 101. Anti-theft DevicesIf my computer is stolen, can authorities recover it? Chances of recovering a stolen computer improve ifsome steps have taken in advance, as recording thecomputers serial number, attaching a trackinglabel, or installing tracking software: STOP (Security Tracking of Office Property) plates leave an indelible tattoo on a computer equipment. Each plate ID number is registered in international STOP database, thereby making it virtually impossible for a thief to resell a computer. Tracking and recovery software, such as CyberAngel and LoJack for Laptops, secretly sends a message as soon as a thief uses a stolen computer to log onto the Internet. This message contains the computers exact location and is directed to a tracking or monitoring center. Some tracking software can delete the data on the stolen computer. 101CS111 Introduction to ComputersSlide 2-By Dr. Khaled Wassif 102. Surge Protection and Battery Backup What is a power surge? A power surge is a sudden increase in electrical energyaffecting the current that flows to electrical outlets. They often occur before or after power failures, which alsoput the computer and data at risk. Computers and peripheral devices require stablecurrent and are particularly sensitive to these suddenbursts of electrical energy. A strong surge can destroy computer circuitry. Smaller surges can slowly damage the computers circuitboards and other electrical components. Over time, even small, repeated power surges can shortenthe PCs life. CS111 Introduction to ComputersSlide 2- 102 By Dr. Khaled Wassif 103. Surge Protection and Battery Backup How can I protect a computer from power surges? Can protect a computer equipment from power surgesby plugging it into a surge strip instead of directly intoa wall outlet. A surge strip (also called a surge protector) is a devicethat contains electrical outlets protected by circuitrythat prevents surges. It monitors the electrical current that passes from the outletto all the devices plugged into the strip. When it detects a surge, it redirects the extra current to agrounded circuit. A big power surge can burn out a surge strip while it tries toprotect the equipment. CS111 Introduction to Computers Slide 2- 103 By Dr. Khaled Wassif 104. Surge Protection and Battery Backup What is a UPS? A UPS (uninterruptible power supply) is a device thatnot only provides surge protection, but also furnishesdesktop computers with battery backup power duringa power outage. If a computer is connected to a UPS when a power outageoccurs, the battery backup allows to save the current workand shut down the PC properly. A UPS with a high-performance battery might give enoughbackup power to keep a computer running for several hours. Most UPSs have two types of sockets: one type offersbattery backup plus surge protection, and the otheroffers only surge protection. The surge-only sockets are for printers, which use so muchpower that they can quickly drain the battery. CS111 Introduction to Computers Slide 2- 104 By Dr. Khaled Wassif 105. Surge Protection and Battery BackupWhat is a UPS?CS111 Introduction to ComputersSlide 2- 105By Dr. Khaled Wassif 106. Basic Maintenance What is a goodcomputer maintenance routine? Aside from cleaning the computer equipment on a regular basis, should do the following protective maintenance tasks:CS111 Introduction to ComputersSlide 2- 106By Dr. Khaled Wassif 107. Troubleshooting and RepairHow can I tellif something is wrong with my computer? There are several report signs that a computer is in trouble. Most obvious one is the PCs failure to power up. If your computers screen remains blank or error messages appear, youmight have a hardware problem. Hardware problems can also show up as unexpected restarts atrandom intervals, or as a peripheral device that stops working. Some problems are irregular and might seem to be resolved only to comeback when they are least convenient to deal with. Hardware problems can quickly rise and some can finally makea computer non-functional or make data impossible to access. Any computer problem that prevents you from working as usual shouldbe taken seriously. CS111 Introduction to ComputersSlide 2- 107 By Dr. Khaled Wassif 108. Troubleshooting and Repair How do I troubleshoot a hardware problem? Troubleshooting and diagnostic tools can help you find thesource of a problem and fix it. For example, Windows offers interactive troubleshooting tools formattedas a series of simple questions, answers, and recommendations. You might have to borrow a computer to run these tools if your computeris totally out of commission.What is Safe Mode? If Windows encounters a critical problem that is keeping it fromoperating normally, it starts up in Safe Mode next rebooting time. Safe Mode is a limited version of Windows that allows to use mouse,screen, and keyboard, but no other peripheral devices. While in Safe Mode you can use the Control Panels Add/RemovePrograms to uninstall recently added programs or hardware that mightbe interfering with the operation of other components. CS111 Introduction to Computers Slide 2- 108 By Dr. Khaled Wassif 109. Good Luck !