Bell Ringer

• Why did so many people move to cities?

• What is the Gilded Era?

• What is a tenement? What would you think the living conditions were like?

Bell Ringer

• What is the Great Migration?

• What is Tammany Hall?

• What is a Muckraker? Can you name any?

Bell Ringer

• What was a Political Machine?

• What was the “goal” of the Progressive Era?

• What did Upton Sinclair write about?

CH 16-18 Gilded Era Issues & Progressive Era Reforms

Living Conditions• When workers weren’t working they often lived

in tenements, run-down apartment buildings.• Since workers were so poor families would cram

into apartments together where people would often (cook, eat, & sleep in the same room)

• Disease & crime were common, and fire was always a danger

The Rise of Cities (Urbanization)

• By 1890 the US Census Bureau called the West “closed”, by 1900 there were 45 states, and people stopped heading West.

• People now took to the cities for new opportunities (where the factories were).

• The Industrial Revolution had lead to an increased number of factories.– US Factories produced $2 Billion

in 1865, and by 1900 produced $13 Billion making it the largest economy in the World

• In 1800 only 6% of Americans lived in cities, by 1900 nearly 40% lived in cities

• Between 1870 & 1900 12 Million Immigrants would move to the USA, many of whom made up the US workforce

• 1910-1960: Great Migration- About 6 Million blacks will move from the South to NE Cities, Midwest, & West

Living Conditions• Tenements ->Slum • NYC- 90,000 /sq mi (PSL

2,056/sq mi [2009])• Infrastructure in many of

these large cities was inadequate– Sewage problems, no indoor

plumbing, lack of clean water, power outages, fire traps, disease, unpaved roads, etc

Environmental Issues• Before the Industrial

Revolution natural resources in the US had been used only minimally

• The Boom would cause mineral deposits, forests, animals to be used a drastically new way

• The US experienced water & air pollution problems for the first time in their history

Political Machines• Full-time politicians whose main

goal was to get & keep political power, and the money & influence that went with it

• “Machines” were groups associated with political parties who sought to limit competition & guarantee power

• Ward & Precinct Bosses would find the poor, sick, & needy and help them on the condition that when it came time to vote that they vote the right way.

Tammany Hall

• Run by William “Boss” Tweed

• Cheated NYC out of an estimated $200 Million

• Horrible for the political system, but acted as a social welfare next for the poor who needed it the most

Progressive Era 1890-1920s

• The boom of society leading up to and into the 1900s created many social problems.

• The effort to fix them would be taken up by progressives, who became activists, and the time period known as Progressive Era.

Social Gospel• Progressives were

influenced by two movements:– Populism– Social Gospel: Religious

Movement. Social Reform and Christianity should go hand in hand. Applied Christian beliefs to social and economic problems.

Muckrakers• Writers who investigated and published

truthful reports, and performed an auditing or watchdog function.

• Often given months or a year to investigate & develop their stories.

• Yellow Journalism: publishers sought to increase news paper circulation through scandal, war, gossip, etc

• Upton Sinclair: (The Jungle) wrote of unsanitary conditions in the meat packing industry.

• Helps lead to the Food & Drug Administration

• Ida Tarbell: (The History of the Standard Oil Company) Depicted Rockefeller/Standard Oil as a cheap, money-grabbing, and viciously effective at monopolizing the oil trade

• Nellie Bly: (Ten Days In The Mad-House) reported on abuse of mental patients

• Lincoln Steffens: (The Shame of Cities) reported on early corruption of city politics

• Jacob Riis: (How the Other Half Lives) told of horrid living conditions in the tenements

Improvements• Housing– Tenement Housing Act 1901: (NY)

Mandated a central court yard, windows, & ventilation in housing. (Result of Riis)

– National Child Labor Committee: passed child labor laws stopping those under 14 from working & limited hours

– Hull House: (Jane Addams) advocated for the better living conditions of immigrants in Chicago. Also provided basic services- education.

• Work Place Safety– Working hours for Women restricted– Workers’ Compensation Laws: 2/3 of

states passed laws saying if workers were hurt at work they received some wages

• Political Reform (Senator Robert La Follette- WI)– Secret Ballot: Didn’t know who you

voted for– Introduction of Primary Elections– Introduction of Recalls (bad leaders were

removed)– Direct Initiative: Voters could propose

and pass laws without legislative involvement

• Women’s Right to Vote– First demanded right to vote in

1848 at the Seneca Falls Convention

– 1890 formed National American Woman Suffrage Association (NAWSA) to help push for Women’s right to vote (Susan B Anthony, Elizabeth Cady Stanton & Carrie Chapman Catt)

– By 1898 four states had approved Women’s suffrage

– By 1918 fifteen states approved suffrage

– By 1920 it was added to the constitution as the 19th Amendment

• Black equality– Booker T Washington founded the

Tuskegee Institute, a vocational school for Blacks in Alabama• Advocated for the slow integration of

Blacks into society

– National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) fought for the end of segregation through the courts

– W.E.B Du Bois (founding member of the NAACP) • Advocated for the immediate and

unconditional integration of Blacks into society

Three Progressive Presidents

• Theodore Roosevelt– Fought against

monopolies, trust, and other big industry

– Believed in a Square Deal, that workers, businessmen, and consumers should get fair and honest treatment

– Started the National Park System

• William Howard Taft– Continued to limit big corporations– Added land to the National Park

System– Raised Tariffs (Anti-Trust Move)

• Woodrow Wilson– New Freedom: wanted to eliminate

all trusts because he believed it denied economic freedom to small businesses and consumers

– Had reform laws passed on banking and tariffs

– Gave a greater voice to the common citizen

FLORIDA!!!!!!

• There are a bunch of random Florida People and concepts you need to know according to the EOC because well…. You live in Florida.

• Please refer to the hand out.